Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Structures
- Lecture: Dr. Ann Schumacher, ann.schumacher@empa.ch
- Exercise: Dr. Andrin Herwig, andrin.herwig@empa.ch
References:
Bank, L. Composites for Construction - Structural Design with FRP Materials,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. (Chapters 12 - 15)
Fiberline. Fiberline Design Manual, www.fiberline.dk, 2003.
Clarke, JL. (Ed.) Structural Design of Polymer Composites - EUROCOMP
Design Code and Handbook, E & FN Spon, 1996.
A. Schumacher / 14.10.2009
Outline
Introduction
(Pros and cons of FRP / Examples)
Materials
(Manufacturing process / Materials / Durability)
Design Concept
(Concept / Basic assumptions / )
Bending Beam
(Timoshenko theory / Stresses / Deformations / Buckling )
Axial Members
(Serviceability and ultimate limit states)
Connections
(Bolted joints / Glued joints)
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures
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Introduction
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Pros
High specific strength:
CFRP
Material
lmax =
max
g
138.4 km
GFRP
27.8 km
Steel S500
6.4 km
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Cons
Lightweight
Brittle
High initial costs
Low to moderate application temperature (-20 up to 80 C)
Low fire resistance (sometimes with unhealthy gases)
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Structural profiles
Most structural profiles produced in conventional profile shapes similar to
metallic materials
Structural profiles
Non-structural profiles
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Introduction: Examples
Footbridges
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Introduction: Examples
Footbridges
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Road bridges
Span: 10 m
Width: 6.8 m
Load capacity: 46 tons
Span: 6.8 m
Width: 6.0 m
Load capacity: 40 tons
http://www.fiberline.com/gb/casestories/case3903.asp
http://www.fiberline.com/gb/casestories/case6314.asp
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Introduction: Examples
Bridgedeck (Footbridges)
Wrenlos, Switzerland
Loopersteg, Switzerland
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Introduction: Examples
Buildings
Project: Maagtechnic
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Introduction: Examples
Laboratory bridge
Empa Laboratory Bridge, Switzerland
Span: 19 m
Width: 1.6 m
Load capacity: 15 tons
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Introduction: Examples
Gschenen, Switzerland
Project: Maagtechnic
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Introduction: Examples
Balconies
Switzerland
Project: Maagtechnic
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures
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Introduction: Examples
Railings
Oensingen, Switzerland
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Introduction: Application
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Material
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Pultrusion line
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Material: Components
Supplementary
constituents
polymerisation agents
fillers
additives
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Length up to 12 m!
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Material: Durability
Various environmental and load conditions that affect durability of
(G)FRPs in terms of strength, stiffness, fiber/matrix interface integrity,
cracking:
water/sea water
chemical solutions
prolonged freezing
thermal cycling (freeze-thaw)
elevated temperature exposure
UV radiation
creep and relaxation
fatigue
fire
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Material: Durability
Environmental reduction factor for different FRP systems and
exposure conditions
Exposure condition
Environ. reduction
Carbon/epoxy
0.95
Glass/epoxy
0.75
Aramid/epoxy
0.85
Carbon/epoxy
0.85
Glass/epoxy
0.65
parking garages)
Aramid/epoxy
0.75
Agressive environ.
Carbon/epoxy
0.85
Glass/epoxy
0.50
Aramid/epoxy
0.70
Interior exposure
Exterior exposure
(bridges, piers
(chemical plants)
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Material: Durability
GFRP is more susceptible to degradation than CFRP by the
following effects:
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Material: Manufacturers
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Material: Manufacturers
Strongwell, USA
www.strongwell.com
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Design Concept
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Design Concept
Codes
Every manufacturer has its own profile design No European Design
Code is available! (only EN13706, about testing and notation)
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Design Concept
Concept of Limit State Design (According to Euro Codes and Swiss Codes)
Ultimate limit stress
Ed Rd
Ed
Rd
Rk
Rd =
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Design Concept
m = m,1 m,2 m,3 m,4
Reduction coefficient
Coefficient
Description
Max.
Min.
Fiberline
m,1
2.25
1.15
1.15
m,2
Degree of postcuring
1.6
1.1
1.1
m,3
Production process
2.0
1.0
1.0
m,4
Operating temperature
Operating
temperature C
m,4
Short-term load
Long-term load
1.0
2.5
80
1.25
3.13
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Design Concept
Cd
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Bending Beam
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max =
Wy
Wz m
Shear:
Qd,y,max f
max =
Ak,y
m
Ak relevant shear area
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Vibrations
Light-weighted and soft structures are susceptible to vibrations (traffic, wind,
the movement of people )!!
