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rules for sentence formation, just like any other language (English for example). In
this chapter we will get an overview of this. The details with their grammatical rules
will be covered in subsequent chapters.
a
aa
i
ii
u
uu
RRi
RRI
ai
au
gh
N^
ch
chh
j
jh
JN
T
Th
D
Dh
N
!
p
"
ph
#
b
$
bh
%
m
&
y
'
r
(
l
)
v
*
sh
+
Sh
kh
g
t
th
d
dh
,
s
.
ksh
/
dny
All these alphabets are classified into two major groups i.e.,
vowels. These are further classified into ) (hrasva) and 51 (diirgha). The
51 (diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time) of ) (hrasva).
)
hrasva
a
aa
i
u
51
diirgha
ii
uu
RRi
RRI
ai
au
(dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further classified into
different groups called )1 (varga). Following table has this classification.
Some of the gramatical rules for Euphonic Combination or ,89 (sandhi)
and Compound Words or ,%:, (samaasa) are based on these )1 (varga).
)1
kavarga
kh
g
gh
N^
)1
chaavarga
ch
chh
j
jh
JN
)1
Taavarga
T
Th
D
Dh
N
)1
tavarga
t
th
d
dh
!)1
pavarga
!
p
"
ph
#
b
$
bh
%
m
We will refere these classifications, while covering the Euphonic Combination or ,89
(sandhi) and Compound Words or ,%:, (samaasa).
Lets study the following English sentence to understand these basic elements better.
The boy is reading a book.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and the "book" is the
"Object".
The boy is
reading
a book.
------------|
|
|
Subject
Verb
Object
If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is "the boy".
So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called the "Noun".
The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy doing?" is
"reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".
Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The "book"
becomes the "Object".
If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes from
this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".
However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives answer "book".
In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive Verb".
Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will begin with
more
details
of
Sanskrit
language.
In Sanskrit:
Object is called
-> %1 / karma
Verb is called
-> , %1 / sakarmaka
reading
a book.
----------|
|
Verb
Object
|
|
<&:/kriyaa(,
%1
/ sakarmaka)
%1/karma
The boy is
--|
Subject
|
:1/kartaa
laughing.
------|
Verb
|
<&:/kriyaa (
%1
/ akarmaka)
Words & Their Classification: In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple words
composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible meaning to the sentence.
These words can be categorised into three different types viz.,
Noun
Verb
Indeclinable
Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be part of following
categories with minor derivations like addition of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion', 'ing' etc., as well
as based on their usage and grammatical rules:
Pronoun
Adjective
Adverb
suvantapada
taddhitapada
|
|
|
--------------------------------------
------|
Masculine
Feminine
|
Word (! / pada) ----|
Neuter
|
!?B(C
DEB(C
!?C,
B(9
|
puliN^ga
striiliN^ga
napuN^sakalinga
|
|
|--------------- Verb Root (:? / dhaatu)
|
-------------------------------------------|
|
B!
F 9!
tiN^atapada
kRRidantapada
|
-----------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
!'%G!5
$&!5
parasmaipadii
ubhayapadii
H% I!5
aatmanepadii
Nouns (*>
*> / shabda):
,?)9! (suvantapada):
etc. ,?)9! or suvantapada meaning - words ending with ,?! J (sup) suffix. In
this classification:
o
(@)$@L / vibhakti).
Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and "case".
Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its different forms built into
itself. The "noun base" is called *> (shabda) and the "derived noun forms"
are called *>M! (shabdarupa). So, in the previous statement #:(
is the
"base" (*> / shabda) of noun "BOY" and #:(
N is one of the derived noun
forms (*>M! / shabdarupa).
@A! (taddhitapada):
We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of ,?)9! (suvantapada) BOY
(#:(
/ baalaka) and GIRL ():(: / vaalaa) *> / shabda. Once we know how to use
noun forms (*>M! / shabdarupa) in sentences, we will cover all the cases and their
usage rules.
