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POLYNOMIALS
Important Points
1. A polynomial p(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x of the form
p(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+a2x2+a1x1+a0x0
where a0, a1, a2 an are constants and an 0.
a0, a1, a2 an are respectively the coefficients of x0, x1, x2, ..xn and n is
called the degree of the polynomial. Each of anxn, an-1xn-1, a0x0with an 0, is
called a term of the polynomial p(x).
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A
A
A
A
A
A
polynomial
polynomial
polynomial
polynomial
polynomial
polynomial
of
of
of
of
of
of
p(x) = (x a) q(x) + r
Important Formulae
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x y) 2 = x2 2xy + y2
x2 y2 = (x + y) (x y)
(x + y + z)2= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
(x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
(x y) 3 = x3 y3 3xy(x y)
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz zx)
3
3
) (y2- )
2
2
3
=b
2
9
4
(iii) 104 96
Solution: 104 96
= (100+4)(100-4)
= 1002-42
= 10000-16
= 9984
3. Factorise the following using appropriate identities:
(i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2
Solution: 9x2+6xy+y2
= 32x2+3xy+3xy+y2 (1)
= 3x(3x+y)+y(3x+y)
= (3x+y)(3x+y)
= (3x+y)
Alternate way of solving this problem:
Equation 1 gives a hint that this can be solved through following formula:
(a+b) = a+2ab+b
(ii) 4y 4y + 1
Solution: 2y-2 2y+1
= (2y-1)
(iii) x-
y
100
y
10
y
y
= (x+
) (x)
10
10
So, x-
2 xy + 4 2 yz 8xz
3
x + 1 )
2
27
9
3
x + 1 + xy ( x + y )
8
2
2
1 9
1
- p+ p
216 2
4
1
1
can be written as
216
6
1
Hence, y=
6
And
1
)
6
Note: This step is to help you develop the problem solving skills. In exam
situation you have to write all steps to get full marks.
9. Verify :
(i) x + y = (x + y) (x xy + y)
Solution: RHS (x+y)(x-xy+y)
= x-xy+xy+xy-xy+y
=x+y LHS proved
(ii) x y = (x y) (x + xy + y)
Solution: RHS (x y) (x + xy + y)
= x+xy+xy-xy-xy-y
= x-y LHS proved
1
(x+y+z)
2
1
(x+y+z)
2
(x-y)+(y-z)+(z-x)
(x-y)+(y-z)+(z-x)
1
(x+y+z)(x+y-2xy+y+z-2yz+z+x-2zx)
2
1
=
(x+y+z) (2x+2y+2z-2xy-2yz-2zx)
2
=
=(x+y+z) (x+y+z-xy-yz-zx)
Now, the RHS satisfies the condition as per following identity:
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz zx)
13. If x + y + z = 0, show that x + y + z = 3xyz.
Solution: As you know,
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz zx)
Now, as per question x+y+z=0,
Putting value of x+y+z=0 in the equation we get
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = 0 (x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz zx)
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = 0
x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz proved
=0
-12+7+5-(-12 7)-(7 5)-(-12 5)
= 0-1260 = -1260 answer
-1260