CHEMISTRY PROJECT

KAMALA NIKETAN
MONTESSORI
SCHOOL

ANTACIDS
M. Naveen Doss
XII - D

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Chemistry teacher Mrs. Jayalakshmi as well as our principal
Mrs. Mala Sivakumar who gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project on the topic ANTACIDS, which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things.
Secondly I would also like to thank my lab faculty, parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project
within the limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also
increase my knowledge.
I ONCE AGAIN THANK EVERYBODY WHO HAS
HELPED ME IN ACCOMPLISHING MY JOB

CONTENTS

Introduction

Commonly used Antacids

Side Effects

Some Famous Antacids & Their

Contents

Experiment

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid, which
includes secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid.
The acidic environment of the stomach makes it possible for inactive forms
of digestive enzymes to be converted into active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into
pepsin), and acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria that
may enter the stomach along with food. However, excessive acid
production (hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant symptoms of heartburn
and may contribute to ulcer formation in the stomach lining. Antacids are
weak bases (most commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides, and carbonates)
that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus alleviate symptoms of
heartburn. The general neutralization reaction is:
Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid) > salts + H20 + C02

ACIDS:
Acids are a group of chemicals, usually in liquid form. They can be
recognized by their sour taste and their ability to react with other
substances. Acids are confirmed as an acid by their pH. The pH of acids
ranges from 0-6.9 (below 7). The two main acids are: mineral acid and
organic acid. The three well known acids that are sulphuric acid (H2S04),
nitric acid (HN03), and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

STOMACH ACID:
Stomach acid is very dangerous. If a person was to have an ulcer and the
stomach acid was to escape it would irritate their other organs. Stomach
acid is highly acidic and has a pH of 1.6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid
produced by the stomach. If there is too much stomach acid it can cause
heartburn. Heartburn is when stomach acid is produced in abnormal
amounts or location. One of the symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling
in the chest or abdomen.

SOME FOODS CONTAINING ACIDS:

Almost all foods and drinks and even medicines have ingredients that are
different acids. Here are some examples: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid),
Orange juice (ascorbic acid/Vitamin C), Sour Milk (lactic acid), Soda Water
(carbonic acid), Vinegar (acetic acid), Apples (malic acid), and Spinach
(oxalic acid).

ANTACID:
An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an acid. All antacids are
bases. A base is any substance that can neutralize an acid. The pH of a
base is 7.1-14(above 7). All antacids have chemical in them called a buffer.
When an antacid is mixed with an acid the buffer tries to even out the
acidity and that is how stomach acid gets neutralized. In an antacid it is not
the name brand that tells how well it works it is something called an active

ingredient. Not all antacids have a different active ingredient. Some have
one of the same active ingredients and some have all of the same active
ingredients. Almost all the antacids that have the same active ingredient
work the same amount as the other. The active ingredient of most of the
antacids is bases of calcium, magnesium, aluminium.

ACTION MECHANISM:
Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric acid,
raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric
acid reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to
the central nervous system. This happens when these nerves are exposed,
as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the
esophagus or the duodenum. Other mechanisms may contribute, such as
the effect of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell contraction and
delaying gastric emptying. Antacids are commonly used to help neutralize
stomach acid. Antacids are bases with a pH above 7.0 that chemically
react with acids to neutralize them. The action of antacids is based on the
fact that a base reacts with acid to form salt and water.

