LCM06

Version:
Issue Date:
Review By Date:
Owned By:
Authorised By:

1.1
August 2006
June 2008
Engineering Manager D & P
Executive Manager D & P

LINE CONSTRUCTION MANUAL LCM06

DETAIL DESIGN AND DRAWING

REVISION TABLE
Version No

Date of Revision

1.0

June 2006

1.1

August 2006

Details of Amendment
Initial Release
Numbering changed to represent previous system used

The above table lists in summary the amendments which have been made with most recent issues of this standard.
The table is updated with each re-issue. The latest amendments within the documents are marked with a change
indicator (|) in the outer margin.

CONTACT
This standard is the responsibility of the
Development and Projects Division, ElectraNet.
Please contact the indicated owner of the standard
with any inquiries.

ElectraNet
52-55 East Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000
PO Box 7096, Hutt Street Post Office,
Adelaide, South Australia 5000
Ph (08) 8404 7966, Fx (08) 8404 7104

LI M I T AT I O N O F L I A B I LI T Y A N D
D I S C LA I M E R O F W A R R AN TY
ElectraNet makes no representation or warranty as
to the accuracy, reliability, completeness or
suitability for particular purposes of the information
in this document. ElectraNet and its employees,
agents and consultants shall have no liability
(including liability to any person by reason of
negligence or negligent misstatement) for any
statements, opinions, information or matter
(expressed or implied) arising out of, contained in or
derived from or for any omissions from the
information in this document, except in so far as
liability under any statute cannot be excluded.

2006 ElectraNet Pty Limited trading as ElectraNet. No part of this document may be reproduced
or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, taping or information retrieval systems) without the prior written permission of ElectraNet.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.1

SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................................3

6.2

DRAWINGS AND INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY ELECTRANET ..................................3

6.3

DETAIL DESIGN AND DRAWINGS TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE CONTRACTOR......................3

6.3.1
GENERAL ...............................................................................................................................................3
6.3.2
DETAIL DESIGN .....................................................................................................................................4
6.3.3
DETAIL DRAWINGS................................................................................................................................4
6.3.3.1
Key Diagram Drawings.................................................................................................................4
6.3.3.2
Structure Assembly and Foundation Drawings .............................................................................4
6.3.4
WORKSHOP DETAIL DRAWINGS ............................................................................................................4
6.3.5
SUBMITTING OF MARKED-UP CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS ....................................................................5
6.4

TOWER MEMBER DETAILING ...........................................................................................................5

6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
6.4.8
6.4.9
6.4.10
6.4.11
6.4.12
6.5

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................................................................5

MEMBER DESIGN...................................................................................................................................6
CONNECTIONS .......................................................................................................................................6
PLAN BRACING ......................................................................................................................................6
MEMBER DETAILING AND ORIENTATION ...............................................................................................7
JOINTING OF MEMBERS .........................................................................................................................7
LAPPED SPLICE ......................................................................................................................................7
ECCENTRICITY OF CONNECTED MEMBERS ............................................................................................7
PRYING FORCES ON BOLTS ....................................................................................................................7
LOADS TO OUTSTANDING LEGS OF ANGLES ......................................................................................7
CROPPING OF MEMBERS ....................................................................................................................8
MEMBER SWAGING ............................................................................................................................8

GAUGE LINES..........................................................................................................................................8

6.5.1
6.5.2

MAIN GAUGE ........................................................................................................................................8

MAXIMUM GAUGE LINES ......................................................................................................................8

6.6

ERECTION MARKS ................................................................................................................................8

6.7

BOLTS AND NUTS...................................................................................................................................8

6.8

LEG EXTENSIONS AND CONCRETE COLUMNS............................................................................9

6.9

TOWER STUBS ........................................................................................................................................9

6.10

MINIMUM BOLTS IN A CONNECTION..........................................................................................9

6.11

CLIMBING ACCESS ..........................................................................................................................10

6.11.1
6.11.2
6.11.3

STEP BOLTS AND LADDERS ..............................................................................................................10

ACCESS LANDINGS AND WORKING PLATFORMS ..............................................................................10
ANTI-CLIMBING DEVICES.................................................................................................................11

6.12

MAINTENANCE FACILITIES .........................................................................................................11

6.13

EARTH ELECTRODE CONNECTION ...........................................................................................11

6.14

NUMBER AND STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION PLATES........................................................11

6.14.1
6.14.2
6.15

GROUND VISIBLE PLATES ................................................................................................................11

AIR VISIBLE P LATES ........................................................................................................................11
MANUFACTURE AND TESTING ....................................................................................................11

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6.1 SCOPE
This section sets out requirements for the preparation of detailed drawings for steel structures when
required under the Contract. This includes the requirements for the design of joints and connections, the
detailing of members and preparation of detailed drawings for steel structures where required under the
contract.

