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War and Peace

BY LEO TOLSTOY

Translated b\ LOUISE and AYLMER MAUDE

WILLIAM BENTON, Publisher

ENCYCLOPEDIA BR1TANNICA, INC.

CHICAGO - LONDON - TORONTO

BY ARRANGEMENT WITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1952,

BY ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA,INC.

COPYRIGHT 1952. COPYRIGHT UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIG^

ENCYCLOP *:DIA BRITANNICA, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNDER
COPYRIGHT CONVENTIONS BY ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANJ^

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
LEO TOLSTOY, 18281910

COUNT LEO NIKOLAYEVICH TOLSTOY was born

August 28, 1828, at the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana, in the province of Tula. His mother died when he was three and his father six
years later. Placed in the care of his aunts, he
passed many of his early years at Kazan, where,
in 1844, after a preliminary training by French
tutors, he entered the university. He cared little for the university and in 1847 withdrew because of "ill-health and domestic circumstances." He had, however, done a great deal
of reading, of French, English, and Russian
novels, the New Testament, Voltaire, and
Hegel. The author exercising the greatest influence upon him at this time was Rousseau;
he read his complete works and for sometime
wore about his neck a medallion of Rousseau.
Immediately upon leaving the university,
Tolstoy returned to his estate and, perhaps inr
spired by his enthusiasm for Rousseau, prepared to devote himself to agriculture and to
improving the condition of his serfs. His first
attempt at social reform proved disappointing,
and after six months he withdrew to Moscow
and St. Petersburg, where he gave himself over
to the irregular life characteristic of his class
and time. In 1851, determined to "escape my
debts and, more than anything else, my habits," he enlisted in the Army as a gentlemanvolunteer, and went to the Caucasus. While at
Tiflis, preparing for his examinations as a
cadet, he wrote the first portion of the trilogy,
Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth, in which he
celebrated the happiness of "being with Nature, seeing her, communing with her." He also began The Cossacks with the intention of
showing that culture is the enemy of happiness. Although continuing his army life, he
gradually came to realize that "a military career is not for me, and the sooner I get out of
it and devote myself entirely to literature the
better." His Sevastopol Sketches (1855) were
so successful that Czar Nicholas issued special
orders that he should be removed from a post
of danger.
Returning to St. Petersburg, Tolstoy was re-

ceived with great favor in both the official and

literary circles of the capital. He soon became

interested in the popular progressive movement of the time, and in 1857 he decided to go
abroad and study the educational and municipal systems of other countries. That year, and
again in 1860, he traveled in Europe. At Yasnaya Polyana in 1861 he liberated his serfs and
opened a school, established on the principle
that "everything which savours of compulsion
is harmful." He started a magazine to promote
his notions on education and at the same time
served as an official arbitrator for grievances
between the nobles and the recently emancipated serfs. By the end of 1863 he was so exhausted that he discontinued his activities and
retired to the steppes to drink koumis for his
health.
Tolstoy had been contemplating marriage
for some time, and in 1862 he married Sophie
Behrs, sixteen years his junior, and the daughter of a fashionable Moscow doctor. Their
early married life at Yasnaya Polyana was
tranquil. Family cares occupied the Countess,
and in the course of her life she bore thirteen
children, nine of whom survived infancy. Yet
she also acted as a copyist for her husband,
who after their marriage turned again to writing. He was soon at work upon "a novel of
the i8io's and *2o's" which absorbed all his
time and effort. He went frequently to Moscow, "studying letters, diaries, and traditions"
and "accumulated a whole library" of historical material on the period. He interviewed
survivors of the battles of that time and traveled to Borodino to draw up a map of the
battleground. Finally, in 1869, after his work
had undergone several changes in conception
and he had "spent five years of uninterrupted
andjgxceptionally strenuous labor Tnnierthe
IbesfcondUtions of life/' he published War and
Peace. Its appearance immediately established
Tolstoy's reputation, and in the judgment of
Turgenev, the acknowledged dean of Russian
letters, gave him "first place among all our
contemporary writers."
The years immediately following the completion of War and Peace were pa**efl in a
great variety of occupations, none of which
Tohtoy found satisfying. He tried busying

