MOBILE CHARGING USING NANOGENERATOR

R.Naveetha & J.Priscilla Jennifer

Electronics and Communication Engineering
Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College
Madagadipet, Pondicherry

ABSTRACT: In this paper we demonstrate how

wireless mobile charging can be carried out with
nanotechnology in order to mitigate the problem of
energy crisis through the technique of inbuilt power
generation. We first concentrate on the amount of
energy that is being wasted in charging up the mobile
phones in the network. The main aim of this paper is,
to convert the nanoscale vibrations, room and body
temperature into electric energy, which in turn could
be used to charge the mobile phone using
piezoelectric zinc-oxide nanowires (ZnO NW) arrays
and thermoelectric nanowires. The nanogenerator
works on the principle of piezo electricity that works
at nano scale. Whenever the cell phone vibrates, the
nanogenerator will be put to mechanical distortion at
a constant and low frequency. The nanogenerator is
sensitive for low frequencies and lower degrees of
distortion and generates a potential difference by the
concept of piezo electricity. The nano gold plates
assist in collecting current from those nanowires.
Gold behaves as an excellent conductor with
negligible resistance at nanoscale. Thus the obtained
electrical energy could be used to charge the mobile
phones. With the help of appropriate circuit diagram,
we also explain the construction and working of the
nanogenerator with a graphical output. Therefore our
project helps in effective conservation of energy. Thus
the electrical energy can be used for other essential
commodities. As a whole, in our network the amount
of energy spent in charging up all the mobile phones
for a month is equivalent to the energy required to
drive the cotton mill for a year. Our evaluation shows
that wireless mobile charging would be a niche in the
future of mobile technology as it conserves a lot of
energy and uses the energy loss in a cell phone to
charge the battery and thereby prolonging the stand
of charge in cell phone and also eliminates the
adapter..

I.

mechanical energy from body movements or even

the flow of blood in the body into electric energy
that can be used to power a broad range of
electronic devices. A nanogenerator is any
nanoscale device used to generate power. Usually
this would mean dimensions less than a micron
(1000 nanometers or 1/1000th of a millimeter), but
in practice, the word has been used to describe
generators as large as 2 mm, or 2,000,000
nanometers in diameter. Whenever the cell phone
vibrates, the nanogenerator will be put to
mechanical distortion at a constant and low
frequency. The nanogenerator is sensitive for low
frequencies and lower degrees of distortion which
generates a potential difference. The piezo electric
materials are drawn into nano wires called Piezo
nano wires; they can efficiently develop a greater
potential difference. The nano generator consists of
two nano gold plates that sandwiches a bunch of
nano wires of zinc oxide. ZnO nanowires are
piezoelectric they can generate an electric
current when strained

INTRODUCTION

The main aim is to convert the nanoscale vibrations

in human body into electric energy which in turn
could be used to charge the mobile phone using the
principle of piezoelectricity by means of
nanogenerator. The human body is a veritable
powerhouse. Every minute of every day it
generates energy, but unfortunately much of this
energy is wasted on mundane tasks like burning
calories or keeping internal organs running. What if
this energy could be harnessed to do something
really useful like charge your iPod or mobile
phone? Technology that does just that converting

A nanogenerator used to energize

an LED light and an LCD display, could power portable
electronics in the future using electricity generated by
body movement

or flexed. The diameter of a ZnO nanowire is so

small that 500 of the wires can fit inside the width
of a single human hair. Two leads arise from the
either plates and constitute the output electrodes
from which the electric energy is obtained .The
Nano gold plates assist in collecting current from
those Nano wires. Gold behaves as an excellent
conductor with negligible resistance at nano scale.
Five nanogenerators stacked together produce

about 1 micro Ampere output current at 3 volts

about the same voltage generated by two regular
AA batteries (about 1.5 volts each). Additional
nanowires and more nanogenerators, stacked
together, could produce enough energy for charging
a cell phone. Thus the concept of nano piezo
generator using Nano wires will go a long way in
eliminating adapters to charge cell phones

II.