6.2 DRAWINGS AND INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY

ELECTRANET
The Superintendent may have suitable drawings which will be issued to the Contractor for manufacture.
Sometimes these drawings will require minor modifications before manufacture commences. These
modifications shall be done in accordance with this Specification unless modified by Section 2 of this
Specification.
When suitable drawings are not provided by the Superintendent for the manufacture of the structures,
the Contractor shall prepare drawings based on information provided by the Superintendent.
Where basic engineering structure designs have been prepared by the Superintendent, the following is
included as part of this Specification:
(i)
structure outline drawings showing basic dimensions and disposition of members;
(ii) schedules of member sizes and loads;
(iii) foundation drawings showing basic dimensions and member sizes.
Where the Superintendent holds existing general arrangement or assembly & workshop detail drawings
for structure types, these will be made available to the Contractor on request. However, the
Superintendent does not guarantee the accuracy of these drawings nor does the Superintendent
guarantee that the drawings reflect the current general and structure requirements of this contract. The
cost of modifying, updating and checking of these drawings shall be included in the scheduled rates for
the structure detailing and preparation of drawings.
For details on the drawing standards refer to the Line Design Manual documents (LDM200 series
documents).

6.3 DETAIL DESIGN AND DRAWINGS TO BE SUPPLIED BY

THE CONTRACTOR
6.3.1 General
For Contractor-supplied documents:
(a)
(b)
(c)

the Superintendents Project Manager shall not be bound to check the documents for errors,
omissions or compliance with the requirements of the Contract;
the Superintendents Project Manager acceptance shall not relieve the Contractor from
responsibility for the Contractors errors or omissions or compliance with the requirements of
the Contract;
if the Superintendents Project Manager notifies the Contractor that the documents are not
suitable, the Contractor shall submit new or amended documents for the Superintendents
Project Manager approval.

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6.3.2 Detail Design

The Contractor shall be responsible for the design and detailing of all joints, bolts, plates, packers,
splices and connections to withstand the design loads for members. Where it is necessary to modify or
provide additional members to those shown in the Superintendents designs to provide
support/strengthening to cater for eccentricities (eg crossarm tips) the Contractor shall supply to the
Superintendent its proposal for such members. Upon request the Superintendent will supply to the
Contractor such information as is necessary to carry out this work. All associated costs including
design, detailing, drafting, checking and certification shall be deemed to be included in the scheduled
rates.
Any increase in weight and/or grade (member size or thickness) to achieve bearing, shear or cross
section net area of bolted connections due to Contractors choice of number and size of bolts shall be
deemed to be included in the scheduled rates.
The Contractor shall also be responsible for the detailing of ladders and rest platforms, and foundations
where structure design is the Contractors responsibility. The Contractor shall be responsible for
detailing the attachment to the structure of ladders, step bolts, access landings, working platforms,
identification plates and anti-climbing devices.
The Contractor shall provide, at completion of the structure fabrication, a schedule detailing the weights
for each structure type and for all structure heights listed in the schedules. The schedule of weights shall
itemise the weight of structure steel including galvanising, weights of joint plates and weight of bolts
for the structure.
Each structure type shall be completely detailed on working drawings for all combinations of structure
body and leg extension regardless of whether a particular combination is required for erection under
this contract.

6.3.3 Detail Drawings

The Contractor shall supply to the Superintendent all relevant drawings containing the following
information:

6.3.3.1

Key Diagram Drawings

Outline of structure showing all assembly and assembly reference drawing numbers of each assembly.

