Chapter One

Introduction

Flight is a phenomenon that has long been a part of the

natural world. Birds fly not only by flapping their wings, but by
gliding with their wings outstretched for long distances. Smoke,
which is composed of tiny particles, can rise thousands of feet
into the air. Both these types of flight are possible because of the
principles of physical science. Likewise, man-made aircraft rely on
these principles to overcome the force of gravity and achieve
flight.
Lighter-than-air craft, such as the hot air balloon, work on a
buoyancy principle. They float on air much like rafts float on
water. The density of a raft is less than that of water, so it floats.
Although the density of water is constant, the density of air
decreases with altitude. The density of hot air inside a balloon is
less than that of the air at sea level, so the balloon rises. It will
continue to rise until the air outside of the balloon is of the same
density as the air inside. Smoke particles rise on a plume of hot
air being generated by a fire. When the air cools, the particles fall
back to Earth.
Heavier-than-air flight is made possible by a careful balance
of four physical forces: lift, drag, weight, and thrust. For flight, an
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aircraft's lift must balance its weight, and its thrust must exceed
its drag. A plane uses its wings for lift and its engines for thrust.
Drag is reduced by a plane's smooth shape and its weight is
controlled by the materials it is constructed of.

1.1 Airplane Forces:There are four important forces acted in different direction
which can be listed as follows;
1.1.1 Lift
In order for an aircraft to rise into the air, a force must be
created that equals or exceeds the force of gravity. This force is
called lift. In heavier-than-air craft, lift is created by the flow of air
over an airfoil. The shape of an airfoil causes air to flow faster on
top than

on

bottom. The fast flowing air

decreases the

surrounding air pressure. Because the air pressure is greater

below the airfoil than above, a resulting lift force is created.

The shape of a typical airfoil is asymmetrical - its surface

area is greater on the top than on the bottom. As the air flows
over the airfoil, it is displaced more by the top surface than the
bottom. According to the continuity law, this displacement, or loss
of flow area, must lead to an increase in velocity. Consider an
airfoil in a pipe with flowing water. Water will flow faster in a
narrow section of the pipe. The large area of the top surface of
the airfoil narrows the pipe more than the bottom surface does.
Thus, water will flow faster on top than on bottom. The flow
velocity is increased some by the bottom airfoil surface, but
considerably less than the flow on top.
1.1.2 Drag
Every physical body that is propelled through the air will
experience resistance to the air flow. This resistance is called
drag. Drag is the result of a number of physical phenomena. The
pressure of the wind in front of you is greater than the pressure of
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the wake in behind. Skin friction, or viscous drag, is that which

swimmers may experience. A rough surface will induce more
frictional drag than a smooth surface. To reduce viscous drag, an
aircraft's wing is designed to be smooth to reduce drag.
1.1.3 Weight
The weight of an aircraft is a limiting factor in aircraft design.
A heavy plane, or a plane meant to carry heavy payloads,
requires more lift than a light plane. It may also require more
thrust to accelerate on the ground. On small aircraft the location
of weight is also important. A small plane must be appropriately
"balanced" for flight, for too much weight in the back or front can
render the plane unstable.
1.1.4 Thrust
Propulsion involves a number of principles of physical
science. Thermodynamics, aerodynamics, fluid mathematics, and
physics all play a role. Thrust itself is a force than can best be
described.

1.2 Airplane Main Parts

1. Wings: generate most of the lift to hold the plane in the air.
2. Engines: which are located beneath the wings, provide the
thrust to overcome drag and push the airplane forward through
the air. Smaller

low-speed airplanes use propellers for the

propulsion system instead of turbine engines.

3. Aileron: The outboard hinged part of the wing is called the
aileron; it is used to roll the wings from side to side.
4. Flaps: The wings have additional hinged, rear sections near the
body that are called flaps. Flaps are deployed downward on
takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force produced
by the wing. On some aircraft, the front part of the wing will
also deflect.
5. Fuselage: The fuselage or body of the airplane holds all the
pieces together. The pilots sit in the cockpit at the front of the
fuselage. Passengers and cargo are carried in the rear of the
fuselage. Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage; others carry
the fuel in the wings.
6. Tail: To control and maneuver the aircraft, smaller wings are
located at the tail of the plane. The tail usually has a fixed
horizontal piece, called the horizontal stabilizer, and a fixed
vertical piece, called the vertical stabilizer. The stabilizers' job
is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight.
The vertical stabilizer (rudder) keeps the nose of the plane from
swinging from right to left, which is called yaw. The horizontal
stabilizer (elevator) prevents an up-and-down motion of the
nose, which is called pitch.
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1.3 Meaning of RC Plane

A radio-controlled aircraft (often called RC aircraft or RemoteControl plane): - is a small flying machine that is controlled
remotely by an operator on the ground using a hand-held radio
transmitter. The transmitter communicates with a receiver within
the craft that sends signals to servomechanisms (servos) which
move the control surfaces based on the position of joysticks on
the

transmitter.

The

control

surfaces,

in

turn,

affect

the

orientation of the plane.