Boy / #:(
/ baalaka (Masculine / !?KB(C / pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
(Subject)
%: / prathamaa
Accusative (Object)
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
#:( N / baalakaH
#:( P / baalakau
#:( :N / baalakaaH
(the boy)
(two boys)
(the boys)
#:( % J / baalakam
#:( P / balakau
#:(
: J / baalakaan
(to the boys)
Singular
Dual
Plural
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
(Subject)
%: / prathamaa
Accusative (Object)
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
)
8))
ekavachana
dvivachana
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
):(: / vaalaa
):(I / vaale
):(:N / vaalaaH
(the girl)
(two girls)
(the girls)
):(:% J / vaalaam
):(I / valae
):(:N / vaalaaH
The boy
-> #:( N
/ baalakaH
Many boys
-> #:( :N
/ baalakaaH
To the boy
The girl
-> ):(:
/ vaalaa
Many girls
-> ):(:N
/ vaalaaH
To the girl
/ vaalaaH
The complete noun form (*>M! / shabdarupa) for #:(
*> (baalaka shabda) will
have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms include "the boy", "to the
boy", "by the boy", "for/to the boy", "from the boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy".
Besides these 7 forms an additional vocative ("O! boy") case is also their.
All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete *>M!
(shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 11.
Followings are few more nouns (*>M! / shabdarupa). We will use these in
sentences later in this chapter.
School / @)R:(& / vidyaalaya (Masculine / !?KB(C / pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
%: /
prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
@)R:(&N /
@)R:(&P /
@)R:(&:N /
vidyaalayaH
vidyaalayau
vidyaalayaaH
@)R:(&% J /
@)R:(&P /
vidyaalayam
vidyaalayau
@)R:(&: J /
vidyaalayaan
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
ekavachana
dvivachana
!? % J / pustakam
!? I / pustake
!? :B
/ pustakaani
!? % J / pustakam
!? I / pustake
!? :B
/ pustakaani
prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
-% J / aham
):% J / aavaam
)&% J / vayam
%:% J / maam
):% J / aavaam
%: J / asmaan
prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
%: / maa
P / nau
N / naH
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
H)% J / tvam
&?):% J / yuvaam
&U&% J / yuuyam
H):% J / tvaam
&?):% J / yuvaam
&?%: J / yuShmaan
H): / tvaa
):% J / vaam
)N / vaH
prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
Pronouns (,)1
,)1 :% ! / sarvanaama pada):
called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called ,)1 :% ! (sarvanaama pada). The
rules for pronouns are exactly same as the nouns (*> / shabda).
Verb (:?
:? / dhaatu):
Verb in Sanskrit is called :? (dhaatu) or verb root. It is also known as <&:!
(kriyaapada).
It
can
be
classified
into
B!
(tiN^atapada)
and
F 9!
(kRRidantapada).
B! (tiN^atapada):
Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses ((
:' / lakaara). Howver
only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life.
vahuvachana).
o
Just like noun (*> / shabda), each verb (:? / dhaatu) also has different
derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person". This is called "verb
form" (:?M! / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ based on this category.
The "root" of a verb is called :? (dhaatu). :? (dhaatu) does not have any
"gender".
F 9! (kRRidantapada):
Number / )
puruSha
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!B / paThati
!N / paThataH
!89 / paThanti
(is reading)
Second
%W&% / madhyama
!B, / paThasi
First
X% / uttama
!N / paThathaH
! / paThatha
(i am reading)
Go / % J / gam
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
[B /
[N /
[89 /
gachchhati
(is going)
gachchhataH
(both are going)
gachchhanti
(many are going)
[B, /
[N /
gachchhasi
(you are going)
gachchhathaH
(you two are going)
[:B% /
[:)N /
[:%N /
gachchhaami
(i am going)
gachchhaavaH
(both of us going)
gachchhaamaH
(all of us going)
[ / gachchhatha
(you all are going)
Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above. These will
help in learning the sentence formation rules.
paThasi
/ prathamapuruSha
ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" (<&: / kriyaa) is also in third person singular
(!!?M+
)
/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change. This can be
seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" ():(: !B / vaalaa paThati).
Rule 1: The verb (:? / dhaatu) always follows number ()
/ vachana)
(6&&!
6&&!
avyayapada):
Indeclinable
in
Sanskrit
is
called
6&&!
kutra / ?
- where
atra /
?
tatra /
- here
- there
api / @!
- too
gachchhati
gachchhati
where are the boys going - #:(
:N
? [89 / baalakaaH kutra
gachchhanti
the boys are going there - #:(
:N [89 / baalakaaH tatra
gachchhanti
Note that the 6&&! (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the number,
and person of the "Subject" (
:1 / kartaa).
Rule 4: Indeclinables (6&&! / avyayapada) never change in form and
remain same irrespective of the person and number of the "Subject" (
:1
/kartaa).
Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or
property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In Sanskrit it
is called @)*I+ (visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the gender (B(C / liN^ga)
Adjective (@)*I
@)*I+ / visheShaNa):
(karma vaachya).
Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation, their different
elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study the rules in detail in
subsequent chapters.
We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with
examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All
subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8.
Active Voice (
F
F)
1 :[& / kartRRIvaachya):
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
(
:1 /
kartaa)
the boy
#:(N /
baalaH
Verb
(<&: /
kriyaa)
Object
(
%1 / karma)
1. the boy is
going
#:(N [B
baalaH
gachchhati
going
[B /
gachchhati
2. i am going
going
i am
-K [:B%
[:B% /
aha.n gachchhami -K / aha.n
gachchhami
3. the boy is
reading
#:(N !B
baalaH pathati
the boy
#:(N /
baalaH
4. i am
reading
-K !:B%
aha.n pathaami
reading
i am
!:B% /
-K / aha.n
pathaami
the boy
#:(N /
baalaH
going
[B /
gachchhati
to school
@)R:(&% J /
vidyaalayam
going
i am
[:B% /
-K / aha.n
gachchhami
to school
@)R:(&% J /
vidyaalayam
reading
!B /
pathati
#:(N @)R:(&% J
5. the boy is
going to
school
[B
baalaH
vidyaalayam
gachchhati
6. i am going
to school
7. the boy is
reading the
book
8. i am
reading the
book
These
are
all
examples
of
reading
!B /
pathati
reading
i am
!:B% /
-K / aha.n
pathaami
Active
Voice
or
F)
1 :[&
the book
!?
% J /
pustakam
the book
!?
% J /
pustakam
(kartRRivaachya).
or
%1
F)
1 :[&
(akarmaka
kartRRivachya).
F)
1 :[&
(sakarmaka
kartRRivachya).
Rule 6: In a
F)
1 :[& (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or
%1 (karma) is
always in the "accusative case" or <QE&: @)$@L (dvitiiyaa vibhakti).
Verb Forms (B9!
B9! / tiN^antapada):
kriyaa) and its use. We learnt that in Sanskrit :? (dhaatu) is the base or root of all
verbs. Each verb is a derivative or :?M! (dhaaturupa) of it's root. We also learnt
that in a sentence the verb (:? / dhaatu) always follows the person (!?M+ /
puruSha) and number ()
We will study the first 5 verb-forms in detail, in coming chapters. Followings are
some common features of different (
:' (lakaara) in Sanskrit.
Each (
:' (lakaara) has verb-forms for three persons (!?M+ / puruSha) and three
numbers ()
/ vachana), which
vahuvachana).
The number ()
()
(B(C / liN^ga) of the Subject does not affect the :?M! (dhaaturupa).
In coming chapters we will study the different verb-forms (:?M! / dhaaturupa) in
detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the different verb-forms we
have used !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu for sentence
formation. At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly
used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for
day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
(Z(
:' / laTlakaara (Present Tense): (Z(
:' (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in present
tense ()1%:
:( / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence which is in present tense,
the verb (<&: / kriaa) has to be in (Z(
:' (laTlakaara).
The complete (Z(
:' / laTlakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu are
given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in
)1%:
:( (vartamaanakaala) or present tense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
Comments
:? / dhaatu
)1%: :( %!?M+ )
#:(
N !B
baalakaH paThati
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
: !B
vaalikaa paThati
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
3. Rama is reading.
':%N !B
raamaH paThati
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
4. Sita is reading.
,E: !B
siitaa paThati
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
N B
baalakaH gachchhati
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
: B
vaalikaa gachchhati
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
#:(
:N !89
baalakaaH paThanti
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
:N !89
vaalikaaH paThati
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
[::N !89
chchhaatraaH paThati
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
#:(
:N [89
baalakaaH gachchhanti
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
:N [89
vaalikaaH gachchhanti
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verb-form in use. Only the
number and person are followed by verb. In case sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are
in musculine (!?8C(9 / puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are
in feminine (DEB(C / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends upon the gender.
All the above sentences were in third person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study
the following sentences. These are in second person (%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) and first
person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
:? / dhaatu
Comments
H)K [B,
tva.n gachchhasi
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
H)K !B,
tva.n paThasi
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
-K [:B%
aha.n gachchhaami
%S
asmad
% J
gam
16. I am reading.
-K !:B%
aha.n paThaami
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
&?&K [
yua.n gachchhatha
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?&K !
yua.n paThatha
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
)&K [:%N
vaya.n gachchhaamaH
%S
asmad
% J
gam
)&K !:%N
yua.n paThaamaH
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
sentences the Subject used is &?%S (yusmad) *> (shabda). In case of second person the kartaa
is always &?%S (yusmad) *> (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (X%!?M+
)
/ uttamapuruSha
ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (X%!?M+ )-)
?
uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is %S (asmad) *>
(shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always %S (asmad) *> (shabda).