Structure Assembly and Foundation Drawings

6.3.3.2
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

All major dimensions (to match geometry);

The section size and grade of material for all members and splices;
The thickness and grade of material for all plates;
The diameter, length and number of bolts and full details of associated nuts, washers and
packing pieces for each bolt, including step holes;
Bolt legend clearly identifying each bolt and hole diameter;
Details of attachments for insulator and OPGW and all maintenance, access and safety
devices;
Identification marks for all tower components;
Details of construction set out;
Workshop detail items reference drawing list.

6.3.4 Workshop Detail Drawings

The Contractor shall supply to the Superintendent, all workshop detail drawings prepared for all items
which shall contain the following information:
i.

Full dimensions and the location of all holes. Hole sizes to be shown as symbols and as
numeral size in millimetres;

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ii.

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The cutting length of all members, the overall size of all plates, cropping, grinding, swaging
and all other finishing details of these members and plates.

The preparation of details shall include for those connections which require eccentric connections or
bending of plates or outstanding legs of rolled angles the preparation of calculations to demonstrate the
adequacy of the connection. This shall include the connection between the members at the outer end of
the crossarm. These calculations shall be provided to the Superintendents Project Manager for
approval.

6.3.5 Submitting of Marked-Up Construction Drawings

The Contractor shall mark-up all Construction Drawings to reflect as-built conditions for
submitting to the Superintendents Project Manager. The marked up drawings shall show any
changes or alterations that were required during construction. If no changes or alterations are
applicable to a specific drawing, the Contractor shall clearly mark the drawing as No Changes, to
indicate that installation was exactly as per the Construction Drawing details.
The purpose of this exercise is to enable the Superintendent to re-issue all Construction Drawings
as As-Built Drawings, which will serve as an exact record of construction for the Superintendent.
Payment for this activity shall be deemed to be incorporated in the Structure Erection and
Erection of Line Materials sections of the Schedule of Rates.
Failure to submit clearly and correctly marked-up Construction Drawings will be deemed a nonconformance by the Superintendent.

6.4 TOWER MEMBER DETAILING

6.4.1 General Requirements
Member detail design shall be in accordance with AS4100 or AS/NZS 3995 as appropriate and
relevant ElectraNet fitting drawings.
All structures shall incorporate attachment fittings such as hanger brackets and landing plates and shall
provide a position for attachment of insulators.
The number of different parts shall be kept to a minimum in order to facilitate transport, erection and
inspection. Pockets and depressions likely to hold water shall be avoided and all vertical flanges of
members are to be orientated downward unless requirements dictate otherwise. If pockets are
unavoidable, then holes or outlets must be provided to ensure proper drainage.
Fasteners (nuts and bolts) should be capable of being installed such that adequate clearance from
adjacent structural members is provided to enable standard tools to be used for tightening.
Gusset plates are to be reduced to the minimum dimensions possible, with all surplus material, sharp
corners etc., cropped for safety and aesthetic reasons. The minimum thickness of gusset plates shall be
5mm.
Bolt groups shall be compact and arranged for minimum eccentricity.
At all tension, suspension and maintenance plates and/or brackets the flanges of angles or any part of
the structure shall not interfere with the free insertion or removal of any bolt or pin associated with line
hardware or maintenance equipment.
The positioning of the various parts of a structure must be such that contact areas are flat, where
necessary members are to be cropped to maintain clearance from any adjacent member or corner radius.
All nominal (redundant) braces shall be capable of transferring 2.5 per cent of connected main member
loads and fastened with a minimum of one 16 mm diameter bolt. All other connections for legs and

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primary bracing shall comprise double-bolted connections unless otherwise approved by the
Superintendent.
All horizontal or up to 45 horizontal members which could be subject to being climbed upon shall be
designed for an ultimate vertical load of 1.8kN at their mid point or such point as gives the maximum
stress.
Tower member intersections and the apex of phase/earth wire crossarms shall be detailed to deter the
occurrence of bird nesting. Particular care should be taken in regard to suspension crossarms to
prevent bird nesting directly over the insulator.

6.4.2 Member Design

Tower member design and slenderness shall satisfy criteria specified in ASCE 10-97.
Appropriate live loads and deflection limits shall be considered in the selection of slender plan
bracing members supporting ladders platforms/rest stations. Such members shall be subject to manstanding loads to facilitate construction.