VI

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

himself with the affairs of his estate, undertook the learning of Greek to read the ancient
classics, turned again to education, wrote a
series of elementary school books, and served
as school inspector. With much urging from
his wife and friends, he completed Anna Karenina, which appeared serially between 1875
and 1877. Disturbed by what he considered his
unreflective and prosperous existence, Tolstoy
became increasingly interested in religion. At
first he turned to the orthodox faith of the
people. Unable to find rest there, he began a
detailed examination of religions, and out of
his reading, particularly of the Gospels, gradually evolved his own personal doctrine.
Following his conversion, Tolstoy adopted
a new mode of life. He dressed like a peasant,
devoted much of his time to manual work,
learned shoemaking, and followed a vegetarian diet. With the exception of his youngest
daughter, Alexandra, Tolstoy's family remained hostile to his teaching. The breach between him and his wife grew steadily wider.
In 1879 he wrote the Kreutzer Sonata in which
he attacked the normal state of marriage and
extolled a life of celibacy and chastity. In 1881
he divided his estate among his heirs and, a
few years later, despite the opposition of his
wife, announced that he would forego royalties on all the works published after his conversion.
Tolstoy made no attempt at first to propagate his religious teaching, although it attracted

many followers. After a visit to the Moscow

slums iri 1881, he became concerned with social
conditions, and he subsequently aided the sufferers of the famine by sponsoring two hundred and fifty relief kitchens. After his meeting and intimacy with Chertkov, "Tolstoyism"
began to develop as an organized sect. Tolstoy's writings became almost exclusively preoccupied with religious problems. In addition
to numerous pamphlets and plays, he wrote
IV hat is Art? (1896), in which he explained
his new aesthetic theories, and Hadji-Murad,
(1904), which became the favorite work of his
old age. Although his activities were looked
upon with increasing suspicion by the official
authorities, Tolstoy escaped official censure

until 1901, when he was excommunicated by

the Orthodox Church. His followers were f requently subjected to persecution, and many
were either banished or imprisoned.
Tolstoy's last years were embittered by
mounting hostility within his own household.
Although his personal life was ascetic, he felt
the ambiguity of his position as a preacher of
poverty living on his great estate. Finally, at
the age of eighty-two, with the aid of his daughter, Alexandra, he fled from home. His health
broke down a few days later, and he was removed from the train to the station-master's
hut at Astopovo, where he died, November 7,
1910. He was buried at Yasnaya Polyana, in
the first public funeral to be held in Russia
without religious rites.

CONTEXTS

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE v
The Principal Characters in War and Peace
Arranged in Family Groups xv
Dates of Principal Historical Events xvi
BOOK ONE
1-5. Anna Sche'rer's soiree i
6-3. Pierre at Prince Andrew's 1 1
9. Pierre at Anatole Kurdgin's. D61okhov's bet 15
10. A name day at the Rost6vs' 18
11-1*4. Natasha and Boris 20
15. Anna Mikhdylovna and Bon's go to the
dying Count Beziikhov's 26
16. Pierre at his father's house; talks with
Boris 27
17. Countess Rost6va and Anna Mikhaylovna 30
18-19. Dinner at the Rost6vs'. Marya Dmitri-

cvna 31
20. S6nyaand Natasha. Nicholassings.The
Daniel Cooper 35
21. At Count Bczukhov's. Prince Vasfli and
Catiche 37
22-23. Anna Mikhdylovna and Pierre at Count
Bczukhov's 41
24. Anna Mikhdylovna and Catiche struggle for the inlaid portfolio 45
25. Bald Hills. Prince N. A. Bolkonski.
Princess Mary's correspondence with
Julie Kardgina 47
26-27. Prince Andrew at Bald Hills 51
28. Prince Andrew leaves to join the army.
Princess Mary gives him an icon 55
BOOK TWO
1-2. Review near Braunau. Zherk6v and
D61okhov 60
3. Kutuzov and an Austrian general. ^Le
malheureux Mack. Zherk6v's foolery 65
4. Nicholas and Denisov. Telydnin and
the missing purse 68
5. Nicholas in trouble with his fellow officers 72
6-8. Crossing the Enns. Burning the bridge.
Rost6v's baptism of fire 74
9. Prince Andrew sent with dispatches to
the Austrian court. The Minister of
War 81

