Q: What is 'Blister Copper'?

(2 Marks)

A: When copper matte is heated with hot air and sand, 98% pure
copper is formed. Due to evolution of SO2 gas, solidified Cu

Chemistry

Surface Chemistry, Metallurgy

4 Marks Questions
Q: What is Catalysis? How is catalysis classified? Give one example for each type.
A: The phenomenon in which a small quantity
of substance, which can alter the rate of a
chemical reaction but its mass and chemical
nature remain unchanged after the reaction.
Homogeneous Catalysis: The catalysis in
which reactants and catalyst are in the same
phase.
NO(g)
Eg: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)
2SO3
Heterogeneous Catalysis: The catalysis in
which reactants and catalyst are in different
phases.
Eg: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)

Fe(S)

2NH3

Q: What are 'emulsions'? Classify them with 2

examples each.
A: The colloidal systems in which both the
Dispersed Phase (D.P.) and Dispersion
Medium (D.M.) are in liquid phase.
Oil in water type: DP is oil and DM is water.
Eg: Vanishing cream, Milk
Water in oil type: DP is water and DM is oil.
Eg: Cold cream, Butter
Q: Give any 4 differences between physisorption and chemisorption.
A:
Physisorption
Chemisorption
1) Multi layered at
Unilayered
high pressure.
2) Caused by Vander
Waals forces.

Caused by chemical bonds.

3) Low temperature is
favoured.

High temperature is
favoured.

4) Reversible in nature

Irreversible

Q: Explain the terms:

a) Tyndal effect b) Brownian movement
c) Peptization
d) Coagulation
A: a) The phenomenon of scattering of light by
colloidal particles in all directions and formation of bright glowing tyndal cones.
b) The continuous rapid zig-zag movement
by colloidal particles in the dispersion
medium.
c) The phenomenon of conversion of precipitate when electrolyte is added into colloidal solution.
d) The process of setting down of colloidal
particles due to neutralisation of charge
when electrolyte is added to it.

2 Marks Questions

Q: Give the Composition of Brass & German

Silver.
A: Brass: 60% Cu & 40% Zn
German Silver: 25 - 40% Cu, 25 - 35% Zn,
40 - 50% Ni
Q: What is the role of Cryolite in the metallurgy
of Al?
A: To increase conductivity
To decrease M.P. of electrolytic mixture.

has blister appearance.

2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2

What are 'emulsions'..?

Q: Explain the terms:
a) Promoter b) Poison
c) Critical micelle concentration
d) Kraft temperature
A: a) The substance that enhances the adsorption activity of catalyst.
b) The substance that decreases the activity
of catalyst.
c) The concentration above which micelle is
formed.
d) The temperature above which micelle is
formed.
Q: What are Lyophilic and Lyophobic Sols?.
Explain.
A: Lyophilic Sols: the colloidal solutions in
which attraction is present between D.P. and
D.M. They are reversible, stable, can't be
coagulated easily.
Lyophobic sols: The colloidal solutions in
which repulsion is present between
Dispersed Phase (D.P.) and Dispersion
Medium (D.M.). They are irreversible, unstable, can be coagulated easily.
Q: What are "micelles"? Cleaning action of
soap is due to emulsification and micelle formation. Comment.
A: Micelle: The colloidal sized particle
is formed due to
oil
aggregation
of
strong electrolyte at
higher concentration.
Stearate micelle
Soap is considered
as sodium stearate. It has Na+ and C17H35

COO ions. Stearate ion has non polar part

(tail) C17H35 and polar part (head) COO.
Tail part dissolves grease, dirt and head part
attracts water to form oil in water type emulsion. In concentrated soap solution, micelles
are formed due to association of many
stearate ions. Due to formation of micelles
and emulsion (oil in water type) grease of
cloth is to be removed upon rinsing in water.
Q: Explain: a) Hardy Schulze rule and
b) Gold number
A: a) The coagulating ability of oppositely
charged ions is directly proportional to the
charge of coagulating ions.
Q: What is the role of Silica in the metallurgy of
Cu?
A: It removes FeO impurity as slag
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3
Q: Write 2 ores of Al & Zn.
A: Al: 1) Bauxite Al2O3 . x H2O
2) Cryolite Na3AlF6
Zn: 1) Zinc blende ZnS
2) Calamine ZnCO3
Q: Explain a) Gangue and b) Slag.
A: Gangue: Earthy materials, unwanted
chemical compounds present in the Ore.
Slag: Fused mass (having light weight)
formed when gangue reacts with flux.
gangue + flux slag
Q: Write 2 ores of Fe & Cu.
A: Fe: 1) Haematite: Fe2O3
2) Magnetite: Fe3O4
Cu: 1) Copper glance: Cu2S