6.4.3 Connections
Tower member shall comprise single-nut or double-nut type tower bolts to AS1559 designed in
accordance with AS3995. Subject to ElectraNet approval, high strength bolts to AS/NZS 1252 may
be used.
Bolt groups shall be compact and arranged for minimum eccentricity.
Nuts and bolts shall have adequate clearance from adjacent structural members to enable use of
standard tools for tightening.
Bolts fitted with a single-nut and standard flat washer shall have bolt threads centre-punched after
final tightening.
Connections used for conductor attachments may be secured with split-pins fitted through a hole
drilled across the bolt diameter or fitted with double-nut type tower bolts instead of centre-punching
threads.
Bolt threads shall be centre-punched in all locations on leg splice & bracing connections below the
anti-climb.
Bolts are selected such that the shear planes are not acted through threaded portion.
Spring washers shall not be used. Bolt threads shall be centre-punched after final tightening.
Tower leg splices shall be located approx 1 meter above plan bracing level or other level to allow
ready access for installation of bolts.

6.4.4 Plan Bracing

Appropriate plan bracing shall be incorporated into the tower arrangement to maintain the integrity of
the tower under severe local transverse & torsional loading effects.
Minimum locations for internal plan cross bracing shall include:

Top panel level of tower;

Bottom level of crossarm chords;

Tower waist;

Top level of k-brace.

K- and plan bracing may be supported with hip bracing to improve member slenderness and provide
support for vertical live loads imposed during construction and maintenance access.

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Maximum distance between plan bracing shall be less than 12m.

6.4.5 Member Detailing and Orientation

Member detailing shall be in accordance with AS3995.
Pockets and depressions likely to hold water shall be avoided, but if unavoidable, holes or outlets
must be provided to ensure proper drainage.
All vertical flanges of members shall be oriented downwards unless connection or structural clearance
requirements dictate otherwise.
Gusset plates shall be detailed to achieve the minimum dimension possible.
Where necessary members shall be cropped to maintain clearance from any adjacent member or root
radius and to allow bolted contact areas to sit flat. Plates shall be cropped to prevent sharp corners
protruding past the edges of adjacent members.
No welded connections/splices shall be used in the fabrication of structures unless specific approval is
given by ElectraNet.

6.4.6 Jointing of Members

All leg and main structural members shall be jointed by butt or lap joints whichever gives the minimum
eccentricity. Where lap-joints are used for rolled steel angle members, or where butt-joints are used
with an internal butt-angle, the heel of the inside angles being connected shall be chamfered to clear the
fillet of the outside angle. Such joints where they occur in any member shall be positioned as remotely
as possible from the mid-point in the effective column length of that portion of the member concerned.
An allowance such as reduction in normal design stress shall be made for eccentricities introduced by
lap joints.

6.4.7 Lapped Splice

Where a member contains a splice comprising a single lapped plate or angle section, the spacing of
the bolts in each bolt group must be adjusted to prevent rotation of the joint which may affect the
capacity of the member in compression. As a minimum, the bolt spacing in a two bolt splice must be
150 mm.

6.4.8 Eccentricity of Connected Members

The connection between members must be assessed for any eccentricity which may affect the
capacity of the connected member.

6.4.9 Prying Forces on Bolts

Where a connection applies an identifiable prying force to a bolt, the capacity of the bolt must be reassessed by the detailer and the detail substantiated with calculation.

6.4.10

Loads to Outstanding Legs of Angles

Where a load is applied to a leg of an angle or a flat plate, the section must be assessed for bending.
Particular attention must be given to vertical loads on the ends of crossarms connected to the bottom
face of crossarm chord members. Appropriate gauge lines, member thickness and reinforcing plates
should be considered.

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Cropping of Members

Members may be cropped to allow members to be connected in a minimum size joint. Crops which
have the potential to reduce the local and overall member capacity should be avoided. In particular,
removal of part of one flange of an angle section either at any position along the member.

6.4.12

Member Swaging

Swaging of members to correctly align connected surfaces is permitted but the detailer must give
consideration to the effect of the deformation on the capacity of the member. Members which have a
swaged detail must have the shape of the swage shown on the manufacturing drawing. As a minimum
the maximum change of direction of the outer edge of the angle must be less than 1:2. The position of
the commencement of the swage must generally be as close as possible to the required location.