10. Prince ( Andrew and Billbin 83

1 1. Hippolyte Kuragin and les ndtres 86
12. Prince Andrew received by the Emperor Francis. Bilibin's story of the Thabor Bridge 87
13-14. Prince Andrew returns to Kutuzov.
Bagrati6n sent to Hollabriinn.
Napoleon's letter to Murat 89
15. Prince Andrew reports to Bagrati6n.
Captain Tiishin. Soldiers at the front.
D61okhov talks to a French grenadier 94
16. Prince Andrew surveys the position.
The first shot 96
17. Bagration in action. Tiishin's battery.
Setting Schon Grabern on fire 97
18-19. Battle scenes. Quarrelsome commanders. Nicholas injured 99
20. Panic. Timokhirfs counterattack. D6lokhov's insistence. Tiishin's battery.
Prince Andrew sent to order him to
retreat 104
2 1 . Withdrawal of the forces. Nicholas rides
on a gun carriage. Tiishin called to
account by Bagrati6n. Prince Andrew
defends him. Nicholas' depression
106
BOOK THREE
1-2. Prince Vasfli and Pierre. A soiree at
AnnaPa vlovna's. IMene'sname day.
Pierre's marriage 1 1 1
3. Prince Vasili and Anatole visit Prince
N. A. Bolkonski. Princess Mary's appearance 119
4. Lise, Mademoiselle Bourienne, Mary,
Anatole, and old Bolkonski 122
5. Her father's opposition to Mary's

marrying. She finds Mademoiselle

Bourienne and Anatole in the conservatory; declines marriage 126
6. A letter from Nicholas. S6nya and Natasha 128
7. Nicholas visits Boris and Berg in camp.
Nicholas tells of Schon Grabern. His
encounter with Prince Andrew 131
8. The Emperor reviews the army. Enthusiasm of Nicholas 135
9. Boris visits Prince Andrew; at Olimitz.
Prince Dolgoriikov 137

vn

V1U

CONTENTS

10. Nicholas not in the action at Wischau.

The Emperor. Nicholas' devotion to
him 140
11. Preparations for action. Dolgorukov's
opinion of Napoleon and of his position. Kutuzov's depression 142
1 2. The Council of War. Weyrother's plans.
Kutiizov sleeps. Prince Andrew's reflections 144
13. Rost6v at the front. Visit of Bagrati6n
and Dolgonikov. Rost6v sent to reconnoiter. Napoleon's proclamation
M7
14-19. Battle of Austerlitz. Prince Andrew
badly wounded 150

BOOK FOUR
1. Nicholas home on leave 165
2. Preparations for Club dinner 168
3. The dinner. Bagration as guest of
honor 1 7 1
4. Pierre challenges D61okhov 173
5. The duel 176
6. Pierre's separation from Hlene 177
7. Andrew considered dead 1 79
8. Lise's confinement. Andrew arrives 180
9. Death of Lise 182
10. Denfsov and D61okhov at the Rost6vs'
83
11. S6nya declines D61okhov's proposal
12. logel's ball. Denfsov's mazurka 186
13-14. Nicholas loses 43,000 rubles to D61okhov 188
15. Nicholas at home. Natdsha sings 190
16. Nicholas tells his father of his losses.
Denfsov proposes to Natdsha 192
BOOK FIVE
1-2. Pierre meets Bazde"ev 194
3-4. Pierre becomes a Freemason 198
5. Pierre repulses Prince Vasfli 203
6. A soiree at Anna Pdvlovna's. Hlene
takes up Borfs 204
7. Hippolyte at Anna Pdvlovna's 206
8. Old Bolk6nski as commander in chief
of the conscription. Andrew's anxiety. A letter from his father 206
9. Bilfbin's letter about the campaign.

The baby convalescent 208

10. Pierre goes to Kiev and visits his estates.
Obstacles to the emancipation of his
serfs 211
11. Pierre visits Prince Andrew 213
12. Pierre's and Prince Andrew's talk on
the ferry raft 216

13. "God's folk" at Bald Hills 218

14. Old Bolk6nski and Pierre 220
15. Nicholas rejoins his regiment. Shortage
of provisions 221
16. Denfsov seizes transports of food, gets
into trouble, is wounded 223
17-18. Nicholas visits Denfsov in hospital 225
19. Borfs at Tilsit. Nicholas' inopportune
visit 228
20. Nicholas tries to present Denfsov's petition at the Emperor's residence, but
fails 230
21. Napoleon and Alexander as allies.
Perplexity of Nicholas. "Another
bottle" 232
BOOK SIX
1-3. Prince Andrew's occupations at Bogucharovo. His drive through the forestthe bare oak. His visit to the Rost6vs at Otrddnoe. Overhears Natdsha's talk with S6nya. Return through
the forest the oak in leaf. He decides to go to Petersburg 235
4-6. Sperdnski, Arakcheev, and Prince Andrew 238
7-8. Pierre and the Petersburg Freemasons.
He visits Joseph Alex^evich. Reconciliation with H^lene 243

