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Influence of ACSR Steel Core Permeability on Entire

Conductors Load Parameters


Karolina Kasa-Laeti, Dejana Herceg,
Nikola Djuri, Dragan Kljaji
Department for power, electronics and telecommunications
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences
Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
kkasas@uns.ac.rs, vuletic@uns.ac.rs, ndjuric@uns.ac.rs,
dkljajic@uns.ac.rs
AbstractAluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) is
usually applied for the power overhead transmission or distribution lines. Electric characteristics of applied materials, like aluminum and steel conductivity values, are always provided by the
manufacturers, but not the ACSR steel core permeability. In
order to investigate how important the steel core permeability is,
this paper deals with the influence of this permeability on an
ACSR load parameters.
At basic frequency of 50 Hz and the presence of higher harmonics, inside the power line conductors, the skin and proximity
effects cannot be neglected. Through those effects the steel core
permeability is expecting to have significant impact on load parameters and should be taken into consideration. In order to
estimate this impact several calculations were performed and the
results are shown in this paper. The value of relative steel core
permeability was varied from 10 to 50000 inside three different
standardized ACSR conductors, at eleven different frequencies,
up to 2500 Hz (50th harmonic of basic frequency).
In spite of great relative permeability range, as the consequence of the big difference in the aluminum and steel conductivity values, the paper shows that the influence of steel core permeability on any ACSR conductor is much less than expected, especially at lower frequencies.
All calculations were carried out numerically, applying
COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a computer program package on simplified two-dimensional model.
KeywordsSteel core permeability, frequency up to 50th
harmonic, current distribution, load parameters

I.

INTRODUCTION

In the most of power electric overhead transmission and


distribution systems, as the phase conductors, the combination
of aluminum, reinforced by another material core are applied.
The core could be zinc coated steel (ACSR), aluminum oxide
fiber composites (ACCR), aluminum conductor carbon core
(ACCC) or all aluminum alloy core (AAAC). The first one,
ACSR is the most common, the cheapest one and widely
applied in all overhead systems.
Typical ACSR cross-sections are presented in Fig. 1,
while the cross-section of the simplified model, in the most
appropriate, cylindrical coordinate system, is shown in Fig. 2.
The authors would like to thank to the company Comel, R. of Serbia,
for their support in this paper presentation.
978-1-4673-9522-9/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE

Miroslav Pra
Retired from Department for power, electronics and telecommunications
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences
Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
prsa@uns.ac.rs

Fig. 1. Cross-sections of real ACSR.

Fig. 2. Cross-sections of the simplified model.

Load characteristics of a single ACSR and two bundled


conductors are investigated several times and the results are
presented in [1] [5]. In all those papers electric and magnetic
field are calculated in the presence of more or less significant
skin effect and proximity effect. It was shown that the
simplified model gives very accurate results.
According to this experience, in this paper only simplified
model, shown in Fig. 2, with previously measured values of
aluminum and steel conductivity, will be investigated.
Although the steel core permeability values are measured,
calculated and presented in [6], the influence of steel core
permeability on load parameters was not investigated until
now. In this paper the three single standardized ACSR
conductors and the system of two bundled ACSR conductors
will be investigated, varying the steel core relative
permeability values from 1 to 50000. Constructive elements of
those conductors are presented in [7].
All calculations were carried out numerically, applying
COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a computer package, for the
frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 2500 Hz.

II.

THEORETICAL APROACH

Introducing electric scalar potential V and magnetic vector

potential A , electric field strength vector and magnetic flux


density vector are defined as follows:

A
E = V ,
t

B = A .

The equation (5) defines the distribution of current density


vector across the entire ACSR conductor. In order to
investigate the influence of the steel core permeability on this
current distribution, the new coefficient , was introduced, to
show what part of total current, in percents, is present inside
the ACSR steel core,

(1)
[% ] =

For low frequency systems, electric and magnetic fields


can be treated separately. Moreover, inside conductors the
induced
component
of
electric
field
strength

vector Eind = A / t is much more significant than the


conservative component, so the electric scalar potential can be
omitted.

