Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
TASNIM ILMIARDHI
Energy Legal Practitioner
Jakarta, Indonesia
tasnim.ilmiardhi@yahoo.com
2015
I. Introduction
Geographically, Islamic countries are at various peninsula and
stretches from Indonesia to Morocco. It has been since along time
ago, Islamic countries active in economy of the world, especially on
the Silk Road, as well as a potential market. After the collapse of the
Turkish Ottoman Emporium, practical Islamic countries become
unconsolidated well in politics and the global economy.
In energy sector, Islamic countries in the Middle East (Persian Gulf
and the Caspian Sea) have 49% of world oil reserves. For the
countries of Saudi Arabia has 60% of world oil reserves. With an
average rate of exploitation as it is today, then Saudi Arabia's
reserves can be exploited up to 125 years, Kuwait 144 years, Iraq 98
years, United Arab Emirates 120 years. Countries that own and
control the source of energy, will have a strategic role in the political
map.
Country
Venuzuela
Saudi Arabia
Canada
Iran
Iraq
UAE
Rusia
Amerika
Qatar
China
Oil
(billion barrels)
297,6
265,9
173,9
157
150
97,8
87
35
23,9
17,3
Gas
(trillion cubic feet)
196,4
290,8
70
1.187,3
126,7
215,1
1.163
300
885,1
109,3
Coal
(million ton)
479
Nuclear
NPP
6.582
NPP, R&D
157
237,3
11.450
NPP
NPP & ICBM
NPP & ICBM
NPP
Sources of energy, particularly oil and natural gas, a commodity that is contested by many countries.
Not a few conflicts between states are triggered by the problems in the energy resource needs.
Islamic countries in the Middle East to source energy as an issue to keep the country's bargaining
position. Russia uses energy issues to maintain influence over Eastern European countries former
Soviet Union, as well as a supplier of 50% of the EU's oil and gas.
Islamic Countries in Global Energy Politics 1
TASNIM ILMIARDHI
Iran's nuclear mastery is not just a prestigious project, but based on the needs and abilities. Iran has
a stable position in politics and economics. As an oil-producing countries, Iran does not have a
dependency exploration by western countries.
countries This is very different from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
Iran is a superpower in terms of energy. Iran has oil reserves that have been proven by 10% of world
oil reserves, and gas as much as 15% of the world gas reserves. As an oil producer,
producer Iran's oil
production is in the second position in OPEC and is in fourth position in world oil production. In
addition, Iran has the independence politically, either among the Middle Eastern countries,
countries as well
as Western countries.
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rusia
Saudi Arabia
United States of America
China
Iran
Canada
UEA
Venezuela
Kuwait
Iraq
Production
544 Mt
520 Mt
387 Mt
206 Mt
186 Mt
182 Mt
163 Mt
162 Mt
152 Mt
148 Mt
Percentage
13%
13%
9%
5%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
World energy prices, especially oil and gas, will continue to decline. After the United States
discovered shale gas (natural gas trapped in formations crack rocks) a few years ago, could reduce
the dependence of the United States to the countries of the Middle East for its oil and gas needs.
This of course makes the production and supply of oil and gas the Middle East countries become
redundant.
The discovery of new energy sources, and supplemented if Iran release its oil and gas production to
the global market, in accordance with the laws of market economy between the demand and supply
of oil and gas reserves, will make the price of oil and natural gas is getting down.
To meet the needs of the planned expenditure, Saudi Arabia requires oil prices at a price of USD 105
per barrel. While the average world oil price is currently only USD 44 per barrel. If the economic
government of Saudi Arabia continues like this it will deplete reserves faster than expected.
Europe
Middle East
20%
Africa
Asia & Oceania
49
%
North America
13%
3%
US Energy Information Administration-2013
The discovery of new energy sources that are cheaper and the inclusion of Iran as an oil supplier
countries in the global market, making the dependence of the world oil consumer countries to be
reduced. Energy consumers who dominated countries of the west, of course, there is the possibility
of critically will see Saudi Arabia as the world democratization major obstacle, the system of
absolute monarchy is not democratic, social systems that greatly inhibit the role of women, and has
a network with radical groups. A signal to be conveyed that the western countries would dispose of
Saudi Arabia in the global political stage.
ion of
Oil Production
Rusia
Rusia
Non Rusia
13%
87%
Country
Egypt
Yemen
Tunisia
Libya
Bahrain
6
7
8
9
10
11
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Morroco
Syria
12
Iraq
Incident
Demonstration,
Civil Disobedience
Demonstration,
Civil Disobedience
Demonstration,
Civil Disobedience
Demonstration
Rebellion
Civil War
Demonstration
Rebellion
Demonstration
Demonstration
Demonstration
Demonstration
Demonstration
Demonstration
Rebellion
Civil War
Demonstration
Impact
President Hoesni Mubarak on trial
Government changed
President Ali Abdullah Saleh handed over power to
Vice President
President Ben Ali was overthrown
Government changed
Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi was shot dead
Governments changed
Governments changed
Government remodel
Government remodel
Government remodel
Changed Constitution
Changed Constitution
The President does not change
Government remodel
ISIS
Government remodel
ISIS
various sources
Action in Syria triggered by protests against the government of As'ad, but on the other hand also
appeared to support government action. The action led to armed conflict of interest groups and the
state to interfere in the armed conflict, both politically, economically and militarily. Syrian civil war
as a result of wave action.
The emergence of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syriah) in the Syrian conflict, escalation of
widespread conflict, a conflict that is increasingly a period of time, an accumulation of factors that
cause conflicts and interests of the parties involved in the conflict. Iran and Russia provide support
to the Syrian government, while the United States and Saudi Arabia are more aligned to the
opponents of the Syrian government.
No doubt some countries are drawn into the conflict, should be assumed to have a desire for control
of energy resources of oil and natural gas, including in this case, access to infrastructure and the
economy, as well as other interests such as, political, military and sectarian.
UTILIZATION
PAKISTAN
military
IRAN
R&D
NPP
nuclear enrichment
facility
ARAB SAUDI
REMARK
3 NPP
1000 MW
since 1972
since 2007
believed to be able to develop a nuclear
weapon in a short time
NPP
4 NPP
4000 MW
since 1950
Infrastructure ready
2014 operated
KUWAIT
4 NPP
4000 MW
beroperasi 2022
Cooperation with France
TURKEY
4 NPP
10000 MW
UEA
4 NPP
5600 MW
JORDAN
2 NPP
1000 MW
since 2015
Cooperation with : Rusia, France, Japan,
and Canada
INDONESIA
R&D
various sources
Pakistan, in current de facto an Islamic state has recognized and capable of producing nuclear
weapons. Mastery recognized nuclear state Pakistan has been able to produce nuclear weapons.
In the Middle East after Iran agreed country to have nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, the
state of Saudi Arabia and Israel is suspected to have nuclear facilities and nuclear weapons in secret.
Saudi Arabia and Israel refused to be called has had a nuclear weapons facility, and Pakistan denies
helping build a nuclear facility of Saudi Arabia.
Iran even at the stage of research and development as well as a nuclear enrichment facility,
however, if it is not due to embargo that afflict this country, Iran is believed to be able to develop a
nuclear weapon in a short time.
Although it was not until the development of nuclear weapons facility, Islamic countries already
planned and has built nuclear facilities for peaceful purposes. Some of these Islamic countries in the
Middle East is oil-rich region. They have anticipated when oil resources run out and not be a source
of state revenue.
***