Before Intake of Antacid

After Intake of Antacid

COMMONLY USED ANTACIDS

1. ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE:
Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, Alum, is the most stable form of aluminum in
normal conditions. It is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite and its three,
much rarer, polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite and nordstrandite. Closely
related are aluminum oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminum oxide,
Al2O3, differing only by loss of water. These compounds together are the
major components of the aluminum ore bauxite. Freshly precipitated
aluminum hydroxide forms gels, which is the basis for application of
aluminum salts as flocculants in water purification. This gel crystallizes with
time. Aluminum hydroxide gels can be dehydrated to form an amorphous
aluminum hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids. Heat-dried
aluminum hydroxide powder is known as activated alumina and is used in
gas purification, as a catalyst support and an abrasive.
PRODUCTION
Bauxites are heated in pressure vessels with sodium hydroxide solution at
150200 C through which aluminum is dissolved as aluminate (Bayer
process). After separation of ferruginous residue (red mud) by filtering, pure
gibbsite is precipitated when the liquid is cooled and seeded with fine
grained aluminum hydroxide. The aluminum hydroxide is further calcinated
to give alumina, which may be smelted in the Hall-Heroult process in order
to produce aluminum.
CHEMISTRY
Gibbsite has a typical metal hydroxide structure with hydrogen bonds. It is
built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminum ions occupying
two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.
USES
The applications of aluminum seem to be endless. It is used as water
purifier, a mordant in dyes, and an enhancer in photographic development
process, as an ingredient in cosmetics and in a number of medicines. It
also has uses in the construction industry and in ceramics. Aluminum
hydroxide also finds use as fire retardant filler for polymer. It is one of the
versatile of the aluminum compounds.

2. MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula
Mg(OH)2. As a suspension in water, it is often called milk of magnesia
because of its milk-like appearance. The solid mineral form of magnesium
hydroxide is known as brucite. Magnesium hydroxide is common
component of antacids and laxatives; it interferes with the absorption of
folic acid and iron. Magnesium hydroxide has low solubility in water, with a
Ksp of 1.51011; all of magnesium hydroxide that does dissolve does
dissociate. Since the dissociation of this small amount of dissolved
magnesium hydroxide is complete, magnesium hydroxide is considered a
strong base.
HISTORY
In 1829, Sir James Murray used a fluid magnesia preparation of his own
design to treat the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Marquis of Anglesey. This
was so successful that he was appointed resident physician to Anglesey
and two subsequent Lords Lieutenants, and knighted
The term milk of magnesia was first used for a white-colored, aqueous,
mildly alkaline suspension of magnesium hydroxide formulated at about
8%w/v by Charles Henry Phillips in 1880 and sold under the brand name
Phillips Milk of Magnesia for medicinal usage.
PRODUCTION
Magnesium hydroxide can be precipitated by the metathesis reaction
between magnesium salts and sodium, potassium, or ammonium
hydroxide:
Mg2+ (aq.) + 2 OH (aq.) Mg(OH)2 (s)
USES
Suspensions of magnesium hydroxide in water (milk of magnesia) are used
as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid, and a laxative.
Milk of magnesia is sold for medical use as chewable tablets, capsules,
and as liquids having various added flavors. It is used as an antacid,
though more modern formulations combine the antimotility effects of equal
concentrations of aluminum hydroxide to avoid unwanted laxative effects.
Magnesium hydroxide powder is used industrially as a non-hazardous
alkali to neutralize acidic wastewaters. It also takes part in the Biorock
method of building artificial reefs. Solid magnesium hydroxide has also
smoke suppressing and fire retarding properties. This is due to the
endothermic decomposition it undergoes at 332 C (630 F):
Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O

3. CALCIUM CARBONATE:
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula
CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rock in all parts of the world,
and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, pearls,
and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural
lime, and is usually the principal cause of hard water. It is commonly used
medicinally as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive
consumption can be hazardous.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other carbonates.
Notably: it reacts with strong acids, releasing carbon dioxide:
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
it releases carbon dioxide on heating (to above 840 C in the case of
CaCO3), to form calcium oxide, commonly called quicklime, with reaction
enthalpy 178 kJ / mole:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Calcium carbonate will react with water that is saturated with carbon
dioxide to form the soluble calcium bicarbonate.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
This reaction is important in the erosion of carbonate rocks, forming
caverns, and leads to hard water in many regions.
PREPARATION
The vast majority of calcium carbonate used in industry is extracted by
mining or quarrying.
Alternatively, calcium oxide is prepared by calcining crude calcium
carbonate:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Water is added to give calcium hydroxide:
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Carbon Dioxide is passed through this solution to precipitate calcium
carbonate (P.C.C):
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
USES
Calcium carbonate is known as whitening in ceramics applications, were it
is used as a common ingredient for many glazes. It is used in swimming
pools as a pH corrector for maintaining alkaline buffer to offset the acidic
properties of the disinfectant agent. It is used in construction industry as
marble or as an ingredient in cement preparation.
It is used in production of toothpaste and also used in homeopathy as one
of the constitutional remedies.