6.5 GAUGE LINES

6.5.1 Main Gauge
The main gauge line measured from the heel of the angle shall be as close as possible to the minor
principal axis of the member cross-section. This will generally mean that main bolt gauge lines are
close to the mid width of the connected leg on equal angle sections. Alternative gauge lines may be
used where an assessment of the member capacity by the detail drafter shows that it is not critical.
Main gauge lines must be large enough to allow suitable spanners to be used to tighten the nut and
bolt. The open ended podger spanner is the preferred measure.
6.5.2 Maximum Gauge Lines
Gauge lines on members shall allow for the rolling tolerance of the larger member and still achieve
the minimum edge distance required.

6.6 ERECTION MARKS

All members shall be stamped with an alphanumeric mark number to identify the member and also a
mark to show whether the member is of high tensile or mild steel. Only fully interchangeable members
shall have the same mark number. The Contractor shall supply appropriate information on the
Drawings to enable the Superintendent to quickly and easily identify the position or mark of any
member of the structure.

6.7 BOLTS AND NUTS

All field connections between tower members shall be by means of galvanised bolts and nuts supplied
in accordance with AS1559-1986.
The diameter of bolts shall be not less than 16mm. The threads of all bolts shall be of I.S.O. Coarse
Pitch series and bolt heads and nuts of the hexagonal type. The ultimate loads for bolts shall be as
shown on ElectraNets drawings.
The requirements for design of connections of AS4100 Steel Structures Code shall generally apply in
regard to bolts and boltings, except that edge distances may be reduced to the values shown on
ElectraNets drawings unless otherwise directed.
All bolts shall be fitted with galvanised flat washers to AS1559 and nuts. Spring washers shall not be
used.

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Bolts in tension shall be also fitted with lock nuts or stainless steel split pins, as directed by the
Superintendent.
The threads of bolts shall in all cases project past the depth of the nut, when the nut is fully tightened,
but such projection shall not exceed 10mm.
The length of bolt shank shall be chosen to ensure that the plane or planes of shear of the members
connected are clear of the bolt thread, and also the nut shall not be thread-bound when tightened. If
necessary, bolts longer than the minimum length required by AS1559 shall be used and a flat washer
shall be fitted.

6.8 LEG EXTENSIONS AND CONCRETE COLUMNS

The supply, installation and erection of the basic three metre tower leg extensions or plus and minus one
metre leg extensions and/or the installation of extended concrete columns of additional length up to
1.0m may be required as determined by the Contractor and approved by the Superintendent.

6.9 TOWER STUBS

Tower stub shall be of the same section size and material grade as the connecting tower leg member
unless otherwise specified.
Splice hole pattern shall match ElectraNet leg splice components.
An 18mm diameter hole for tower earthing shall be installed below the K-point level in each flange of
all stub members. Care shall be taken to ensure sufficient clearance is provided for fitment of the
earthing lugs between the splice components and finished surface of the concrete. Alternatively,
earthing holes above the K-point may be installed.
Load bearing cleats shall be fitted to all tower stubs for embedment support within concrete footings.
Tower stubs that extend to the toe of bored pier and mass-concrete footing types may be fitted with
bolted cleats. Welded load-bearing cleats shall be used to support (short) stubs for all other footing
types and arrangements unless otherwise approved.
Length of stubs shall be detailed such that, the tower K-point will be located 300mm - 900m above
nominal ground level, and load-bearing cleats are positioned within footing elements to allow
dispersion of bearing stresses.
For further details, refer ElectraNet procedure LDM 237 Tower Footing Design.