Flying RC aircraft as a hobby grew substantially from the
2000s with improvements in the cost, weight, performance and
capabilities of motors, batteries and electronics. A wide variety of
models and styles is available.
Scientific, government and military organizations are also
using RC aircraft for experiments, gathering weather readings,
aerodynamic modeling and testing, and even using them as
drones or spy planes.
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The main different between the RC airplane and airplane the

RC airplane control on form the ground from the radio-control but
the

airplane

from the room

control

on

control in the

aircraft.

1.4 Parts of RC plane

1- structure
2- electric Circuits
3- radio-controlled (RC)
4- brushless motors
5- propellers.

6- servomotors.

1.5 Material of RC
1-balsa

woods-

planes
the wood is very

light weight and

have

structure

prevent damage

to

due to suddenly

strong

impact.

2-foam

sheet - the

weights of

this

are

light but the

very

foam

strong are few and hold out suddenly impact.

3- Aluminum - the weights of this are medium and very strong but
dont hold out suddenly impact and straight the oxide.

1.8 Objectives of the Present Study

The objectives of present work are;
1. Study the RC plane functions of flight.
2. Historical review on the RC Planes.
3. Design a twin-engine RC Plane with preliminary calculations
to sizes and equipment of the Planes.
4. Building the designed Plane.
5. Free flight test.
6. Conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter Two
Literature survey
2.1 History
Some might think that the idea of innovation and aircraft
production process in all its forms, And types the result of
the modern era of technology but in an old reality feet, Their
counterparts from other unmanned aircraft, and if follow
history of this kind of, Aviation technology has become a
critical point in the operational capabilities, And combat
modern armies, it has begun thought aerial vehicles or
march.
Unmanned in February 1863 when Charles Burley Charles
Perley of
New York City design hot-air balloon carrying a basket
containing
Explosives and timing mechanism works to drop the
explosive material at, the specified time in the Timing device
and obtained the first patent in the field of aerial vehicles
design Manned.
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In 1883 the FA Douglas Archibald use ALL paper airplane kite

To capture aerial photographs was the first poll to process
aircraft pilotless and after fifteen during the year the
Spanish-American war, use one of the American soldiers, a
Corporal William led Corporal William Eddy same design
Archie country to get The hundreds of photos exploratory
which is considered the first use of these models in the
environment Actual combat.
In 1910, Dr. Cooper and Weimar Sperry invented reinforced
gyroscopic, Use in transforming the US Navy aircraft N-9 To
first combat aircraft
Rally powered by radio control, a 1910s UCAV-Sperry Aerial
Torpedo,
Later, after years of development, in November 1917 used
this plane
With the US Army and the importance of this type of vehicle
air disease building project Ariel de Torpid (torpedoes air),
which ultimately resulted in the development of aircraft
Without tubular shaped drone called the Kettering Bug The
first flight in 1918 and formed a technological revolution
successful in this and in 1917 managed to Lawrence SIPRI
The development of an unmanned drone aircraft similar
Kettering called the torpedo Sperry
N-9 has a number of successful trips but never used in World
War
First.
In 1930 After several attempts prior to that time, ten years,
The most failed, was Queen Bee Queen Bee aircraft designed
for use
Target training Aerial Target British Royal Navy was the first
plane
March recoverable and reusable be launched from sea or
land, are
Remote-controlled by remote control and managed The third
model is the first March aircraft fired senior term Drone pilot,
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and was used as targets for artillery Very limited and in 1934
was the first real test when the plane succeeded (Queen
Bee), which was produced in 1934 and 1935 about 420
aircraft British Navy, its speed was 110 miles / hour and the
duration of flight of the four convergence Hours.
In 1939 the English Reginald Denny (former representative in
Hollywood had a wide concerns in the field of radio control)
the establishment of the company
Radio plane benefiting from a number of engineers and
experts who have made the radio
Hire them, the company has developed a large number of
aircraft operating to control, such as
RP-4,, RP-2, RP-3, RP-1 and that company was able to build
thousands of these aircraft
Goals planes during World War II and it was one of the first
workers
In assembling the aircraft in the company's Norma Jean and
known later marlin
Monroe Marilyn Monroe as one of the brightest actresses and
models in that period.

1-flight test: - Flight Test was created for people passionate about
flight. Our hope is to create a show for the people that build and
fly planes and helicopters as a hobby. They are the dreamers and
engineers that get a thrill from the first launch of a maiden flight.
The show will personify the veteran and the beginner alike giving
them a chance to share common experiences with others, in turn,
enhancing the RC community. The goal is to develop a creative
outlet that allows us to work in our passion daily. Flight Test is
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designed to empower our audience. It has just enough humor,

technology and information to appeal to the RC flight crowd as a
whole. We hope to entertain, educate and elevate our viewers as
we move forward with quality content.
2-AeroFred: - AeroFred.com first came online in March 2006, I was
26 and had a major maniac obsession for building and flying R/C
model airplanes, I still build and fly but only on weekends and not
in front of my house above the neighbors roofs.
This was a website where I used to sell my home made model
planes .besides this shop I had many plans gathered from
numerous sources and Plans.AeroFred.com was created to share
these plans with fellow modelers around the world... Today, the
website has grown from numerous contributions from members
and became a place of sharing, thats exactly what I would have
needed when I started to build model planes and the only source
for plans were the magazines and the club plans basket...

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