4. SODIUM BICARBONATE:
Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical
compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid
that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder.
Since it has long been known and is widely used, the salt has many related
names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, bicarbonate of
soda.
HISTORY
The ancient Egyptians used natural deposits of natron, a mixture consisting
mostly of sodium carbonate decahydrate and sodium bicarbonate. The
natron was used as a cleansing agent like soap.
In 1791, a French chemist, Nicolas Leblanc, produced sodium bicarbonate
as we know it today. In 1846 two New York bakers, John Dwight and Austin
Church, established the first factory to develop baking soda from sodium
carbonate and carbon dioxide.
PRODUCTION
NaHCO3 is mainly prepared by the Solvay process, which is the reaction of
calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide in water.
Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar
method: soda ash, mined in the form of the ore trona, is dissolved in water
and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates as a solid
from this method:
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2 NaHCO3
USES
Sodium bicarbonate is primarily used in cooking (baking) where it reacts
with other components to release carbon dioxide, which helps dough rise.
The acidic compounds that induce this reaction include phosphates, cream
of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, vinegar, etc.
Sodium bicarbonate is used in an aqueous solution as an antacid taken
orally to treat acid indigestion and heartburn.
Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical
fires by being poured or dumped over the fire. However, it should not be
poured or dumped onto fires in deep fryers as it may cause the grease to
splatter.

5. MAGNESIUM CARBONATE:
Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is an inorganic salt that is a white solid.
Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exists as
minerals.
PREPARATION
Magnesium carbonate is ordinarily obtained by mining the mineral
magnesite.
Laboratory Synthesis:
A metathesys reaction combining any soluble magnesium salt with sodium
carbonate in solution, precipitating magnesium carbonate,
MgSO4 (aq.) + Na2CO3(aq.) MgCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq.)
High purity industrial routes include a path through magnesium bicarbonate
: A slurry of magnesium hydroxide is treated with 3.5-5 atm of carbon
dioxide below 50oC , giving the soluble bicarbonate then vacuum drying the
filtrate , which returns half of carbon dioxide as well as water.
Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2 Mg(HCO3)2
Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O

USES
The primary use of magnesium carbonate is production of magnesium
oxide by calcining. Magnesium carbonate is also used in flooring, fire
proofing, fire extinguishing, compositions, cosmetics, dusting powder and
toothpaste.
Other applications are as filler material, smoke suppressant in plastics, a
drying agent and color retention in foods.
In addition, high purity magnesium carbonate is used as antacid and an
additive in table salt to keep it free flowing.
Because of its water insoluble, hygroscopic properties magnesium
carbonate was first added to salt in 1911 to make the salt flow more freely.
The Morton salt company adopted the slogan when it ruins it pours in
reference to the fact that magnesium carbonate containing salt would not
stick together in humid weather.
Magnesium carbonate is also used in taxidermy for whitening skulls. It can
be mixed with hydrogen peroxide to create paste, which is then spread on
the skull to give it a white finish.

SIDE EFFECTS
I.

SIDE EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM CONTAINING

ANTACIDS INCLUDE:
Diarrhea and constipation, feeling of discomfort, loss of appetite, mood or
mental changes, weakness, calcium loss, osteoporosis, kidney stones,
swelling or wrist or ankles, bone pain and pale or clay-colored stools.
People who have recently experienced GI bleeding should not use
aluminum compounds, if possible.