The problem geometry suggests the application of


cylindrical coordinate system, positioned as shown in Fig. 2.
The electromagnetic field distribution, as well as the current
distribution is repeating in r planes, the problem can be
defined as two dimensional one. Besides, although the steel
core is not linear, in these investigations the core will be
treated as linear, with constant permeability values. For those
reasons, the entire problem could be assumed as linear, 2D
problem, which could be resolved in complex domain.

I core
I tot

100 .

(6)

In (6), the currents inside the core and inside the entire
conductor's cross section are calculated as,
I core =

J totz ( r , ) dScs ,

I tot =

Scs core

J totz ( r , ) dScs . (7)

Scs tot

At the end of investigation process it was explored the


behavior of coefficient for different permeability values and
at different frequencies.
III.

MODEL

In complex notation, the complex magnetic potential is the


solution of the 2D partial differential equation [8],

As mentioned in introduction, the three single standardized


ACSR conductors, 25/4 mm2, 240/40 mm2 and 490/65 mm2
together with two bundled conductors, 2 490/65 mm2 were
investigated and the results are presented in this paper.

A j A = J 0 .

According to Fig. 2, equivalent diameters of these conductors are given in Table I [2], [3], while the constructive
elements of real conductors can be retrieved from [7].

(2)

As it can be noticed in Fig. 2, the chosen coordinate


system is positioned so that the z axis is the conductors axis
as well, which means that the imposed current density vector
has only z component, depending on r and coordinates. The
complex magnetic vector potential has always the same

direction as the current density vector, J meaning that it also


has only z component, depending on r and coordinate. This
means also that the equation (2) can be written in complex
scalar form [8],

1 Az
r
r r r

2
1 Az
+
j Az = J 0 z .
2
2
r

(4)

The total complex current density vector has also only z


component, depending on r and coordinates,

J tot z ( r , ) = J 0 z ( r , ) + E ind z ( r , ).

Nominal
ACSR
mark
[mm2]

ACSRS EQUIVALENT DIAMETERS


Diameter [mm]
Steel core

Entire conductor

Real
conductor

Model
(2a)

Real
conductor

Model
(2b)

25/4

2.25

2.250

6.8

5.953

240/40

8.04

7.091

21.90

18.967

490/65

10.20

8.996

30.60

26.555

(3)

Defined by the only existing component of magnetic


vector potential, complex induced component of electric field
strength vector is,

E ind z (r , ) = j A z ( r , ) .

TABLE I.

(5)

As an example of bundled ACSR conductors, the couple of


490/65 mm2, on standardized distance of d = 400 mm, was
explored.
According to data in Table I, the problem was set to the
COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a computer package and the
coefficient was calculated for all chosen different
permeability values and at different frequencies. In all
calculations the AC/DC modul was applied including the
adaptive mesh generation.
In order to provide the best mesh in all calculated cases,
the finite elements size was defined from the penetration
depth,

(8)

As expected, the generated mesh has the smallest elements


close to the both outer conductors surfaces.
An example of adaptive generated mesh is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 4 shows the current distribution at 50 Hz, while the


current distribution at 450 Hz is presented in Fig. 5. In both
presentations, steel core relative permeability is chosen to be,
r = 500.
As it could be seen in those figures, the skin effect at
50 Hz is less emphasized in both conductors domains;
aluminum and steel core and the certain percent of total
current exist inside the core. The core current is much smaller
that the aluminum current, due to smaller core conductivity,
comparing to the aluminum conductivity. The current
distribution in aluminum part is almost uniform, meaning that
skin effect in this conductors part is almost negligible.
According to Fig. 5, at 450 Hz the current inside the steel
core is negligible, while the current distribution inside aluminum is significantly nonuniform.