9. H^lene's social success. Her salon and

relations with Borfs 247
10. Pierre's diary 248
11. The Rost6vs in Petersburg. Berg
engaged to Vera and demands her
dowry 250
12. Natdsha and Borfs 251
13. Natdsha's bedtime talks with her
mother 252
14-17. Natdsha's first grand ball. She dances
with Prince Andrew 254
18. Bitski calls on Prince Andrew. Dinner
at Sperdnski's. Prince Andrew's disillusionment with him and his reforms 260
49. Prince Andrew calls on the Rost6vs.
Natdsha's effect on him 262
20-21. The Bergs' evening party 263
22. Natdsha consults her mother. Prince
Andrew confides in Pierre 265
23. Prince N. Bolk6nski insists on postponement of his son's marriage. Natdsha's distress at Prince Andrew's
absence. He returns and they become
engaged 267
24. Prince Andrew's last days with Natdsha 270

CONTENTS

25. Prince N. Bolk6nski's treatment of

Mary. Her letter to Julie Kirdgina
271
26. Prince N. Bolk6nski threatens to marry
Mile Bourienne 273
BOOK SEVEN

1. Nicholas Rost6v returns home on leave.

His doubts about Natasha's engagement
275
2. Nicholas settles accounts with Mftenka
277
3. Nicholas decides to go hunting 278
4. The wolf hunt begins 279
5. The wolf is taken 281
6. The fox hunt and the huntsmen's quarrel.
Ildgin's courtesy. Chasing a hare. Rugdy's triumph 284
7. An evening at "Uncle's." The balaldyka.
Natasha's Russian dance 287
8. His mother urges Nicholas to marry Julie
Karagina, and grumbles at S6nya 291
9. Christmas at Otradnoe. Natasha is depressed and capricious 292
10. Nicholas, Natasha, and S6nya indulge in
recollections. Dimmlcr plays and Natasha sings. The maskers. A troyka drive to
the Melyuk6vs' 294
11. At Melyuk6vka. Sonya goes to the barn to
try her fortune 298
12. The drive home. Natasha and S6nya try
the future with looking glasses 300
13. His mother opposes Nicholas' wish to
marry S6nya, and he returns to his regiment. Natasha becomes restless and impatient for Prince Andrew's return 301
BOOK EIGHT
1. Pierre's life in Moscow. Asks himself "What
for?" and "Why?" 303
2. Prince N. Bolk6nski in Moscow. His harsh

treatment of Princess Mary. She teaches

little Nicholas. The old prince and Mile
Bourienne 305
3. Dr. Mdtivier treated as a spy by the old
prince. The dinner on the prince's name
day 307
4. Pierre and Princess Mary discuss Boris and
Natdsha 309
5. Boris and Julie. Their melancholy. Boris
proposes and is accepted 3 1 1
6. Count IlydRost6v,Natdsha,andS6nyastay
with Mdrya Dmftrievna in Moscow 313
7. Count Rost6v and Natdsha call on Prince
N. Bolk6nski.They are received by Princess Mary. Prince Bolk6nski's strange

ix
behavior. Mary and Natisha dislike one
another 314
8. The Rost6vs at the Opera. Hlne in the
next box 316
9. The Opera described. Anatole and Pierre
arrive. Natdsha makes Hlne's acquaintance. Duport dances 318
10. Hdtene presents Anatole to Natdsha. He
courts her 320
11. Anatole and D61okhov in Moscow 321
12. Sunday at Mdrya Dmftrievna's. Hlne
calls and invites the Rost6vs to hear Mile
George recite. She tells Natdsha that
Anatole is in love with her 322
13. The reception at Hlne's. Mile George.
Anatole dances with Natdsha and makes
love to her. Her perplexity as to her
own feelings 324

