Application of ADALINE-Based ARX Model to Control the DC

Link Voltage in Resonant Inverters Applied to Induction

Cookers
Juan Pablo Ochoa Avils, Valceres Vieira Rocha e Silva, and Fernando Lessa Tofoli
Federal University of So Joo del-Rei, Department of Electrical Engineering So Joo del-Rei, Brazil
Abstract The full-bridge inverter is the common choice in practical applications, although half-bridge
topologies have reduced component count. The class DE parallel resonant inverter is a prominent example
adequate to induction cookers, while this paper aims at comparing its performance with that regarding a fullbridge inverter. Considering that the inverter dc link voltage may come to vary, a technique that allows keeping
it constant is then proposed i.e. autoregressive model with exogenous input (ARX) based on adaptive linear
neural network (ADALINE). Simulation results are presented and discussed to demonstrate the performance of
the proposed approach.
I.
Introduction
Typical induction heating systems are made of a copper coil placed under a ferromagnetic pan. The
induction coil is connected to a power source whose frequency ranges from 20 kHz to 100 kHz in order to
generate an alternating magnetic field, which causes eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis to heat up the pan.
Typically, induction heating systems are connected to the ac utility grid through a diode rectifier associated to a
filter capacitor. A dc-link voltage with reduced low-frequency ripple is then obtained in order to supply a highfrequency resonant inverter, which on the other hand is responsible for heating a cooking vessel [1].
The photovoltaic (PV) system shown in Figure 1 is a possible solution, where a dc-dc converter is
responsible for stepping up the voltage across the PV array so that a grid-connected inverter is able to inject the
extracted energy into the ac utility grid. Besides, a resonant inverter is connected to the dc link, which
represents the induction heating system. The PV array is also responsible for supplying the induction cooker
considering that the dc link voltage is properly regulated when irradiation and/or temperature come to vary.
When the energy extracted from the PV system is not enough, the grid is responsible for providing the
additional power to the load. Otherwise, if the induction cooker is off, all extracted energy is injected into the grid
[2] [3].
II.
Design considerations
Firstly, let us consider that the PV array comprises six strings composed of two series-connected modules
each, which are able to provide 1.5 kW under STC (standard test conditions) i.e. 1000 W/m2 and 25 C. The
rated output voltage of the dc-dc converter i.e. the dc link voltage is 400 V, which must be properly regulated.
The voltage across the load connected to the resonant inverter is controlled using variable frequency control,
while the maximum load power is 1.5 kW and the rms voltage is 220 V.
Grid-Connected
Inverter

AC Grid

DC
DC
PV Array

Step-UP DC-DC Converter

Resonant
Inverter

Pan + Coil

Figure 1 Grid-connected PV system supplying an induction heating system.

A. Full-Bridge Inverter
Even though the full-bridge inverter presents higher component count if compared with the half-bridge one,
the works presented in [4] and [5] claim that there is a major number of control techniques dedicated to this
topology, which is shown in Figure 2 (a). Considering that vAB(t) is a square waveform, Fourier analysis can be
used to obtain a function to represent the gain as a ratio between the peak values of the total output voltage
and the first harmonic component of vAB(t). By using variable frequency control, it is possible to adjust the load
voltage according to (1), where the load voltage is defined as a function of the dc-link voltage and the switching
frequency. This expression allows the implementation of a controller able to keep the load voltage constant
regardless of variations in the dc-link voltage and described as follows using the resonant circuit represented in
Figure 2(a).

S1

S2

S1

Lr
Vdc

VAB(t) Cr
S2

+
Ro Vo
-

Vdc

+
S2

S1

Cf

VCD(t) L r

Cr

Ro

Vo
-

(a)
(b)
Figure 2 Resonant inverter topologies: (a) full-bridge inverter and (b) class DE inverter
8 Vdc
Vo
2

( / o )

1 j

(1)

where Vo is the load voltage, Vdc is the dc-link voltage, Q is the quality factor of the resonant circuit, is the
angular switching frequency, and o is the angular resonance frequency.
B. Class DE Half-Bridge Inverter
The inverter topology shown in Figure 2 (b) was presented in [6], which can be promptly used in the induction
heating system. Analogously to (1), the expression for the rms load voltage is obtained as a function of the
resonance frequency, the switching frequency, and the dc-link voltage as in (2).
Cf
Vo

