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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
II2
W. A. BR UC!':
Q
k Ap
-=-A--'Y
v
L
in which Q is the average mass rate of flow,
which, by the assumptions above, may be
PI -
01 -
Cff):
,
I
Pz
--.-'/~- --- - 0 2
Vol d'Y
dt
ql - q2 =
--.y
PI - P2
vL
kA q
C F(E )
E
,t
Vol d'Y(E)
'Y(E) dt
[6]
[8]
114
[9]*
~
FIG. 3.-PART OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRICAL REPRESENTATION.
11 -
~2 =
f Vo cdE
dt
[II]
21 -
12
C dE
Edt
w.
A. BRUCE
lIS
and
[16]
in which RF is the measured resistance to
fluid flow.
Each unit may then be replaced by a
II6
FIG.
FIG.
5.-WATER-DRIVE UNITS.
RF = 27rkb log.
r4
r;
[17l
V.
lnr(r4 2 - r22)
[I8l
[I9l
w.
A. BRUCE
117
P2 - PI
Q L va
'Ya A kg
= ---
A second scheme involves the combination of an electric model and the electrical
C-units. The well pattern is laid out on
a -bakelite board over which is put a
layer of slightly conducting water or
glycerin. The wells are represented by
large electrodes such that 80 or 90 per
cent of the well potential drop would be
observed between the radius of the actual
well and the distance corresponding to this
model representation of the well. The
resistance to fluid flow from the radius
represented by the model well to the actual
well bore is taken care of by resistors as
shown in Fig. 7.
Pressures can be corrected either to
average pool pressure or flowing-well
pressure.
Hence,
[22]
Eq. 5 becomes
_.
11 -
12
jV.
(1P- ZIdz)
dp
dp dt
~~
11 -
12
.
1
(V. dE
E
de
[]
24
This becomes
f
in which density is the average density
and the subscripts g refer to gas. Also,
l2
It
Ei dt
jV"(E I
E 2)
1I8
E/p
CE/CF = m
RE/RF = n
q/i = nil
For the time factor, the form of the function
F(E,t) must be considered, because time is
controlled by the interrelation of the two
elements, resistance and capacitance.
In the case of compressible liquid,
the equation for a condenser and resistor
combine the two factors involved. Thus,
w.
A. BRUCE
T
1
S
CONTOURS -320--
MEASURED PRESSURES- 3 9
JAN. 1940
~--------16----------L--------Fl=-2~E=-------~
120
1
S
1
5
I
I
I1_.JXl...!'~ __
CONTOURS -320--
MEASURED PRESSURES-3.3
APRIL 1842
L------16
[ C DOuTHit
R2E
FIG. 9.-ELECTRICALLY DETERMINED PRESSURE CONTOURS, 1942.
W. A. BRUCE
E/p = 1/10
CE/CF = 1/15 (capacitance in microfarads)
RE/RF = 2 (resistance in megohms)
Thus, the time scale is:
I
DIX
POOL
121
122
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Fluid
qp = bbl. per day
p = pressure, lb. per sq. in.
r = distance, ft.
b = formation thickness, ft.
c = compressibility, bbl. per bbl. per lb. per
sq. in.
800
~ 600
ci
~
ui
II]
7400
w
a:
:>
Ul
Ul
W
g: 200
~ e e
-....e"
1938
1939
1940
1941
TIME-YEARS
1942
1943
800r----~---~---~---~---~---~
-600~------~~-----+-------~--------+-------~------~
d
Ul
.....
ui
II]
740r------l--------f~~~~~~~_r------i_----_i
a:
:>
Ul
Ul
~200
0..
AVERAGE
MEASURED PRESSURES.
RATE
_+______-+______--1
0L--1-9-3-6-~-1-9-3-9-~-1-9-4-0-~-1-9-4-1-~-1-9-4-2-~-1-9-43-~
TIME-YEARS
FIG. Io.-A
Wo Ao BRUCE
I23
8oor------,------~------_r------_r------~----_,
~600r-----~.---__-+______-+______~______+_-----~
CD
7400r-------t-~~~+_------+_------+_------+_------~
0::
:::>
til
til
W
0::200
a..
~~~;LS/WELL/OAY
AFTER 7-4.2
-----+--------+--00_0_00_00_0_""'00"1
o ~~1~9~3~8--~~1~9~3~9--~--1-9-4-0--~--1-9-4-1--~---19-4~2~~--1~9~4~3--~
TIME-YEARS
800r-------r-------r-------~------~------,-------,
-600r-----~r--------+_------+-------+_------+-------;
til
"
iii
CD
...J
1
400
W
0::
:::>
til
til
~200
a..
oL-----~----
1938
__
I
~
1939
______
1940
____
______
1941
1942
____
1943
TIME-YEARS
800r------,~----_;--~~_T~~~-r------,-------,
BY "'fELLS
g 6001~----~~------+-------+-------~------~------~
"iii
CD
...J
1
W
~400r-----~--~--~r------+-------r------+-------;
til
til
W
0::
a..
200L-------~------~------~------~------~------~
1938
1939
1940
1941
TIME-YEARS
MEASURED PRESSURES FOR
DIX
POOL.
1942
1943
I24
time. days
Electrical
i = current, microamperes
E = potential. volts
r = distance. cm.
RE = resistance. megohms
CE = capacitance. microfarads
tR = time, sec.
REFERENCES
DISCUSSION
(C. E. Rtistle, Jr. presiding)
V. PASCHKIS,* New York, N. Y.-The
accuracy of the method described in this paper
depends to a considerable extent on the leakage
of the electrical parts used in the analyzing
equipment. One, although by no means
the only, source of leakage is the (electric)
condensers.
* Research Associate on Heat Transfer,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Columbia University.