NORMAL BATTERY
CAPACITY

CV: Apply a voltage equal to the maximum cell

voltage times the number of cells in series to the
battery, as the current gradually declines
asymptotically towards 0, until the current is below
a set threshold of about 3% of initial constant
charge current. Periodic topping charge about once
per 500 hours. Top charging is recommended to be
initiated when voltage goes below 4.05 V/cell.
Lithium-ion is charged at approximately 4.2 0.05
V/cell except for "military long life" that uses 3.92
V to extend battery life. Most protection circuits cut
off if voltage greater than 4.3 V or temperature
greater than 90 C is reached. Below 2.50 V/cell
the battery protection circuit may render the battery
unchargeable with regular charging equipment.
Most battery circuits stop at 2.73.0 V/cell.

III.

KEY TERMINOLOGIES

A. Piezo electric materials and piezo electricity

Li-ion battery for powering a mobile phone

The charging procedures for single Li-ion cells, and
complete Li-ion batteries, are slightly different.
A single Li-ion cell is charged in two stages.
1.

CC

2.

CV

A Li-ion battery (a set of Li-ion cells in series) is

charged in three stages:
1.

CC

2.

Balance (not required once a battery is

balanced)

3.

CV

CC: Apply charging current to the battery, until the

voltage limit per cell is reached.
Balance: Reduce the charging current (or cycle the
charging on and off to reduce the average current)
while the state of charge of individual cells is
brought to the same level by a balancing circuit,
until the battery is balanced. Some fast chargers
skip this stage.

Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials

(notably crystals, certain ceramics and various
proteins) to generate an electric field or electric
potential in response to applied mechanical strain.
The materials that exhibit this property are called
piezo electric materials.
B. Piezo nanowires and Nano piezo electricity
When piezo electric materials are drawn into nano
wires called Piezo nano wires, they can efficiently
develop a greater potential difference as compared
to the bulk state. Even a small mechanical
disturbance can cause a greater potential difference.
Thus the obtained potential difference leads to
production of electricity termed as Nano Piezo
electricity.

IV.

PIEZO GENERATOR FOR CELL

PHONES CONSTRUCTION

A nanogenerator supplies power to the battery

whenever the phone vibrates by converting the
room temperature to electricity. It consists of two
nano gold plates that sandwiches a bunch of nano
wires of zinc oxide. diagram.

Construction of nano piezo generator

Two leads arise from the either plates and
constitute the output electrodes from which the
electric energy is obtained as shown in the above
figure.

DIMENSION
The size of nanogenerator is dimensions less than a
micron (1000 nanometers or 1/1000th of a
millimeter), but in practice, the word has been used
to describe generators as large as 2 mm, or
2,000,000 nanometers in diameter. The diameter of
a ZnO nanowire is so small that 500 of the wires
can fit inside the width of a single human hair. Five
nanogenerators stacked together produce about 1
micro Ampere output current at 3 volts about the
same voltage generated by two regular AA batteries
(about 1.5 volts each).

V.

FUNCTIONING

We have converted nanoscale mechanical

energy into electrical energy by means of
piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowire (NW) arrays. The
aligned NWs are deflected with a conductive
atomic force microscope tip in contact mode. The
coupling of piezoelectric and semiconducting
properties in zinc oxide creates a strain field and
charge separation across the NW as a result of its
bending. The rectifying characteristic of the
Schottky barrier formed between the metal tip and
the NW leads to electrical current generation.

The efficiency of the NW-based piezoelectric

power generator is estimated to be 17 to 30%. This
approach has the potential of converting
mechanical, vibrational, and/or hydraulic energy
into electricity for powering nanodevices. The nano
generator works on the principle of piezo
electricity. Whenever the cell phone vibrates, the
nanogenerator will be put to mechanical distortion
at a constant and low frequency. The nanogenerator
is sensitive for low frequencies and lower degrees
of distortion that generates a potential difference by
the concept of piezo electricity. The nano gold
plates assist in collecting current from those
nanowires. Gold behaves as an excellent conductor
with negligible resistance at nano scale.

VI.

ADVANTAGES

Cell phones have become indispensible in

the modern day life. The concept of nano piezo
generator using Zinc oxide nano wires can be used
to charge the battery and thereby prolonging the
stand of charge in cell phones. Hence our project
provides the efficient inbuilt method of charging
the mobile phones.

VII.

CONCLUSION

This method is cost efficient, simple and easy

to implement than the existing system of mobile
phone charging. The automatic power generation
using nanotechnology would be a niche in the
history of the mobile technology.

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