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I. INTRODUCTION
Laminated composite plates are widely used for structural
applications in aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering.
Due to the elaborate choice of raw materials and the wellconsidered laminate lay-up, the engineered composites show
high stiffness and strength values at a reasonably low weight.
However, in such applications, buckling phenomenon was
often observed. Buckling phenomenon is critically dangerous
to structural components because the buckling of composite
plates usually occurs at a lower applied stress and generates
large deformation. This led to a focus on the study of buckling
behavior in composite materials.
An exhaustive survey on the literature regarding the
buckling load optimization of laminated plates has been
carried out. Aymerich and Serra [1] illustrated the application
of the ant colony optimization (ACO) metaheuristic to the layup design of laminated panels for maximization of buckling
load with strength constraints. A specific problem previously
studied by different researchers using genetic algorithms (GA)
and Tabu search (TS) was chosen as a test-case to characterize
the computational efficiency and the quality of results
provided by the developed ACO algorithm. Setoodeh et al. [2]
presented a generalized reciprocal approximation for design of
variable-stiffness laminated composite panels for maximum
buckling load. Erdal and Sonmez [3] studied a method to find
globally optimum designs for two-dimensional composite
structures subject to given in-plane static loads for which the
critical failure mode is buckling. The aim was to maximize the
buckling load capacity of laminated composites. For this
purpose an improved version of simulated annealing
algorithm, which was direct simulated annealing (DSA), was
utilized. Todoroki and Sekishiro [4] proposed a fractal branch
w
,
x
w
v( x, y,z ) vo ( x, y ) z
,
y
u( x, y,z ) uo ( x, y ) z
(1)
w( x, y,z ) wo ( x, y )
where (u o , vo , w o ) are the displacement components along
the (x, y, z) coordinate directions of a point on the midplane,
respectively. The membrane strains (x , y , xy ) and the
bending curvatures
44
Application of Layerwise Optimization Method to Maximum Buckling Load Design of Laminated Thin Plates
x
o,x
y vo,y ,
xy uo,y vo,x
x o,xx
y wo,yy
xy 2wo,xy
u i ( x, y )ui
Nx A
N 11
y
N
xy
Mx
M y
M xy
A12
A22
A16
A26
A66
B11
B12
B16
D11
B12
B22
B26
D12
D22
sym
B16 x
B26 y
B66 xy
D16 x
D26 y
D66 xy
K b K g u 0
(3)
h / 2
K and
calculated as follows
h/ 2
(6)
where Aij , Bij and Dij denote the extensional, coupling and
bending stiffnesses, respectively. Aij , Bij and Dij can be
(5)
i 1
(2)
(4)
(7)
where (k) is the fibre orientation angle of the kth layer (k=1
for outermost, k=N for innermost) and the subscript s denotes
symmetric lamination. Therefore, the optimization problem
may be written in standard form as
Find: (1) / (2) / .../ (N)
s, opt
Maximize: b
(8)
Subject to: 0 90
V. LAYERWISE OPTIMIZATION METHOD
The well-known physical fact suggests that the outer layer
plays a more influential role in determining the maximum
critical buckling load of laminated plates. Therefore, the
following approach to the solution of the optimization problem
is advocated:
The
optimum
stacking
sequence
for
(1)
(2)
(N)
/ / .../
the maximum critical buckling load
s, opt
If (k)
bopt is assumed to be the maximum buckling parameter
obtained in the kth step (note that the same k indicating the
45
U. Topal
b bb2 / ET h3
layer number is used because it deals with the kth layer), the
following procedure, based on the foregoing assumption, may
be used to determine opt :
Step 0. Assume a laminated plate made of N hypothetical
layers in the upper (also in the lower) half of the cross-section
with no bending rigidity.
(10)
fibre
orientation
angle
(1)
opt
is
determined
plate with the fibre angle of the first layer maintained at (1)
opt
and the virtual second layer is replaced by an orthotropic layer.
This process is terminated after (3)
opt is determined in step 3.
s, opt
(N 1)
(3)
opt ,, opt .
(N)
bopt of the laminated plate with an orthotropic lamina in the
Nth innermost layer. This last step determines the optimum
lay-up (1) / (2) / .../ (N)
which maximizes the critical
s, opt
a/b
opt ( )
bopt
(0/0/0/0) or (90/90/90/90)
950.32
s, opt
1.5
(90/90/90/90)
1053.92
(90/90/90/90)
981.98
2.5
(90/90/90/90)
935.95
(90/90/90/90)
950.32
s, opt
(9)
46
Boundary
conditions
opt ( )
bopt
(SSSS)
(0/0/0/0) or (90/90/90/90)
950.32
(CCCC)
(0/0/0/0)
6634.17
(CSCS)
(0/0/0/0)
4742.64
(CFCF)
(0/0/0/0)
1560.87
Application of Layerwise Optimization Method to Maximum Buckling Load Design of Laminated Thin Plates
VII. CONCLUSIONS
47