What did the Debate Night Body Language Tell?

No opening handshake between two candidates.

Debate has become personal
Proxemics-> A term that describes how people communicate using space.
Trump inched closer to Hillary Clinton when talking about her health care plan.
It appeared that Trump was trying to exert dominance over Clinton by standing close
and towering her.
The proximity to Clinton with which he stood behind her at certain points was
particularly threatening.
Trump the back of his chair, swaying forward, backward and to side as Clinton would
talk. A conscious assertion of power.
He was being distracting.
Trump attacked Hillary saying she acid washed her emails.
Clintons poor reviews could be from how she carried herself on stage.
Clenching her thumb, and speaking and looking down more than usual.
Some people do this when they think, but I think it conveyed a bit of defensiveness.
Trump is very revealing with his expressions. Trumps brow was furrowed and he
squinted. He was agitated and angry.

Donald Trump meets Obama- Body Language

Tension between the two.
Patti Wood- body language expert
Obama was resigned and not hopeful.
Trump was serious and perhaps fearful.
Seating position- Lower legs both in male alpha position. Both saying I am a man.
Obamas legs were subconsciously were a lot further apart, exerting more dominance.
Downward praying position -> Trump learned something he didnt know before.
Tentative hand position- not certain or fixed
Holding your own hands, like Trump indicates one needs comfort.

Obama rested his arms on his legs-> indicates he was weary.

Patti Wood
Babe Ruth of body language experts. -Washington Post
BA and MA in body language and nonverbal communication.
History Channel- Body Language
Expressing from the heart- hand goes back to heart/chest.
Gesturing on the beat.
Being honest/authentic their gesture comes a second before the words.
Patti Wood on Regis and Kelly
Couples in Bed
Pretzel Position- Body to body, intertwined, most connected.
Second best position- spooning, fetal position.
Cliffhanger- On opposite sides, but touching feet.
Upset but still showing love.
Royal Hug- male hands behind head. Female lays on chest.
Female dependent on male.

Microexpressions
What are they?
Microexpressions are brief facial expressions, lasting only a fraction of a second. Dr.
Ekmans research has revealed that Seven emotions have universal signals:
Anger
Fear
Sadness
Disgust
Contempt
Surprise
Happiness
When do they occur?
They occur when a person either deliberately or unconsciously conceals a feeling.
History
Haggard and Isaacs were the first to describe micro expressions. Calling them
micromomentary expressions. The appearance of micros, the result of repression;
the patient didnt know how they were feeling.
Why they happen?
Micro expressions happen when people have hidden their feelings from themselves
(repression) or if theyre lying.
Types
Macro: Normal expressions usually last between - 4 seconds. They often repeat, and
fit with what is said and the sound of a persons voice.
Micro: These are very brief, usually lasting between 1/15-1/25 of a second. They often
display a concealed emotion and are the result of suppression or repression.
False: A deliberately-made stimulation of an emotion not being felt.
Masked: A false expression made to cover a macro expression.

Psychology: The scientific study of mind and behavior.

What? Description
Why? Theory -> Prediction
Mortality Salience: The awareness by an individual that his or her death is inevitable.
(Cleave to symbols of culture and symbols of faith)

What we study is behavior. What we do is science.

Learn by doing!
Metacognitive awareness:
Knowing what you know
Knowing what you dont know.
Mind/Body:
Is the mind distinct from the body?
Free will?
Overconfidence Phenomenon
Week relationship between accuracy and confidence.
General tendency of human cognition.
Seen at both novice and expert levels
Minimized with practice.
Are genes or the environment more influential on the behavior?
Big questions in psychological science
Nature vs nurture-> not correct- no behavior made by one or the other
Memory conceptualized in terms of types, stages, and processes.
As types: Explicit memory (conscious) and Implicit memory (unconscious)
As stages: Sensory, short term, long term
As processes: Encoding, storage, retrieval
Explicit memory requires conscious awareness
Semantic Memory facts and general knowledge
Sensory Input> Sensory Memory> Attention> Short term memory [encoding>retrieval] Long
term memory
Sensory: Unattended info is lost
Short Term -> Maintenance rehearsal-> unrehearsed info lost
Long term-> some info may be lost over time
How many short-term memories can you have at once? 7+/-2
What technique do people use to max more info.? Crunching
Desirable difficulties
Learning is not fun
Best Way to retain and study information
Vary the conditions
Different places= contextual cues
Move around
Distribute

