Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ISSN 1818-4952
IDOSI Publications, 2013
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.26.01.1323
Abstract: Statistical techniques such as multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and discriminate analysis
(DA) were used to analyze the data obtained from three different locations (rivers, lake, drinking water supply).
Seven parameters were measured pH, temperature, TSS, COD, BOD, turbidity and E. coli to investigate the
pollution status. MANOVA showed a strong significant difference. While discriminate analysis (DA) explained
the differences between different locations with the use of two functions. The first function showed 98.4%
total variation, mainly due to E. coli, turbidity, BOD, temperature and COD. Even as the second function
recorded 1.6% total variation, mainly due to E. coli, COD, temperature and pH. DA was also used to determine
the relative contribution for all parameters in differentiating between river, lake and tap water. The results also
showed strong correlations between COD and suspended solids. BOD with temperature, COD and pH.
Turbidity with pH, temperature, COD and BOD. E. coli with COD, BOD, pH, temperature and suspended
solids and a strong association of temperature with pH. These derived relationships can be used to produce
reasonable planning estimates for the frequency of high E. coli levels (>200/100 mL) in rivers and lakes.
Key words: MANOVA
Discriminate analysis
E. coli
INTRODUCTION
BOD
COD
75
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6.50
29.00
16.00
200.00
7.00
19.00
500.00
7.50
32.00
37.00
1100.00
9.50
55.00
2000.00
7.1250
30.0000
27.0000
650.0000
8.5000
31.0000
1162.5000
.47871
1.41421
10.55146
465.47467
1.08012
16.75311
711.07313
Lake
Descriptive Statistics
pH
Temp
TSS
COD
BOD
Turb
Ecoli1
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6.20
26.00
83.00
90.00
10.00
77.00
170.00
6.70
27.00
140.00
100.00
12.00
83.00
250.00
6.4750
26.5000
120.2500
96.1000
11.0750
79.7500
211.2500
.20616
.40825
25.38208
4.27863
.83016
2.50000
34.24787
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6.50
25.00
.00
.00
.00
.04
.00
7.00
26.00
.00
3.00
1.00
.13
5.00
6.6500
25.4750
.0008
1.8750
.7500
.0856
2.2500
.23805
.55000
.00056
1.31498
.50000
.04058
2.21736
pH
Temp.
TSS
COD
BOD
Turbidity
E. coli
1
.739
-.924
.935
.967*
-.977
.900
1
-.894
.861
.764
-.661
.945
1
-.998**
-.863
.832
-.991**
1
.862
-.842
.979*
1
-.986*
.868
1
-.816
Lake
pH
Temp.
TSS
COD
BOD
Turbidity
E. coli
pH
Temp.
TSS
COD
BOD
Turbidity
E. coli
1
.990**
-.852
.986*
.988*
-.986*
.950*
1
-.917
.954*
.984*
-.980*
.954*
1
-.758
-.865
.858
-.867
1
.975*
-.975*
.934
1
-1.000**
.986*
1
-.988*
pH
Temp.
TSS
COD
BOD
Turbidity
E. coli
1
.777
-.804
.612
.420
-.805
.789
1
-.819
.570
.576
-.974*
.444
1
-.933
-.875
.926
.833
1
.951*
-.740
-.872
1
-.730
.676
1
-.604
Trap
pH
Temp.
TSS
COD
BOD
Turbidity
E. coli
Pillai's Trace
Wilks' Lambda
Hotelling's Trace
Roy's Largest Root
Value
Sig.
1.939
0.000
956.651
940.959
18.174
53.312b
136.664
537.691c
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Wilks' Lambda
Chi-square
df
Sig.
1 through 2
2
0.000
0.060
57.978
16.890
14
6
<0.0001
<0.010
Eigenvalue
% of Variance
Cumulative %
Canonical Correlation
1
2
940.959a
15.693a
98.4
1.6
98.4
100.0
0.999
0.970
30
20
10
D1
0
R
-10
-20
-30
-40
0
R
D2
-2
-4
-6
-8
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
CONCLUSION
10.
Based on the above results and discussion it can be
seen that multivariate statistical technique has been
proved to be an effective tool for discriminating different
locations and identifying the relative contribution of each
parameter as well. Most of the parameters tested on the
water samples from Sungai Pinang River fall within Class
V, while E. coli levels (>200 /100mL) and other parameters
for Lake Tasik Harapan fall within Class IV, but drinking
water supply is within the allowable range of established
by Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS)
for Malaysia. Therefore, Sungai Pinang River can be
classified as very polluted.
11.
12.
13.
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