6.10 MINIMUM BOLTS IN A CONNECTION

The following minimum bolt requirements are to be used:
Top and bottom chords of phase and earthwire
crossarms
Main bracing members with the smallest leg of
the angle greater or equal to 75 mm in width
Any member which is part of a bracing system
comprising a minimum of two members which
carries similar and opposite tension and
compression forces and the tensile capacity
exceeds 45 kN
Leg members

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2 off diam 16 mm
2 off diam 16 mm
2 off diam 16 mm

4 off diam 16 mm in lapped joints without splice

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places

8 off diam 16 mm in butt joints with splice plates

Any plate or cleat which permanently supports a 2 off diam 16 mm with double nuts per attachment
conductor or cable
point. Where there are multiple attachment points in
a horizontal plate these bolts may be shared
between attachment points
Any plate or cleat which temporarily supports a 2 off diam 16 mm with double nuts 2 off diam 16
conductor or cable
mm with double nuts per attachment point. Where
there are multiple attachment points in a horizontal
plate these bolts may be shared between attachment
points
Secondary bracing members
1 off 16 mm
Deviations from the above list of typical minimum requirements may be permitted or required by the
Superintendent.

6.11 CLIMBING ACCESS

6.11.1

Step Bolts and Ladders

Towers shall be fitted with step bolts to AS1559 above the anti-climb barrier on one leg as
nominated.
Step bolts shall conform to ElectraNets drawings and be located to provide convenient and safe
movement. Step bolts shall be provided on one tower leg for single circuit towers and guyed masts, and
diagonally opposite legs on double circuit towers. A left step shall always be followed by a right step
and vice versa. Step bolt holes are to be provided on these legs between K point and anti-climbing
devices. Step bolts shall be fitted with climbing loop attachment in accordance with drawings.
Special step bolts shall be provided in lieu of bolts when a step location must necessarily coincide with
a gusset or splice plate.
Tower members shall not be used as steps except that step angles at not more than 300mm spacings
may be used for access on tower earthwire peaks.
Every ladder and its fixings shall be designed for an ultimate vertical load of 23kN spaced at the one
third and two third points along the ladder. Assembly and detail of ladder rungs shall conform to
ElectraNets drawings.
Earthwire peak step angles shall be arranged to provide convenient access for work on the earthwire
and earthwire assemblies. The step angles shall be designed for an ultimate vertical load of 2.35kN at
the mid point or such point as gives the maximum stress
6.11.2

Access Landings and Working Platforms

Access landings shall be provided as indicated on the General Requirement Drawings.

Rest and working platforms and their supporting members shall be designed to withstand the floor
loads specified in AS1657.
Where necessary, working platforms shall be rebated to allow the suspension of a hook ladder from
convenient horizontal tower members. The rebate shall be located such that convenient access to
suspension jumper insulation strings and conductors is attained when working from the hook ladder.

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Anti-climbing Devices

Refer ElectraNet procedure LDM 234 Tower Anti-Climb Devices.

All towers shall be fitted with anti-climbing devices conforming to ElectraNets drawings unless
otherwise required in Section 1 of this Specification.

6.12 MAINTENANCE FACILITIES

Members, particularly crossarm and earth wire peaks, shall be detailed to allow for and/or include
approved fixtures to suit construction and dead or live-line maintenance requirements.
All structures shall incorporate maintenance lugs, cleats and holes, as specified in the General
Requirements drawings, for rigging purposes during maintenance.

6.13 EARTH ELECTRODE CONNECTION

Provision shall be made at the base of all structure legs for the bolted attachment of earth electrodes as
shown on ElectraNets drawings

6.14 NUMBER AND STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION PLATES

6.14.1

Ground Visible Plates

Provision shall be made for the installation of Number and Structure Identification Plates, Warning
Signs, Circuit Identification Plates to be supplied by the Superintendent and installed by the Contractor
in accordance with the General Requirements Drawings.

6.14.2

Air Visible Plates

Every fifth structure along the line shall be fitted with a tower number plate in accordance with
ElectraNet's drawings for aerial viewing. These plates are to be installed on the earthwire peak to
identify tower locations when the line is patrolled by air. These numbers are to alternately face one side
of the line and the other such that from one side of the line, every tenth tower number will be visible.

6.15 MANUFACTURE AND TESTING

Refer ElectraNet procedure LCM 07 Tower Structure Supply & Fabrication, "LCM 08 Tower
Structure Prototype Assembly" and "LCM 09 Tower Structure Load Testing".
.New tower designs may be based on geometry and joint detail of existing tower arrangements that
have been proven by full-scale load tests.
Otherwise, tower design shall be accompanied by full-scale tests unless otherwise approved by
ElectraNet.

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