14. Princess Mary's letter to Natdsha, who also

receives one from Anatole 325
15. S6nya finds Anatole's letter and remonstrates with Natdsha, who writes to Princess Mary breaking off her engagement
with Prince Andrew. A party at the
Kardgins'. Anatole meets Natdsha. She
is angry with S6nya, who resolves to prevent her elopement 327
16. Anatole at Dolokhov's. Balagd 329
17. Anatole sets off to abduct Natdsha, but encounters Mdrya Dmftrievna's footman
332
18. Mdrya Dmitrievna reproaches Natdsha.
Count Ilyd Rost6v is kept in ignorance
333
19. Pierre at Mdrya Dmftrievna's. He tells Natdsha that Anatole is married 334
20. Pierre's explanation with Anatole 336
21. Natdsha tries to poison herself. Prince Andrew returns to Moscow and Pierre talks
to him 337
22. Pierre and Natdsha. He tells her of his devotion. The great comet of 1812 339
BOOK NINE
1. The year 1812. Rulers and generals are
"history's slaves" 342
2. Napoleon crosses the Niemen and sees
Polish Uhlans drowned swimming the
Vfliya 344
3. Alexander I at Vflna. The ball at Count
Bennigsen's. Borfs overhears the Emperor speaking to Balashev and learns
that the French have crossed the frontier. Alexander's letter to Napole6n 346

4. Balashev's mission to Napoleon, He meets

Murat, "the King of Naples" 347

CONTENTS

5. Balashev taken to Davout, who treats him

badly, but he is at last presented to Napoleon in Vilna 349
6. Balashe'v's interview with Napoleon 350
7. Balashev dines with Napoleon 354
8. Prince Andrew on Kutiizov's staff in Moldavia. He is sent to Barclay's army. Visits
Bald Hills. His talks with his father and
Princess Mary 355
9. Prince Andrew in the army at Drissa. Eight
conflicting parties 358
10. Prince Andrew is introduced to Pfuel 361
1 1. An informal Council of War. Pfuel's dogmatism 363
it. Nicholas writes to Sdnya. He and Ilyin in
a storm 365
13. Mary Hendrfkhovna. The officers and the
doctor 367
14. Courage. Rost6v goes into action at Ostr6vna 369
15. Rost6v's hussars charge the French dragoons. He wounds and captures* a prisoner 370
16. Natasha's illness. The use of doctors 372
1 7. Natasha and Pierre. She prepares for communion with Bel6va. The church service. Her health improves 373

18. Natasha attends Mass and hears the special prayer for victory 374
19. Pierre's relation to life altered by his feeling for Natasha. 666. Napoleon as Antichrist. Pierre's belief that he is destined
to end Napoleon's power. He gets news
for the Rost6vs 377
10. Pierre at the Rost6vs'. Natasha again takes
up her singing. S6nya reads Alexander's
manifesto. Pe"tya declares that he will
enter the army. Natasha realizes that
Pierre loves her. He decides to cease going to the Rostovs' 379
at. Pe"tya goes to the Kremlin to see the Emperor. He gets crushed. He secures a biscuit thrown by the Emperor after dinner 382
22. Assembly of gentry and merchants at the
Sloboda Palace. A limited discussion.
Pierre's part in it 384
23. Count Rostopchfn's remarks. The offer
made by the Moscow nobility and gentry. The Emperor's speech. Pierre offers
to supply and maintain a thousand men
387
BOOK TEN
i. Reflections on the campaign of 1812. The
course of events was fortuitous and unforeseen by either side 389

2. Prince N. Bolk6nski and his daughter. His

fcreak with Mile Bourienne. Mary's correspondence with Julie. The old prince
receives a letter from Prince Andrew
but does not grasp its meaning and confuses the present invasion with the Polish campaign of 1807 391
3. The old prince sends Alpdtych to Smolensk
with various commissions, and does not
know where to have his bed placed. He
remembers Prince Andrew's letter and
reads and understands it 393

4. Princess Mary sends a letter to the Governor at Smolensk. Alpdtych sets off on
August 4; reaches Smolensk that evening and stays at Ferapontov's inn. Firing heard outside the town. Next day he
does his business, but finds alarm spreading, and is advised by the Governor that
the Bolkonskis had better go to Moscow. The town bombarded. Ferap6ntov's
cook has her thigh broken by a shell.
Retreating soldiers loot Ferapontov's
shop and he declares he will set his
place on fire himself and not leave it
to the French. Alpatych meets Prince
Andrew, who has an encounter with
Berg 395
5. Prince Andrew passing Bald Hills with his
regiment. The retreat: heat and terrible
dust. He rides over to the house. The
little girls and the plums. The soldiers
bathe in a pond. "Cannon fodder." Bagration's letter to Arakche'ev 399
6. Matter and form. Anna Pdvlovna's and
He*lene's rival salons. Prince Vasfli's
opinion of Kutiizov 403
7. Napoleon orders an advance on Moscow.
Napoleon's conversation with Lavrushka 405
8. Prince Nicholas Bolkonski has a paralytic
stroke and is taken to Bogucharovo.
Princess Mary decides that they must
move on to Moscow. Her last interview
with her father. His affection for her.
His death 406
9. Character of the Bogucharovo peasantry
and the baffling undercurrents in the
life of the Russian people. The village
Elder, Dron. Alpatych talks to him. The
peasants decide not to supply horses or
carts 410
10. Mile Bourienne advises Princess Mary to
appeal to the French for protection.
Princess Mary speaks to Dron 412
1 1 . Princess Mary addresses the peasants. They