As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has three different numbers
viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used
accordingly. The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> /
shabda
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
#:(
P !N
baalakau paThataH
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
I !N
vaalike paThataH
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
P [N
baalakau gachchhataH
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
I [N
vaalike gachchhataH
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
[:P !N
chchhatrau paThataH
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
&?):K [N
yuvaa.n
gachchhathaH
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?):K !N
yuvaa.n paThathaH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
):K [:)N
aavaa.n
gachchhaavaH
%S
asmad
% J
gam
):K !:)N
aavaa.n paThaavaH
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit
sentences using (Z(
:' / laTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (*> /
shabda) and verbs (:? / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study (FZ(
:' (lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Dual
Q5) /
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!B / paThati
!N / paThataH
!89 / paThanti
Second
%W&% / madhyama
!B, / paThasi
!N / paThathaH
! / paThatha
First
X% / uttama
!:B% / paThaami
!:)N / paThaavaH
!:%N / paThaamaH
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
)-)
?
Plural
/ vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
[B / gachchhati
[N /
gachchhataH
[89 / gachchhanti
Second
%W&% / madhyama
[B, / gachchhasi
[N /
gachchhathaH
[ / gachchhatha
First
[:B% /
[:)N /
[:%N /
X% / uttama
gachchhaami
gachchhaavaH
gachchhaamaH
chapter we will study about future tense. (FZ(
:' (lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent the future
tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in future tense we need to use verbd-forms from
(FZ(
:' (lRRiTlakaara).
The complete (FZ(
:' / lRRiTlakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu
are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in
$@)&
:( (bhaviShyatakaala) or future tense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
Verb
Comments
*> / shabda :? / dhaatu
#:(
N !<&B
vaalakaH paThiShyati
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
: !<&B
vaalikaa paThiShyati
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
':%N !<&B
raamaH paThiShyati
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
,E: !<&B
siitaa paThiShyati
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
N B%&B
baalakaH gamiShyati
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
: B%&B
vaalikaa gamiShyati
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
#:(
:N !<&89
baalakaaH paThiShyanti
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
:N !<&89
vaalikaaH paThiShyanti
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
[::N !<&89
chchhaatraaH paThiShyanti
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@! :'
!Y
lipikaaraaH paThiShyanti
lipikaara
paTh
#:(
:N B%&89
baalakaaH gamiShyanti
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
:N B%&89
vaalikaaH gamiShyanti
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study
the following sentences. These are in second person (%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) and first
person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
:? / dhaatu
Comments
H)K B%&B,
tva.n gamiShyasi
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
H)K !<&B,
tva.n paThiShyasi
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
-K B%&:B%
aha.n gamiShyaami
%S
asmad
% J
gam
-K !<&:B%
aha.n paThiShyaami
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
&?&K B%&
yua.n gamiShyatha
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?&K !<&
yua.n paThiShyatha
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
)&K B%&:%N
vaya.n gamiShyaamaH
%S
asmad
% J
gam
)&K !<&:%N
yua.n paThiShyaamaH
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
&?%S
always
(yusmad)
*>
(shabda).
/ uttamapuruSha
ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (X%!?M+ )-)
?
uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is %S (asmad) *>
(shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always %S
(asmad) *>
(shabda).
You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense ((FZ(
:' / lRRiTlakaara) are similar
to present tense ((Z(
:' / laTlakaara) with a minor deviation. In case of a !Y :? (paTh
dhaatu), the (FZ(
:' form can be derived from the (Z(
:' form by inserting & (iShya)
before
the
B! J
(tip)
end.
For
most
verb
forms
this
is
true.
Rule: For most verbs, the (FZ(
:' form can be derived from the (Z(
:' form by inserting &
(iShya)
before
the
B! J
(tip)
end.
However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation. In case of % J :?
(gam dhaatu) instead of 8[B / gachchhiShyati the correct form is B%&B / gamiShyati
and so on. This deviations should be kept in mind for such specific verbs.
