SUMMER PROJECT CLASS XII

LOGIC GATES
AIM To design a logic gate.
Logic gate A logic gate is a digital circuit that is designed to perform a particular logical
operation.
Truth table- It is a table that shows all possible input combination and the corresponding
outputs for a logic gate.
Boolean expression It is a short hand method to describe the functioning of a logic gate
in the form of an equation or an expression.
THE OR GATE
An OR gate can have any number of inputs but only one output. It gives high output (1) if
either of the inputs A or B or both are high (1) , otherwise the output Y is low (0).
Boolean expression: A + B = Y
Logic symbol:

Truth table:
A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

Y =A + B
0
1
1
1

Realisation of OR gate :
A two input OR gate can be realised by using two diodes D1 and D2 and a resistor R. The
negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to 0 state , and the positive
terminal corresponds to 1 state.
The following four cases are possible;
1. When A = 0 , B = 0. Both the diodes are connected to earth. They do not conduct. Output
across R, Y = 0
2. When A = 0 and B = 1. D1is connected to earth and D2 connected to 5V.Voltage drop across
D2 is zero and full voltage of 5V appears across R . Y = 1.
3. When A = 1 and B = 0.Voltage drop across R is 5V. So Y = 1.

4. When A = 1 and B =1.Both the diodes conduct current. Voltage drop across R is 5V. Y = 1.

AND GATE -: An AND gate can have any number of inputs but only one output. It
gives high (1) output if both the A and B are both high (1) , otherwise the output Y is low(0).
Boolean expression: A . B = Y
Logic symbol:

Truth table:
A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

Y = A .B
0
0
0
1

Realisation of AND gate:

Two input AND gate can be realised by using two diodes D1 and D2. Here the resistance R is
connected permanently to the positive terminal of 5V battery.

The following four cases are possible:

When A = 0 and B =0.The input terminals A and B are earthed (0V).The two diodes
conducts. Both diodes are shorted. The point Y also gets earthed through the shorted
diodes. Hence Y =0.
When A = 0 and B = 1.Diode D1is forward biased but shorted. Diode D2 does not conduct.
Hence Y = 0.
When A = 1 and B = 0. Output Y = 0.
When A = 1 and B = 1.The output voltage will be equal to battery voltage 5V.hence Y = 1.
Hence satisfies the truth table of AND gate.

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE.

1. What would be the work done if a point charge +q ,is taken from a point A to the point B on
the circumference of a circle with another point charge +q at the centre?

2. If a point charge +q is taken first from A to C and then from C to B of the circle drawn with
another point charge +q as centre, then along which path more work will be done?

3. A uniform electric field exist between two charged plates as shown. What would be the
work done in moving a charge q along the closed path ABCDA ?

4. How would you connect two capacitors across a battery, in series or parallel, so that they
store greater (i) total charge (ii) total energy?
5. Three capacitors of equal capacitance, when connected in series have net capacitance C1
and when connected in parallel have net capacitance C2.What is the value of C1/C2 .
6. Two capacitors of capacitances C1 = 3F and C2 = 4F .The arrangement is connected to a 6V
battery. Calculate the total energy stored in the capacitors.
7. For a given medium the dielectric constant is unity. What is its permittivity?
8. A spherical shell with radius a and charge Q is expanded to radius b.What is the work done
by the electrostatic force?
9. Sketch a graph to show how the charge Q acquired by a capacitor of capacitance C varies
with increase in potential difference between its plates.
10. Sketch the graph to show how the capacitance c of a capacitor varies with the charge Q
given to it.

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. A current of 2mA is passed through a colour coded carbon resistor with first, second and
third rings of yellow, green and orange colours. What is the voltage drop across the resistor?
2. A wire of 10 resistance is stretched to thrice its original length. What will be its new
resistance and resistivity?
3. A potential difference of 6V is applied across a conductor of length 0.12m. Calculate the
drift velocity of electrons, if the mobility is 5.6 x 10-6 m2/v/s.
4. Two square metal plates A and B are of same thickness and material. The side B is twice as
that of A. These are connected in series. Find the ratio of the resistances of the two plates.
5. A parallel combination of three resistors takes a current of 7.5A from a 30v supply. If the
two resistors are 10 and 12, find the third one.
6. A voltmeter of resistance 998 is connected across a cell of emf 2V and internal resistance
2.Find the p.d across the voltmeter and that across the terminals of the cell.
7. In a meter bridge the length of the wire is 100 cm. At what position will the balance point be
obtained if the two resistances are in the ratio 2:3.
8. Two wires of equal cross-sectional area, one of copper and other of magnanin have the
same resistance. Which one will be longer?
9. Three identical resistors each of resistance r, when connected in series with a dc source
dissipate power X. If the resistors are connected in parallel to the same dc source, how
much power will be dissipated?
10. Why constantan and magnanin are chosen for making standard resistances?

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

1. No force is exerted by a stationary charge placed in a magnetic field. Why?
2. What is the work done by a magnetic field on a moving charged particle? Give reason.
3. Under what condition is the force acting on a charge moving through a magnetic field
maximum?
4. A proton and an alpha particle of same velocity enter in turn a region of uniform magnetic
field acting perpendicular to their direction of motion. Deduce the ratio of the radii of the
circular paths described by the particles.
5. Why is a cyclotron not suitable for accelerating electrons?
6. Can we accelerate electrons using a cyclotron? Give reason.
7. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted to an ammeter?
8. Why the pole pieces of a galvanometer are made concave?
9. What are the main functions of electric and magnetic fields in a cyclotron?
10. Which of the two, an ammeter or a milliammeter has higher resistance?
PROBLEMS
1. A long wire having a semi circular loop of radius r carries a current I ,find the magnetic field
due to entire wire at the point O.

2. A coil wrapped around a toroid has inner radius of 20.0cm and an outer radius of 25cm.If
the wire wrapping makes 800 turns and carries a current of 12A what are the maximum and
minimum values of the magnetic field within the toroid?
3. An electron is moving northwards with velocity of 3 x 107m/s in a uniform magnetic field of
10 T directed eastwards. Find the magnitude and direction of force on the electron.
4. The figure shows a triangular loop PQR carrying current I. The triangle is equilateral with
side equal to l. If a uniform magnetic field exists parallel to PQ then find the force acting on
three wires separately.

I
I

5. A 100 urns coil kept in a magnetic field B = 0.05Wbm-2,carries a current of 1A, as shown.
Find the torque acting on the coil.
P

S
R

6. A chamber is maintained at a uniform magnetic field of 5 x 10-3T.An electron with a speed of

5 x 107m/s enters the chamber in a direction normal to the field. Calculate the radius of the
path and frequency of revolution of the electron.
7. A helium nucleus is completing one round of a circle of radius 0.8m in 2 sec. Show that the
magnetic field at the centre of the circle is 10-190 T.
8. A solenoid coil of 300turns /m is carrying a current of 5A.The length of the solenoid is 0.5m
and has a radius of 1cm.Find the magnitude of magnetic field inside the solenoid.
9. A long solenoid of 500turns has flux density 2.52 x 10-3T at its centre. Find the current in the
solenoid.
10. An alpha particle is projected vertically upward with a speed of 3x 104 Km/s in a region
where a magnetic 1.0 T exists in the direction south to north. Find that magnetic force that
acts on the particle.