CONTENTS

distrust her and refuse to leave Bogucharovo f 415

i a. Princess Mary at night recalls her last sight
of her father 4 1 6
13. Nicholas and Ilyfn ride to Bogucharovo.
They are asked by Alpatych to protect
the princess. Nicholas makes her acquaintance and places himself at her
service 417
14. Nicholas calls the peasants to account and
intimidates them. Carts and horses are
provided for Princess Mary's departure.
Princess Mary feels that she loves him
419
15. Prince Andrew goes to headquarters and
meets Denfsov, who wants guerrilla
troops to break the French line of
communication. Kutuzov's reception of
them. He transacts business 421
16. The priest's wife offers Kutuzov "bread
and salt." He has a further talk with
Prince Andrew, who declines a place on
the staff. Patience and Time. Prince Andrew's confidence in Kutuzov 424
17. Moscow after the Emperor's visit. Rostopchin's broadsheets. Julie's farewell wire" c. Forfeits for speaking French. Pierre
hears of Princess Mary's arrival in Moscow 426
18. Rostopchm's broadsheets. Pierre and the
eldest princess. Leppich's balloon. A
public flogging. Pierre leaves Moscow
for the army 428
19. Senselessness of the battle of Borodin6,
and erroneousness of the historians' accounts of it. Where and how it was fought

43
20. Pierre encounters cavalry advancing and
carts of wounded retiring. He talks to
an army doctor. Pierre looks for the
"position" occupied by the army. Peasant militia digging entrenchments 432
21. Pierre ascends a knoll at G6rki, surveys
the scene, and inquires as to the "position" occupied* A procession carrying
the "Smolensk Mother of God." The
reverence of the crowd and of Kutuzov
434
22. Boris meets Pierre. Dolokhov makes his
way to Kutuzov. Kutuzov notices Pierre.
D61okhov asks Pierre to be reconciled
43 6
23. Pierre rides to the left flank with Bennigsen, who explains the "position" in a way
Pierre does not understand and changes
one of Kutiizov's dispositions 438

xi
24. Prince Andrew's reflections on life and
death. Pierre comes to see him 439
25. Tim6khin's opinion of Kutuzov. Prince
Andrew on Barclay de Tolly. War and
chess. The spirit of the army. Wolzogen
and Clausewitz. "The war must be extended widely." Pierre understands the
importance of this war. "Not take prisoners." What is war? Prince Andrew
thinks of Natlsha 440
26. De Beausset brings a portrait of the "King
of Rome" to Napoleon. Napoleon's
proclamation 444
27. Napoleon's dispositions for the battle of
Borodin6. They were not carried out
445

28. Napoleon's cold. Why the battle had to be

fought 447
29. Napoleon's talk to de Beausset and Rapp.
The game begins 448
30. Pierre views the battlefield from the knoll
at Gorki 450
31. Pierre at the Borodin6 bridge. Under fire.
Goes to Ravski's Redoubt. His horse
wounded under him. The Ravski Redoubt. The young officer. Pierre is accepted at the redoubt as one of the family. The flame of hidden fire in th men's
souls. Shortage of ammunition. Pierre
sees ammunition wagons blown up 451
32. The redoubt captured by the French.
Pierre's conflict with a French officer.
The redoubt retaken by the Russian*
455
33. The course of the battle. Difficulty of discerning what was going on. Things take
their own course apart from the orders
issued 456
34. Reinforcements. Belliard appeals to Napoleon. De Beausset proposes breakfast.
Friant's division sent in support. The
expected success not secured. Continuous and useless slaughter 457
35. Kutuzov. His rebuke to Wolzogen. An order of the day for an attack tomorrow.
The spirit of the army 459
36. Prince Andrew with the reserve under fire.
Hit by a bursting shell. Outside the
dressing station 461
37. The operating tent. Portion of Prince Andrew's thighbone extracted. Anatole's
leg amputated. Prince Andrew pities
him 464
38. Napoleon is depressed. His mini and con-