II.

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS OF ALUMINUM TOXICITY INCLUDE:

Colic, dementia, esophagitis, gastroenteritis, kidney damage, liver
dysfunction, loss of appetite, loss of balance, muscle pain, psychosis,
shortness of breath, and weakness, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons
disease, senile and pre-senile dementia, clumsiness of movements,
staggering when walking, and inability to pronounce words properly,
behavioral difficulties among school children. Two infants presented with
growth failure and were found to have generalized osteomalacia (rickets)
due to phosphate depletion from prolonged administration of an aluminumcontaining antacid given for the symptoms of colic.

III.

SIDE EFFECTS OF MAGNESIUM CONTAINING ANTACIDS

INCLUDE:
Magnesium compounds are available in the form of magnesium carbonate,
magnesium trisilicate, and, most commonly, magnesium hydroxide (Milk of
Magnesia). The major side effect of these magnesium compounds
is diarrhea

IV.

SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTACIDS CONTAINING

SODIUM BICARBONATE:
Nausea and vomiting, slow breathing, problems in urination (frequent urge)
headaches, loss of appetite, mood or mental changes (feeling nervous or
restless), muscles pain, tiredness and weakness. Avoid taking antacids
containing sodium bicarbonate when the stomach is uncomfortably full from
eating or drinking.

Side Effects due to abnormal intake of ANTACIDS

V.

HYPERACIDITY, CAUSE DUE TO INTAKE OF ANTACIDS:

Hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia simply means increase of acidity in the
stomach. The human stomach secretes hydrochloric acid which is
necessary for the digestion of food. When the stomach contains an
excessive amount of hydrochloric acid, then the condition is called as
hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia. Sometimes, hyperacidity is confused for a
simple bellyache. This is because people with hyperacidity usually
generally get pains in their stomachs with similar symptoms as bellyaches.

This confusion is more rampant in children who cannot differentiate

between different kinds of stomach ailments.
The prime medical factors of hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia are as follows:
a) Stomach Ulcers:
Ulcers in the stomach are one of the prime causes of hyperacidity. Once
this is diagnosed, the treatment will be done by the surgical removal of the
stomach ulcers.
b) Acid Reflux Disease:
Some people have a gastric disorder called as the acid reflux disease. In
this condition, the acids of the stomach, i.e. gastric acids or hydrochloric
acid, get refluxed up to the food pipe, which is biologically called as the
esophagus. When this happens, it builds up the level of acidity in the
stomach.
c) Stomach Cancers:
Stomach cancers can also cause hyperacidity as one of their symptoms.
This is a very rare case, but the mortality rate is quite high. Hence, a
hyperacidity that lasts more than two weeks must be immediately shown to
the doctor and got checked for any cancer. A timely diagnosis can enable
complete treatment of the disease.

SYMPTOMS OF HYPERACIDITY:
Hyperacidity symptoms are observed a couple of hours after eating, when
the food has been digested and still excess acids are left within the
stomach. At this stage, the following symptoms are seen:1. A typical feeling of restlessness
2. Feeling of nausea (wanting to throw up) and actual vomiting
3. Sour belching with an aftertaste of the already-eaten food
4. Lack of desire for any other type of food
5. Indigestion
6. Constipation

VI.

PROBLEMS WITH REDUCED STOMACH ACIDITY:

Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability to digest and
absorb certain nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins. Since the low pH
of the stomach normally kills ingested bacteria, antacids increase the
vulnerability to infection. It could also result in reduced bioavailability of
some drugs. For example, the bioavailability of ketoconazole (antifungal) is
reduced at high intragastric pH (low acid content)

SOME FAMOUS ANTACIDS

& THEIR CONTENTS
I.

SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS:

1. Alka-Seltzer NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3
2. Equate Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
3. Gaviscon Al(OH)3
4. Maalox (liquid) Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
5. Maalox (tablet) CaCO3
6. Milk of Magnesia Mg(OH)2
7. Pepto-Bismol HOC6H4COO
8. Pepto-Bismol Childrens CaCO3
9. Rolaids CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2
10. Tums CaCO3
11. Mylanta

II.

DRUG NAMES:
Some drugs used as antacids are:
1. Aluminium hydroxide
2. Magnesium hydroxide
3. Calcium carbonate
4. Sodium bicarbonate
5. Bismuth subsalicylate
6. Histamine
7. Ranitidine

EXPERIMENT
AIM:
To analyze the given samples of commercial antacids by determining the
amount of hydrochloric acid they can neutralize.

REQUIREMENTS:
Burettes, pipettes, titration flasks, measuring flasks, beakers, weight box,
fractional weights, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid,
phenolphthalein.

PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare 1 litre of approximately HCl solution by diluting 10 ml of the
concentrated acid for one litre.
2. Similarly, make 1 litre of approximately NaOH solution by dissolving4.0g
of NaOH to prepare one litre of solution.
3. Prepare Na2CO3 solution by weighing exactly 1.325 g of anhydrous
sodium carbonate and then dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25
litres (250 ml) of solution.
4. Standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against the standard Na2CO3
solution using methyl orange as indicator.
5. Similarly, standardize NaOH solution by titrating it against standardized
HCl solution using phenolphthalein as indicator.
6. Powder the various samples of antacid tablets and weigh 1.0 g of each.
7. Add a specific volume of standardized HCl to each of the weighed
sample is taken in conical flasks. The acid should be in slight excess, so
that it can neutralize all the alkaline component of the tablet.
8. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and warm the flask till most of powder
dissolves. Filter off the insoluble material.
9. Titrate this solution against the standardized NaOH solution, till a
permanent pinkish tinge is obtained. Repeat this experiment with different
antacids.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

1. Standardization of HCl solution:

Volume of Na2CO3 solution taken = 20.0 ml

S.NO.

INITIAL BURETTE
READING

FINAL BURETTE
READING

VOL. OF ACID USED

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

0
15
30
0
15

15
30
45.1
15
30

15.0 ml
15.0 ml
15.1 ml
15.0 ml
15.0 ml

Concordant volume = 15.0 ml

Applying normality equation,
N1V1 = N2V2
N1 * 15.0 = 1 * 20
Normality of HCl, N1 = 0.133 N
2. Standardization of NaOH solution:
Volume of the given NaOH solution taken = 20.0 ml
S.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

INITIAL BURETTE
READING
0
0
0
0
0

FINAL BURETTE
READING
26.5
26.8
26.6
26.6
26.6

VOL. OF ACID
USED
26.5 ml
26.8 ml
26.6 ml
26.6 ml
26.6 ml

Concordant volume = 26.6 ml

Applying normality equation,
N1V1 = N2V2
0.133 * 26.6 = 2 * 20
Normality of NaOH, 2 = 0.176 N
3. Analysis of antacid tablet:
Weight of antacid tablet powder = 1.0 g
Volume of HCl solution added = 20.0 ml
ANTACID

VOL. OF NaOH USED TO

NEUTRALISE HCl

Gelusil
Digene
Aludrose
Logas
Ranitidine
Ocid 20

12.1 ml
16.0 ml
19.3 ml
24.3 ml
21.4 ml
22.7 ml

VOL. OF HCl USED TO

NEUTRALISE 1.0gm
ANTACID
12.0 ml
16.2 ml
18.9 ml
24.4 ml
21.7 ml
21.9 ml

CONCLUSION:
The antacid which has maximum volume of HCl is used
for neutralizing i.e. OCID 20 is more effective.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
I.

WEBSITES:

II.

www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.ask.com
www.pharmaceutical-drugmanufacturers.com
www.answers.yahoo.com

BOOKS:
Comprehensive Practical Manual for class XII
Pradeeps New Course Chemistry
NCERT Class XII Part II