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heart rate reduces the rate of oxygen entering the bloodstream allowing
the body to conserve oxygen and for vital organs to more efficiently use
Molchanov
William
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flow to those areas and directs it towards the vital organs, which include
the heart, lungs, and brain - all of which are fueled by significantly
higher amounts of oxygen than other peripheral organs.
3. Blood shift: upon diving the atmospheric pressure increases with depth
where according to boyles law, the lungs and the air contained inside of
them will compress as the freedover descends beneath the surface. Due
to the peripheral vasoconstriction initiated by the diving reflex, blood
will be shunted from the extremities into the vital organs and thoracic
(chest) cavity resulting in a higher percentage of blood volume in this
area that will occupy the space created by the compression of the air
inside of the lungs. Blood, which is similar in many forms to ocean water
will not be able to be compressed due to its liquid/fluid nature and will
retain its volume regardless of the depth that a diver may reach. Since
the blood fills the empty space caused by the compression of air at depth
(the result of a pressure differential in the lungs), the lungs will not
collapse due to the increased atmospheric pressures experienced. Blood
shift also occurs in the other organs of the body in a similar manner and
with the same result.
4. Splenic contraction: as part of the diving reflex, the spleen will
experience contractions when a diver is subjected to the atmospheric
pressures of depth. Typically, the spleen acts as a reservoir for large
volumes of blood which are circulated through it and in conjunction with
the volumes of blood required by the blood shift discussed above, the
spleen will contract and subsequently release blood into the circulatory
system. The additional volume of blood that enters the body as a result
of the splenic contraction will not only increase the amount of oxygen
available to the system, but also help to increase the supportive fluid
capabilities of the blood in the bodys lungs and other organs.
The mammalian diving reflex is an evolutionary adaptation that allows us to
dive underwater for extended periods of time. In response to facial contact
and submersion in water, the diving reflex will be activated resulting in a
decrease in heart rate (bradycardia) which is magnified by states of apnea
and increased atmospheric pressure, the diversion of blood from the
extremities to the thoracic cavity (peripheral vasoconstriction), the
movement of blood into the lungs and other vital organs to prevent collapse
at depth (blood shift), and splenic contractions with aid in the blood shift at
greater depths and pressures. As freedivers, the mammalian dive reflex is
essential to being able to remain underwater for extended periods of time
and it can be strengthened overtime to improve diving performance through
experience and intentional/directed practice.
Sources:
Espersen, K., Frandsen, H., Lorentzen, T., Kanstrup, I. L., & Christensen,
N. J. (2002). The human spleen as an erythrocyte reservoir in divingrelated interventions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(5), 2071-2079.
Gooden, B. A. (1994). Mechanism of the human diving response.
Integrative physiological and behavioral science, 29(1), 6-16.
Lin, Y. C. (1982). Breath-hold diving in terrestrial mammals. Exercise
and sport sciences reviews, 10(1), 270-307.
Muth, C. M., Ehrmann, U., & Radermacher, P. (2005). Physiological and
Spencer Ash
I am currently a marine conservation graduate student at the
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS)
where I am focusing on the the interaction between the oceans and
human health - although, at the moment, my research is on the
mitigation of the effects that invasive exotic plant species have in
South Florida's mangrove forests. At RSMAS, I am also developing
the curriculum for a program for Scientific Freediving for
Underwater Research, which is being designed for use at all marine
science institutions. As an avid freediver, when I am not in the field
you can find me on the water where I promote ethical-subsistence
spearfishing, document and remove marine debris, volunteer as an
apnea competition safety diver, and explore the deep blue (because
why not?). www.theAquaticAdvocate.com
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Website by Martin Toole Web
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TRAINING EVENTS
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05/24/2016 - 12 to 05/31/2016
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