science darkened. His calculation that

few Frenchmen perished in Russia 465

xii

CONTENTS

39. Appearance of the field at the end of the

battle. Doubts maturing in every soul.
Only a little further effort needed to
secure victory, but such effort impossible. Could Napoleon have used his Old
Guard? The Russians had gained a moral victory 467
BOOK ELEVEN
1. Continuity of motion. Achilles and the
tortoise. The method of history; its
explanation of events compared with
explanations of the movement of a
locomotive 469
2. Summary of campaign before Borodino and explanation of Kutuzov's
subsequent movements 470
3-4. Kutuzov and his generals at Pokl6nny
Hill. Council of War at Fill 472
5. The author's reflections on the abandonment of Moscow. Rostopchin's
conduct and that of private individuals 475
6-7. Helene in Petersburg. Conversion to
I Catholicism and plans for remarriage 476
8-9. Pierre walks to Mozhdysk. His night
lodging there. His dream, and his
return to Moscow 480
10-11. Pierre at Rostopchin's. The affair of
Klyucharcv and Vercshchagin. Pierre
leaves home secretly 482
12-17. The Rost6vs: packing up and leaving
Moscow. They allow wounded officers to stay in their house and avail
themselves of their carts to leave

Moscow. Berg's wish to borrow a

cart. Natasha when leaving Moscow
sees and speaks to Pierre. Prince Andrew travels in their train of vehicles
485
18. Pierre at Bazd^ev's house. He wears a
coachman's coat 496
19. Napoleon surveys Moscow from Pok16nny Hill. He awaits a deputation
of les boyars 497
20-23. Moscow compared to a queenless hive.
The army's departure. Looting by
Russian soldiers. The Moskvd bridge
blocked, and cleared by Erm61ov. A
brawl among workmen. Reading a
Rostopchfn broadsheet to a crowd.
Scene with the superintendent of
police 499
24-25. Rostopchfn. The killing of Vereshchagin. The released lunatics. Rostop-

chfn's encounterwith Kutuzov at the

' bridge 505
26. The French enter Moscow. Shots from
the Kremlin gate. The Fire of Moscow discussed 511
27-29. Pierre: his plan to kill Napoleon. Bazde*ev's drunken brother fires at Captain Ramballe, who regards Pierre
as a friend 513
30-32. The Rost6vs at My tfshchi. Natasha sees
Prince Andrew 521
33-34. Pierre sets out to meet Napoleon. He
saves a child, defends an Armenian
girl from a French soldier, and is arrested as an incendiary 527
BOOK TWELVE
1-3. Anna PAvlovria's soiree. Talk of Hlene's illness. The Bishop's letter.
Victory at Borodino reported. Death
of Helene. News of abandonment of
Moscow. Michaud's report 533
4-8. Nicholas sent to Voronezh. An evening
at the Governor's. Nicholas and

Princess Mary. A letter from Sonya

537
9-13. Pierre's treatment as a prisoner. He is
questioned by Davout. Shooting of
prisoners. Platon Karataev 547
14-16. Princess Mary goes to the Rost6vs' in
Yaroslavl. Prince Andrew's last days
and death 555
BOOK THIRTEEN
1-7. The cause of historical events. A survey of movements of the Russian
army after leaving Moscow. Napoleon's letter to Kutuzov. The camp
at Tarutino. Alexander's letters to
Kutuzov. Ermolov and others absent
when wanted. The battle postponed.
Kutuzov's wrath. The action next
day. Cossacks surprise Murat's army
and capture prisoners, guns, and
booty. Inactivity of the rest of the
army 563
8-10. Napoleon's measures. Proclamation in
Moscow. Effects of pillage on French
discipline 571
11-14. Pierre: four weeks in captivity. Karataev and a French soldier. The French
leave Moscow. The drum. Pierre's
mental change; he recovers his grip
on life. Exit of troops and prisoners.
The road blocked. Pierre's reflections 575

CONTENTS
15-19. The Russian army. Dokhtiirov. News
of the French having left Moscow
reaches Kutiizov at night. His emo- 13-81.
tion. Cossacks nearly capture Napoleon at Malo-Yarosldvets. He retreats
by the Smolensk road. A third of his
army melts away before reaching Vyzma 582