Fig. 3. Example of adaptive mesh, formed in COMSOL computer package.

As said in introduction, the ACSR conductivity values for


aluminum and steel were measured [5] and in this paper the
following values were applied:

Al = 3.55 107 S / m
IV.

The calculation results for all four examples will be


graphically presented in following figures, for all chosen steel
core relative permeability values, at all chosen frequencies.
The results will be presented as the dependence of coefficient
on steel core relative permeability, with the frequency as a
parameter.
The diagram for the smallest investigated ACSR, 25/4
mm2 is shown in Fig. 6, while the diagram for the ACSR
240/40 mm2 is shown in Fig 7.

Fe = 0.559 107 S / m .

CALCULATION RESULTS

The current distributions across an ACSR cross section


were presented in some previous papers, [1]-[4]. In this paper,
only as an example, current distribution along the 240/40 mm2
conductors diameter is presented in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.

Fig. 6. Dependence of coefficient for the ACSR 25/4 mm2.

Fig. 4. Current distribution across the 240/40 mm2 ACSR, at 50 Hz.

Fig. 5. Current distribution across the 240/40 mm2 ACSR, at 450 Hz.

Fig. 7. Dependence of coefficient for the ACSR 240/40 mm2.

In Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 it can be seen that the skin effect is


negligible at the frequency of 0.01 Hz.
For this reason, in this case coefficient does not depend
on steel core permeability and it has practically constant value,
changing between 4.713047 % and 4.173234 %. It could be
expected, because the influence of frequency and steel core
permeability on conductors parameters is through more or
less emphasized skin effect.
At higher frequencies the skin effect is more and more
significant, providing also the significant influence of steel
core permeability and frequency on coefficient .
In Fig. 7 it can be noticed the same shape of all curves,
but, due to bigger conductors cross section and, consequently,
more emphasized skin effect, the coefficient depends more
on steel core relative permeability. In this case the range of
this coefficient is from the highest value, = 4.599637 at 0.01
Hz and r = 1, to the smallest value, = 0.008024 at f = 2500
Hz and r = 50000.
The next diagram presented in Fig. 8, shows the coefficient
for both, single and two bundled ACSR 490/65 mm2.
In Fig. 8 there is another diagram similar to the previous
two, with bigger ACSR cross section and more emphasized
skin effect. In this case, coefficient changes from the highest
value, = 3.704827 at 0.01 Hz and r = 1, to the smallest
value, = 0.001324 at f = 2500 Hz and r = 50000.
From Fig. 8, another important conclusion can also be presented. The pairs of curves at the same frequency, for single
and two bundled conductors are completely equal. That means
that, at all frequencies and all steel core permeability, with the
distance between bundled conductors, d = 400 mm, the
proximity effect is negligible.
From Fig. 6 to Fig. 8 it can also be concluded that the
influence of steel core permeability on conductors load
parameters is less than it could be expected from the
penetration depth. The main cause of this is the big difference
between the aluminum and steel core conductivity values.

V.

The influence of steel core permeability on ACSR load


characteristic is defined in this paper through the introduced
and defined coefficient . It was shown that the influence
exists, but it is less than could be expected from the
penetration depth.
In presence of higher harmonics, i.e. higher frequencies,
and more significant skin effect, the steel core current is
smaller and the influence becomes insignificant.
Noticing that the steel core current was less than 5 %, in all
load parameters calculations, any real problem could be
treated as a linear one, with constant steel core relative
permeability.
The described procedure performed on couple bundled
conductors shown that the proximity effect is negligible and
should not be taken into account.
The COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a computer program
package, proved itself as a powerful tool for solving this
applied magnetics problem as well.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper has been supported by Ministry of Sciences and
Technological Development of the Republic Serbia, under the
grant for project TR 32055.
REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]
Fig. 8. Dependence of coefficient for the single ACSR 490/65 mm2 and
two bundled ACSR 490/65 mm2.

CONCLUSION

[8]
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