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> /
shabda
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
#:(
P !<&N
baalakau paThiShyataH
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
I !<&N
vaalike paThiShyataH
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
P B%&N
baalakau gamiShyataH
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
I B%&N
vaalike gamiShyataH
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
[:P !<&N
chchhatrau
paThiShyataH
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
&?):K B%&N
yuvaa.n gamiShyathaH
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?):K !<&N
yuvaa.n paThiShyathaH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
):K B%&:)N
aavaa.n gamiShyaavaH
%S
asmad
% J
gam
):K !<&:)N
aavaa.n paThiShyaavaH
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit
sentences using (FZ(
:' / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (*>
/ shabda) and verbs (:? / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study (C(
:' (laN^lakaara) or past tense.
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
)-)
?
Plural
/ vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!<&B /
paThiShyati
!<&N /
paThiShyataH
!<&89 /
paThiShyanti
Second
%W&% /
madhyama
!<&B, /
paThiShyasi
!<&N /
paThiShyathaH
!<& / paThiShyatha
First
X% / uttama
!<&:B% /
paThiShyaami
!<&:)N /
paThiShyaabaH
!<&:%N /
paThiShyaamaH
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
)-)
?
Plural
/ vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
B%&B /
gamiShyati
B%&N /
gamiShyataH
B%&89 /
gamiShyanti
Second
%W&% / madhyama
B%&B, /
gamiShyasi
B%&N /
gamiShyathaH
B%& / gamiShyatha
First
X% / uttama
B%&:B% /
gamiShyaami
B%&:)N /
gamiShyaavaH
B%&:%N /
gamiShyaamaH
we will study about past tense. (C(
:' (laN^lakaara) verb-forms represent the past tense in a
sentence. So, while forming sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from (C(
:'
(laN^lakaara).
The complete (C(
:' / laN^lakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu
are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in
$?
:( (bhutakaala) or past tense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
Verb
Comments
*> / shabda :? / dhaatu
#:( N ! J
#:(
!Y
baalakaH apaThat
baalaka
paTh
):B(
: ! J
vaalikaa apaThat
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
':%N ! J
raamaH apaThat
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
,E: ! J
siitaa apaThat
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
N [ J
baalakaH agachchhat
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
: [ J
vaalikaa agachchhat
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
#:(
:N ! J
baalakaaH apaThan
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
:N ! J
vaalikaaH apaThan
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
[::N ! J
chchhaatraaH apaThan
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
#:(
:N [ J
baalakaaH agachchhan
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
:N [ J
vaalikaaH agachchhan
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study
the following sentences. These are in second person (%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) and first
person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
Comments
:? / dhaatu
H)K [N
tva.n agachchhaH
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
H)K !N
tva.n apaThaH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
-K [% J
aha.n agachchham
%S
asmad
% J
gam
-K !% J
aha.n apaTham
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
&?&K [
yua.n agachchhata
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?&K !
yua.n apaThata
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
)&K [:%
vaya.n agachchhaama
%S
asmad
% J
gam
)&K !:%
yua.n apaThaama
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
always
&?%S
(yusmad)
*>
(shabda).
/ uttamapuruSha
ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (X%!?M+ )-)
?
uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is %S (asmad) *>
(shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always %S
(asmad) *>
(shabda).
Subject
*> /
shabda
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
#:(
P !:% J
baalakau apaThataam
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
I !:% J
vaalike apaThataam
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
P !:% J
baalakau apaThataam
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
I [:% J
vaalike
agachchhataam
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
[:P !:% J
chchhatrau
apaThataam
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
&?):K [% J
yuvaa.n agachchhatam
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?):K !% J
yuvaa.n apaThatam
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
):K [:)
aavaa.n agachchhaava
%S
asmad
% J
gam
):K !:)
aavaa.n apaThaava
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit
sentences using (C(
:' / laN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (*>
/ shabda) and verbs (:? / dhaatu) in those.
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Third
% / prathama
! J / apaThat
!:% J /
apaThataam
! J / apaThan
Second
%W&% / madhyama
!N / apaThaH
!% J / apaThatam
! / apaThata
First
X% / uttama
!% J / apaTham
!:) / apaThaava
!:% / apaThaama
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
[ J /
agachchhat
[:% J /
agachchhataam
[ J / agachchhan
Second
%W&% / madhyama
[N /
agachchhaH
[% J /
agachchhatam
[ /
agachchhata
First
X% / uttama
[% J /
agachchham
[:) /
agachchhaava
[:% /
agachchhaama
The complete &:K(]Z(
:' / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go)
:? / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences.