BOOK FOURTEEN
1-2. National character of the war. A duelist who drops his rapier and seizes a
cudgel. Guerrilla warfare. The spirit

of the army 588

3-11. The partisans or guerrillas. Denfsov,
D61okhov, P(hya Rost6v, and Tikhon. A French drummer boy. A visit
to the enemy's camp. Attack on a
French convoy. The death of Ptya
59
12-15. Pierre's journey among the prisoners.
Karatjiev. His story of the merchant.
His death. Pierre rescued 604
16-18. The French retreat. Berthier's report
to Napoleon. Their flight beyond
Smolensk 609
19. Why the French were not cut off by
the Russians 611

1-3.

4-5.

BOOK FIFTEEN
TheRostovs. Natasha's grief. The news
of Ptftya's death. Natdsha leaves with
Princess Mary for Moscow 614
Analysis of Kutiizov's movements 618
6~g. Kutiizov at Krdsnoe; his speech to the
army. Encampment for the night:
soldier scenes. Ramballe's appearance with his orderly. The song of
Henri Quatre. 621
10-12. The crossing of the Berezina. Vflna.

1-4.

5-9-

* xiii
The Emperor Alexander. Kutiizov;
his failing health 626
Pierre. Illness and recovery at Orel.
His new attitude to life and his fellow men. His affairs. He goes to Moscow; the town's animation and rapid
recovery. Pierre meets Natdsha at
Princess Mary's. Love 631
FIRST EPILOGUE
Discussion of forces operating in history. Chance and genius. The ideals
of glory and grandeur. Alexander's
renunciation of power. The purpose
of a bee 645
Death of old Count Rost6v. Nicholas
in retirement. His mother. His meeting with Princess Mary. Their wedding; estate management in the country; their family life. S6nya a sterile
flower. Denfsov.' Nicholas' name day
650
10-14. Natdsha's and Pierre's family life. His
return after a visit to Petersburg. The
old countess in decay. Conversation
about social tendencies, and indignation at reactionary trend of the government. Views of Pierre and Nicholas 659
15-16. The two married couples and their
mutual relations. Natasha's jealousy.
Young Nicholas Boik6nski's aspirations 669
SECOND EPILOGUE
1-12. A general discussion on the historians'
study of human life, and on the difficulty of defining the forces that move
nations. The problem of free will
and necessity 675

MAPS
I. Battle of Austerlitz 697
II. War of 1805 697

III. Advance and Retreat of Napoleon, 1812 698 8c 699

IV. Borodin6 698
V. Moscow 699

THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS ARRANGED

IN FAMILY GROUPS

THE BEZUKHOVS
Count Cyril Bezukhov, a wealthy nobleman of Catherine the Great's time
Pierre, his son, who, legitimized after his father's death, becomes Count
Bezukhov //* central character of the novel.
Princess Caliche, Pierre's cousin
THE RosT6vs
Count Ilyd Rost6v, a wealthy nobleman
Countess Nataly Rost6va, his wife
Count Nicholas Rostov, their elder son, who goes into the army as a cadet
Count Peter (Pdtya) Rostov, their younger son
Countess Ve"ra Rost6va, their elder daughter
Countess Nataly (Natdsha) Rost6va, their younger daughter, the central
female character
S6nya, a poor niece of the Rostovs
Lieutenant Alphonse Kdrlovich Berg, an officer who marries V&ra
THE BoLK6NSKis
Prince Nicholas Andre*evich Bolk6nski, a retired general
Prince Andrew Bolk6nski, his son, a member of Kutuzov's staff
Princess Mary Bolk6nskaya, his daughter
Princess Elisabeth (Lise) Bolkonskaya, Prince Andrew's wife, "the most
fascinating woman in Petersburg"
Prince Nicholas (Koko) Andrd-evich Bolk6nski, Prince Andrew's son
THE KURAGINS
Prince Vasfli Kurdgin, an elderly nobleman
Prince Hippolyte Kurdgin, his weak-minded elder son
Prince Anatole Kurdgin, his profligate younger son

Princess Hdlene Kunigina, his daughter, "the beautiful Helene"

THE DRUBETSK6YS
Princess Anna Mikhdylovna Drubetskdya, an impoverished noblewoman
Prince Boris (B6ry) Drubetskoy, her son, who enters the army
Julie Kardgina, an heiress t who later marries Boris

XV

DATES OF PRINCIPAL HISTORICAL EVENTS

1805