Dont mass
Spread it out
Interleave
Dont block
Switch gears
Go back and forth
Test yourself
Dont present or review
Turning notes into flashcards= A+
Recognition memory: Multiple Choice
Material in smaller groups= better testing
Retrieval practice= best way to remember material
Implicit Memory
Doesnt require conscious awareness
Procedural Memory- Motor and cognitive skills
Priming- Enhanced Identification of objects and words
Learning through classical conditioning
Cognitive Biases: Error in Recollection
*Errors remembering
Flashbulb memory- major emotional impacting event picture perfect memory
Can be bias too
Misinformation Effect- Changing the variable for each group can have different effects on the
answers (independent variable)
Can bias memories by simply changing verbs.
Guided Memory- Therapeutic technique to recover repressed memories. (not present)
Hypothesis: A precise statement of the presumed relationship among specific parts of a theory.
A specific and falsifiable prediction about relationship between or among two or more variables.
Variables: Only attribute that can assume different values among different people or across
different times or places.
Design

Advantages

Disadvantages

Case Study

In depth, compelling
descriptions.

A typical participants may not

represent people in general

Correlational Study

Shows degree and direction

of relationship

Cause and effect may be

uncertain

Experiment

Control of independent
Variable

Can be artificial

Quasi-experiment

Can compare groups

Less confidence in cause and

effect relationships

What is meant by the term statistical significance?

Usually refers to a difference between groups
Provides a quantitative means to evaluate the research hypothesis.
Based on conventional assumptions.
P or probability that the observed pattern is due to random (or chance) variation.

Frontotemporal Dementia: A disease associated with changes in artistic and musical

tastes/skills.
Symptoms: Deterioration in frontal cortex.
Increase in repetitive behaviors.
Behavioral symptoms (movement and speech)
Action Potential or nerve impulse reaches the terminal button
Neurotransmitters are released

Neurotransmitters pass through synaptic gap.

Some neurons bind onto the receiving or post-synaptic neuron.
Reuptake of neurons that did not bind to the post-synaptic neuron.
Chemicals
Acetylcholine: Used in the spinal cord and motor neurons to stimulate muscle contractions. Also,
used in the brain to regulate dreams and memory.
Alzheimer's is associated with an under-supply of acetylcholine.
Nicotine is an agonist.
Dopamine: Involved in movement, motivation, and emotion. Produces feelings of pleasure. Also,
involved with learning.
Schizophrenia is linked to increases of dopamine. Parkinson's is linked to reductions in
Dopamine. (dopamine agonists can be used to treat it.)
Endorphins: Released in response to behaviors such as vigorous exercise, orgasm, and spicy
foods.
Natural pain relievers. Related to compounds found in drugs like opium, morphine, and heroin.
GABA- The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Lack of GABA can lead to involuntary motor actions, including seizures.
Alcohol stimulates the release of GABA. Inhibits the nervous system -> Drunk.
Low levels of GABA can produce anxiety. GABA agonists are used to reduce anxiety.
Glutamate: Most common neurotransmitter. Released/found in the food additive MSG.
Excess Glutamate can cause overstimulation, migraines, and seizures. Been linked to ALS.
Serotonin: Involved in many functions. Such as, mood, appetite, sleep, and aggression.
Low levels of serotonin are associated with depression and some drugs designed to treat
depression serve to prevent serotonin reuptake.
Agonist: Chemically similar, mimics the effects.
Antagonist: Reduces or blocks the effects.
Cocaine: Releasing Dopamine-> High-> Mimics->Agonists
Brain
Back of the brain
Occipital: Vision
Parietal: Judgements recognising sensation and time. Body Position.
Cerebellum: Fine movement and balance

Amygdala: Emotion and aggression

Cerebral Cortex: Thinking, sensing, cortex, emotion, consciousness.
Stem
Medulla: Responsible for unconscious behavior (breathing, etc.)
Pons: Sleep arousal
Hippocampus: Learning and memory
Hypothalamus: Basic biological needs
Front
Thalamus: Incoming and outgoing signals.
Frontal Lobe: Planning, reasoning, social, problem solving.
Temporal Lobe: Understanding language info., organization, memory, learning, and auditory.
Old Brain=Stem
Left Brain= Facts/Semantic
Right Brain= Creativity/Feelings
Consciousness: Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Physical Repression: The exclusion of a thought, desire, or memory from ones conscious
awareness.
Phobias: A persistent fear of an object or situation which will result in marked distress or fear.
Freudian Slips: An error in speech, memory, or physical action that was interpreted as
occurring due to some unconscious, subdued wish, conflict, or train of thought.
Denial: Unconsciously rejecting information that one finds too uncomfortable to accept.
Conscious: Explicit memory and controlled behaviors.
Unconscious: Implicit memory and autonomic behaviours.
Consciousness- Monism vs. Dualism.
Biological Rhythms: Regularly occurring cycles that may influence behavior.