C f Cr

2
sin cos
j Vcc

j
1
2
2 j

Q
C

L
f r r o
f r r

(2)
where is the angle corresponding to the first harmonic component of vCD(t). According to [6], the duty cycle of
switches S1 and S2 can be fixed at 0.25, while the swirching frequency is varied.
III. Controller design
The proposed controller is based on neural networks ADALINE [7]. Each input Vdc(k) is expanded through a
tapped delay line (TDL) to provide a given number of delayed inputs, as the output fs(k) is introduced to the
input also passing through a TDL resulting in the inputs. This method is known as autoregressive model with
exogenous input (ARX), from which the output f(k) corresponding to the inverter switching frequency can be
determined to control the load voltage.
The forthcoming analysis uses time-series data to determine the structure of the mathematical model and
the parameters of the dynamic system. By taking into account a discrete-time linear system whose intervals are
set at 6 s, the angular switching frequency varies as a function Vdc, as the following discrete-time transfer
function can be obtained to describe the system in (3).
fs Z
b Z 1 b2 Z 2 . . . bm Z m
(3)
1
Vcc Z 1 a1 Z 1 a2 Z 2 . . . an Z n
Finally, by means of bilinear transform [8] [9], it is possible to represent the continuous-time transfer
function, which represents the proposed controller model for each type of resonant inverter. The transfer
functions of the controllers used in the full-bridge and class DE inverters are represented by (4) and (5),
respectively.
3867 s 2.56 105
(4)
H1s 41 2
s 5148 s 2.48 105
8607 s 3.123 107
(5)
H2 s 8 2
s 7215 s 4.012 107
IV. Simulation results
The inverter topologies are simulated in PSIM environment resulting in the waveforms presented in Figure
3 and Figure 4, where the rms load voltage is 220 V and the dc-link voltage is supposed to remain constant at
400 V. Considering that irradiance and temperature vary in Figure 1, both controllers are able to control both
aforementioned quantities as desired. The total harmonic distortion of the output voltage in Figure 3 (a) and
Figure 4 (a) is 2.89% and 4.11%, respectively.

(a) Detailed view of the

(b) Load voltage

(c) Dc-link voltage

(d) Switching frequency

load voltage

variation as function of
the dc-link voltage
Figure 3 Waveforms representing the operation of the class DE inverter.

(a) Detailed view of the

load voltage

(b) Load voltage

(c) Dc-link voltage

(d) Switching frequency

variation as function of
the dc-link voltage
Figure 4 Waveforms representing the operation of the full-bridge inverter.
Since the stability regarding the load voltage for both aforementioned inverters depends only on the
switching frequency, Figure 3 (d) and Figure 4(d) show how the switching frequency varies as a function of the
dc-link voltage. It can be seen that the standard deviation for the Class DE inverter is 450.74 kHz, while the one
of for the full-bridge Inverter is 1795.97 kHz.
In both cases, the proposed controllers are able to keep the dc-link voltage constant, whose response is
slow so that the current injected in the utility grid is not distorted. The settling time in Figure 3 (c) and Figure 4
(c) is 0.7 s and 0.9 s, respectively, thus demonstrating that the Class DE inverter response is faster. On the
other hand, overshoot in Figure 3 (c) and Figure 4 (c) is 430 V and 435 V, respectively. Even though the
topology in Figure 2 (b) presents superior performance in terms of the dc-link voltage, it can be stated that the
settling time for the load voltage in Figure 3 (b) and Figure 4 (b) is about 0.1 s and 0.4 ms, respectively.
V. Conclusion
The class DE resonant circuit shows superior stability performance when compared to the full-bridge one,
taking into account that the switching frequency standard deviation values for the Class DE inverter is smaller,
as consequence the load voltage would remained constant along the simulation.
Although the transfer functions in (4) and (5) are of second order with similar complexity, simulation results
have demonstrated the satisfactory performance of the class DE inverter, as this topology is recommended for
residential induction heating systems. The final version of this work is supposed to include further results
regarding the performance of the whole system represented in Figure 1.
VI.
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