Writer :
- A.N.S. Sankara Rao
Subject expert
b) The mass in milligrams of lyophilic colloid
which prevents coagulation of 10 ml of
gold Sol on adding 1 ml of 10% NaCl
solution.
Q: Give 4 applications of Adsorption.
A: In froth flotation process.
In the separation of noble gases from their
mixture on activated charcoal.
In controlling humidity by Silica gel.
In the removal of colouring matter from solutions by animal charcoal.
Q: Explain briefly the extraction of Al from
bauxite.
A: Al can be extracted either from red bauxite
or from white bauxite. Powdered bauxite is
concentrated by NaOH at 35 bar pressure
and 200C 250C temperature.
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na [Al (OH)4]
Sodium aluminate is neutralised by CO2
2Na [Al (OH)4] + CO2
Al2O3 . x H2O + 2NaHCO3
Hydrated alumina is filtered, dried, ignited.
1200C

Al2O3 . x H2O Al2O3 + xH2O

Fluorospar, cryolite are added to purified
Al2O3 in order to decrease fusion temperature
and to increase conductivity. It is taken in steel
vessel coated with carbon lining (Cathode)
and graphite as anode and electrolysed.
2 Al2O3 + 3C 4 Al + 3 CO2
+3

+ 3e Al

at Cathode: Al

at Anode: C + 2O2 CO2 + 4 e

Q: Explain a) Calcination and b) Roasting
A: a) Calcination: The process of heating ore
below its melting point in absence of air

Eg: ZnCO3
ZnO + CO2
b) Roasting: The process of heating ore
strongly below its M. P. in presence of air.

Eg: 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2

2) Copper pyrites: CuFeS2
Q: What is the role of graphite rod in the electrometallurgy of Al?
A: In Hall - Heroult process graphite rod is
used as anode to remove Oxygen liberated
from Al2O3.
C + O2 CO + 2e

C + 2O2 CO2 + 4e
Q: Why lime stone is added to the ore in the
metallurgy of iron?
A: It removes SiO2 impurity as slag

CaCO3
CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
Q: What is 'matte'?
A: When concentrated copper pyrites ore is
heated with silica in reverberatory furnace, Cu is produced in the form of copper matte which contains more Cu2S and
little FeS.

Q: Explain the purification of sulphide ore by

froth flotation method.
A: This process is used to purify sulphide ores.
Finely powered ore is taken into a tank along
with water.

Pine oil (Froth collector), sodium ethyl

xanthate (for non-wettability of ore particles),
Aniline (to stabilize the froth) are added.
Suspension is agitated with rotating paddle
and air to form froth.
Ore particles are wetted by oils and gangue
particles are wetted by water.
Froth is separated and dried to get ore particles.
Q: How Zn is extracted from Zinc blende?
A: Zinc blende (ZnS) is finely powdered and
concentrated by froth flotation method.
Concentrated ore is roasted.
2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
ZnO is reduced with Coke in Belgian process
1400C
ZnO + C Zn + CO
Zn is refined by electrolysis
Anode: impure Zn rod
Cathode: Pure Zn Sheet
Electrolyte: ZnSO4 + H2SO4
Q: Explain the reactions occurring in the blast
furnace in the extraction of iron.
A: A mixture of iron ore, coke, lime stone (in 8 :
4 : 1 ratio) introduced from the top and hot air
is blown from bottom (2200 K) of blast furnace.
In reduction zone (823 K): Iron oxide is
reduced to sponge iron.
3Fe2O3 + CO 2 Fe3O4 + CO2

Fe3O4 + 4CO 3Fe + 4CO2

Fe2O3 + CO 2FeO + CO2
In slag formation zone (1123 K): Slag is
formed
1123 K

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3 (Slag)
In heat absorption zone (1423 K)
C + CO2 2CO
In fusion zone (1423 K 1673 K) : Pig iron is
formed
FeO + CO Fe (fused) + CO2
Pig iron contains 4% C and impurities S, P,
Si, Mn.
Q: Explain: a) Zone refining, b) Poling.
A: a) Zone refining: The method of obtaining
highly pure metals as well as Si, Ge, Ga,
B, In. It is based on the principle that the
impurities are more soluble in molten
state than that in solid state of metal.
b) Poling: It is the refining process in which
molten metal is stirred with poles of green
wood. Blister Copper is purified by removing
impurities by the gases evolved from wood.