Your life is the sum of what you focus on.

Pancreas: Secretes hormones to supply body with energy. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Analyzes strength and duration of light.
Pineal gland: melatonin release
Dualism: Mind and body are separate entities.
Monism: consciousness and the mind are biologically based and exist within the brain.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus analyzes the strength and duration of the light stimulus, and
sends signals to the pineal gland when the light level is low or duration is short. In response the
pineal gland secretes melatonin.
Different stages of sleep each lasting around 90 minutes.
REM Sleep- Fast/Random
Awake- Beta Waves
Drowsy/Relaxed- Alpha Waves
Stage N1 Sleep- Theta Waves
Stage N2 Sleep- Sleep Spindles
Stage N3 Sleep- Delta Waves
During N1 Sleep you can have wild hallucinations and suddenly jerks or twitches.
Americans say they get a good sleep a few nights a month. These people suffer from
insomnia.
Sleep Apnea- Pauses in breathing during sleeping (up to 10 sec.) Normally treated with
machine.
Insomnia- Have troubles falling asleep.
Narcolepsy- Extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of nodding off. Results of
genetics and lack of deep sleep.
Somnambulism- Sleep walking
Sleep Terrors- Cant wake from sleep even when tries to may result in bodily harm or property
damage.
Bruxism: Grinding teeth.
The older you get- the less sleep you need.

Dreams: Succession of images, thoughts, sounds, and emotions that pass through our minds
while we sleep.
Dreams help tell us our unconscious dreams and desires.
Activation- Synthesis theory- Dreams are our brain's interpretation of the random firing of
neurons in the brain stem.
Memory- Capacity to acquire, store, and retrieve, the info. Anda habits that guide our behavior.
Episodic- refers to first hand experiences or episodes that we have on a daily basis.
Semantic- Refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts around the world.
Procedural memory- Unexplainable knowledge of how to do things.
Classical conditioning effects- Effort or awareness to associate neutral stimuli with other
stimulus, which creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation.
Priming- Changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or
recently.
Explicit memory- semantic memory-episodic memory-personally experienced event
Facts and general knowledge
Implicit memory- procedural memory- priming- learning through classical conditioning
Motor and cognitive skills enhanced identification
of objects or words
Sensory memory- brief storage of sensory info.
Iconic memory- Or visual memory
Auditory-sensory-memory-echoic-memory-lasts 4 seconds- allows you to remember what you
said at the beginning of your sentence.
Eidetic Imagery- photographic memory
Short term memory- small amount of info can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds
but less than 1 minute.
Central executive- part of working memory that directs attention and processing.

Maintenance Rehearsal- process of repeating info. Mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping
it in the memory.
Chunking- putting things into groups to get the most out of STM
LTM- Hold info for days, months, years.
Encoding- Which we place our experiences in to memories.
Elaborative encoding- new information that makes it more relevant or meaningful.
Comparing conditioning
Classical- explains acquisition of reflexive responses that are controlled by stimuli that precede
(come by) the response.
Operant- responses are controlled by their consequences.
According to learning theorist B.F. Skinner behavior is maintained by its consequences.
Senses- The systems we have throughout our bodies allow us to detect info. and transform
energy into neutral impulses called the senses or sensory system.
Organisms generally use both genetically transmitted knowledge and knowledge derived from
experience to organize and interpret incoming sensory info. This process of organization and
interpretation is what we refer to as perception.
Transduction- The conversion of stimuli detected by receptor cells to electrical impulses that are
transported to the brain.
The process of turning energy detected around us into nerve impulses.
All sensory systems produce action potentials that are identical.
Sensation
Transduction
Photoreaction-vision
Mechanical Reaction-hearing, balance, touch
Molecular Reaction- Taste, smell