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Cross-sections plane
and perpendicular
Cross-sections do NOT
remain plane
1 degree of freedom
2 degrees of freedom
3+ degrees of freedom
w and
w, and
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ux = y w( x),x
u y = w( x)
ux = y ( x)
u y = w( x)
x = ux = y w( x),xx
x = ux = y ( x),x
x
u y
u
x
+
=0
2 xy =
y x
x
u y
u
x
+
= ( x) + w( x),x
2 xy =
y x
Hooks law
x = E0 x and xy = G 2 xy
M z = y x dydz = w,xx E0 Iz
QS
M z = y x dydz = ,x E0Iz
QS
Qy = dydz = ( w,x ) GA
QS
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w,xx = M ( x)
E0 Iz
Equilibrium on an infinitesimal
beam element:
q( x) = Q,x = ( w,xx ,x ) GA
1
1
qLx qx 2 , w(0) = 0 and w( L) = 0
2
2
1 1
1 2
qLx qx
E 0 I z 2
2
w( x) =
qx
( L3 2 Lx 2 + x 3 )
24 E 0 I z
w(0) = 0 and w( L) = 0
M (0) = 0 , x (0) = 0 and M ( L) = 0 , x ( L) = 0
Functions:
w( x) = A1 x 4 + A2 x 3 + A3 x 2 + A4 x + A5
( x) = B1 x3 + B2 x 2 + B3 x + B4
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0 z
24 A1 E 0 I z
GA
6A E I
, B4 = 2 0 z A4
GA
B1 = 4 A1 , B3 = 2 A3
B2 = 3 A2
Deflection at midspan
4
w L = 5 qL
2 384 E I z
0
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures
4
2
w L = 5 qL + q L
2 384 E I z 8 GA
0
Fibre Composites, FS09
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Beam
Simply supported
Uniformly distr. load (q)
Concentrated load (P)
Cantilever beam
Uniformly distr. load (q)
Concentrated load (P)
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)
w( x) =
+
E0 I z GA
f1 ( wmax )
f1 ( wmax )
x( wmax )
5 qL4
384
PL3
48
qL2
8
PL
4
L
2
L
2
qL4
8
PL3
3
qL2
2
PL
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3.0 m
qd,uls
13 kN/m
qd,ser
10 kN/m
wmax/L
1/300 wmax=0.01 m
qd ,uls L2 h
max =
8
2 Iz
qd ,uls L 1
max =
2 Ak,y
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5 qd ,ser L4
= 1.054 106 Nm2
E0I z
384 wmax
from specification table: choose I 240x120x12 E I z =1.369 106 Nm2
0
= 35.8 MPa
8
2 Iz
qd ,uls L 1
max =
= 7.1 MPa
2 Ak,y
f ,d = 20 MPa
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wmax =
5 qd , ser L4
384 E0 I z
qd , ser L2
8 GA
(7.7 mm)
(1.6 mm)
5 qd , ser L4
qd , ser L2
384 E0 I z
8 GAweb
= 9.3 10 3 m
wmax = 0.01 m
= 9.110 3 m
5. Remarks:
The design of GFRP-profiles is mostly driven by serviceability criteria.
Start the design iteration procedure using the maximal deflection criterion.
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures
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Example:
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Axial Members
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E0 A
Remark: The critical aspect of axial members in tension are neither the serviceability
nor the ultimate limit state. Critical is the load transfer to the GFRP profile!
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Fc
1+ Fc
NEuler
A f c,0
FC =
m
2 E0 I
NEuler =
m,E Lk2
Euler load
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Global buckling
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures
Local buckling
Fibre Composites, FS09
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Connections
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Connections: Introduction
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Connections: Introduction
(from Eurocomp Design Code 1996)
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IMPORTANT REMARKS:
The direction of pultrusion and the direction of the force is RELEVANT!!!
(anisotropic material)
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Minimum distances
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PB,d = d t 70 MPa
m (=1.3)
Fibre Composites, FS09
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As f yk
Pd
m
Pd 2 d t f
...
As
...
...
Thickness of laminate
2d
...
Diameter of washer
fyk
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But be careful
Adhesive agents have properties that depend on time, temperature, humidity
Failure in glued joints takes place suddenly (brittle behaviour)
The load-bearing capacity is not proportional to the area which is glued
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The design of any bonded joint shall satisfy the following conditions:
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