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Thick-wall theory is developed from the Theory of Elasticity which yields the state of
stress as a continuous function of radius over the pressure vessel wall. The state of
stress is defined relative to a convenient cylindrical coordinate system:
1. t Tangential Stress
2. r Radial Stress
3. l Longitudinal Stress
Stresses in a cylindrical pressure vessel depend upon the ratio of the inner radius to
the outer radius ( ro / ri ) rather than the size of the cylinder.
Principal Stresses ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
1. Determined without computation of Mohrs Circle;
2. Equivalent to cylindrical stresses ( t , r , l )
ri
t
l
r
pi
ro
po
FIGURE T3-14-1
Text Eq. refers to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design, 8th edition text by Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith;
Nisbett; equations and figures with the prefix T refer to the present tutorial.
The cylinder geometry is defined by the inside radius, ri , the outside radius, ro , and the
cylinder length, l. In general, the stresses in the cylindrical pressure vessel ( t , r , l )
can be computed at any radial coordinate value, r, within the wall thickness bounded by
ri and ro , and will be characterized by the ratio of radii, = ro / ri . These cylindrical
stresses represent the principal stresses and can be computed directly using Eq. 3-49 and
3-51. Thus we do not need to use Mohrs circle to assess the principal stresses.
Tangential Stress:
t =
for ri r ro
for ri r ro
Radial Stress:
r =
Longitudinal Stress:
Applicable to cases where the cylinder carries the longitudinal load, such as
capped ends.
Only valid far away from end caps where bending, nonlinearities and stress
concentrations are not significant.
l =
pi ri2 po ro2
for ri r ro
ro2 ri2
t (r = ri ) = t ,max
ro2 + ri2
2 +1
= pi 2 2 = pi 2
= pi Cti
1
ro ri
(T-1)
2/10
2 + 1 ro2 + ri 2
=
is a function of cylinder geometry only.
where Cti = 2
1 ro2 ri 2
r (r = ri ) = r ,max = pi
(T-2)
pi Cli
Capped Ends
(T-3a)
Uncapped Ends
(T-3b)
l =
0
where Cli =
1
.
1
2
r (r = ri ) = 0
t (r = ri ) = t ,max = po
where, Cto =
r = ro
2ro2
2 2
p
=
= poCto
o
2 1
ro2 ri2
(T-4a)
(T-4b)
2ro2
2 2
=
.
2 1 ro2 ri 2
t (r = ro ) = po
ro2 + ri2
2 +1
=
p
= poCti
o
2 1
ro2 ri2
(T-5b)
Capped Ends
(T-6a)
Uncapped Ends
(T-6b)
l =
0
3/10
where Clo =
2
.
2 1
Solution Methodology:
OD 50 mm
=
= 25 mm ;
2
2
ri =
ID 25 mm
=
= 12.5 mm
2
2
=
Budynas & Nisbett
ro
25 mm
=
= 2.0
ri 12.5 mm
Machine Design Tutorial 314: Pressure Vessel Design
4/10
Then,
2
(2) 2
=
= 1.3333 mm 2
2
2
1 (2) 1
2
= poClo = (150MPa)(1.3333 mm 2 )
l (r = ri ) = l (r = ro ) = po 2
1
l = 200 MPa
Clo =
2 + 1 (2)2 + 1
=
= 1.6667
2 1 (2) 2 1
t (r = ro ) = t ,min = po
ro2 + ri 2
= poCti = (150 MPa)(1.6667)
ro2 ri 2
Outer Radius (r = ro )
1 = r = 0 MPa
2 = l = 200 MPa
3 = t = 400 MPa
1 = r = 150 MPa
2 = l = 200 MPa
3 = t = 250 MPa
1 3 0 (400)
=
= 200 MPa
2
2
5/10
1 3 (150) (250)
=
= 50 MPa
2
2
5. Mohrs Circles:
Inner Radius (r = ri )
FIGURE T3-14-2
max = 200 MPa
1 = 0 MPa
3 = -400 MPa
2 = -200 MPa
Outer Radius (r = ro )
FIGURE T3-14-3
3 = -250 MPa
1 = 150 MPa
max = 50 MPa
2 = -200 MPa
Critical Section
6/10
THIN-WALL THEORY
Thin-wall theory is developed from a Strength of Materials solution which yields the
state of stress as an average over the pressure vessel wall.
Use restricted by wall thickness-to-radius ratio:
t
1
According to theory, Thin-wall Theory is justified for
r 20
t 1
In practice, typically use a less conservative rule,
r 10
State of Stress Definition:
1. Hoop Stress, t , assumed to be uniform across wall thickness.
2. Radial Stress is insignificant compared to tangential stress, thus, r 0.
3. Longitudinal Stress, l
S Exists for cylinders with capped ends;
S Assumed to be uniformly distributed across wall thickness;
S This approximation for the longitudinal stress is only valid far away
from the end-caps.
FIGURE T3-14-4
di
t
FV
FHoop
FHoop
Pressure Acting over
Projected Vertical Area
7/10
The internal pressure exerts a vertical force, FV, on the cylinder wall which is
balanced by the tangential hoop stress, FHoop.
FV = pA proj = p{( d i )(1)} = pd i
FHoop = t Astressed = t {(t )(1)} = t t
Fy = 0 = FV 2 FHoop = pd i 2 t t
Solving for the tangential stress,
t =
pd i
2t
(Text Eq.3-52)
Hoop Stress
Comparison of state of stress for cylinder under internal pressure verses external
pressure:
Internal Pressure Only
pdi
2t
r = 0
t =
l =
pdi t
=
4t
2
Hoop Stress
By Definition
Capped Case
(Text Eq.3-54)
t =
l =
pd o t
=
4t
2
Hoop Stress
By Definition
Capped Case
8/10
Solution Methodology:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Solution:
t 12.5 mm 1
=
=
r
25 mm
2
1
20
or
1
10
l = o o = t = 150 MPa
4t
2
3. Identify Principal Stresses in terms of Average Stresses:
1 = r = 0 MPa
2 = l = 150 MPa
3 = t = 300 MPa
4. Maximum Shear Stress Calculation:
max =
1 3 0 (300 MPa )
=
= +150 MPa
2
2
9/10
% Difference =
=
max,Thin max,Thick
100%
max,Thick
(+150) (+200)
(100%) = 25%
(+200)
Budynas &Nisbett
10/10