These are in imperative mood.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
Verb
Comments
*> / shabda :? / dhaatu
#:(
N !?
baalakaH paThatu
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
: !?
vaalikaa paThatu
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
':%N !?
raamaH paThatu
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
,E: !?
siitaa paThatu
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
N [?
baalakaH gachchhatu
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
: [?
vaalikaa gachchhatu
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
#:(
:N !9?
baalakaaH paThantu
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
:N !9?
vaalikaaH paThantu
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
[::N !9?
chchhaatraaH paThantu
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
#:(
:N [9?
baalakaaH gachchhantu
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
:N [9?
vaalikaaH gachchhantu
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study
the following sentences. These are in second person (%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) and first
person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
:? / dhaatu
Comments
H)K [
tva.n gachchha
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
H)K !
tva.n paTha
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
-K [:B
aha.n gachchhaani
%S
asmad
% J
gam
-K !:B
aha.n paThaani
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
&?&K [
yua.n gachchhata
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?&K !
yua.n paThata
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
)&K [:%
vaya.n gachchhaama
%S
asmad
% J
gam
)&K !:%
yua.n paThaama
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
always
&?%S
(yusmad)
*>
(shabda).
/ uttamapuruSha
ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (X%!?M+ )-?)
uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is %S (asmad) *>
(shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always %S
(asmad) *>
(shabda).
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> /
shabda
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara dvivachana)
#:(
P !:% J
baalakau paThataam
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
I !:% J
vaalike paThataam
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
P [:% J
baalakau
gachchhataam
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
I [:% J
vaalike gachchhataam
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
[:P !:% J
chchhatrau paThataam
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
&?):K [% J
yuvaa.n gachchhatam
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?):K !% J
yuvaa.n paThatam
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
):K [:)
%S
% J
aavaa.n gachchhaava
asmad
gam
):K !:)
aavaa.n paThaava
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit
sentences using (FZ(
:' / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (*>
/ shabda) and verbs (:? / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study @)GB(C(
:' (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative mood.
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Dual
Q5) /
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!? / paThatu
!:% J / paThataam
!9? / paThantu
Second
%W&% / madhyama
! / paTha
!% J / paThatam
! / paThata
!:) / paThaava
!:% / paThaama
First
X% / uttama
!:B
/ paThaani
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
[? / gachchhatu
[:% J /
gachchhataam
[9? /
gachchhantu
Second
%W&% / madhyama
[ / gachchha
[% J / gachchhatam
[ / gachchhata
First
X% / uttama
[:B /
gachchhaani
[:% /
gachchhaama
[:) / gachchhaava
imperative mood. In this chapter we will study about optative mood. @)GB(C(
:'
(vidhailiN^lakaara) verb-forms represent sentences in optative mood. So, any sentence
indicating possibility of something verb-forms of @)GB(C(
:' (vidhailiN^lakaara) should be
used.
The complete @)GB(C(
:' / vidhailiN^lakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? /
dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are
in @)GB(C(
:' (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative mood.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Verb
Subject
Comments
*> / shabda :? / dhaatu
#:(
N !I J
baalakaH paThet
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
: !I J
vaalikaa paThet
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
':%N !I J
raamaH paThet
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
,E: !I J
siitaa paThet
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
N [I J
baalakaH gachchhet
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
: [I J
vaalikaa gachchhet
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
[:
!Y
chchhaatraaH paTheyaH
chchhaatra
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study
the following sentences. These are in second person (%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) and first
person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
:? / dhaatu
Comments
H)K [I N
tva.n gachchheH
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
H)K !I N
tva.n paTheH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
%S
asmad
% J
gam
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
&?&K [I
yua.n !I &% J
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?&K !I
yua.n paTheta
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
)&K [I %
vaya.n gachchhema
%S
asmad
% J
gam
)&K !I %
yua.n paThema
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
always
&?%S
(yusmad)
*>
(shabda).
/ uttamapuruSha
ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (X%!?M+ )-)
?
uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is %S (asmad) *>
(shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always %S
(asmad) *>
(shabda).
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> /
shabda
/ vidhailiN^lakaara dvivachana)
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
):B(
:
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
):B(
:
vaalikaa
% J
gam
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
B(@!
:'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
&?):K [I % J
yuvaa.n gachchhatam
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?):K !I % J
yuvaa.n paThetam
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
):K [I )
aavaa.n gachchheva
%S
asmad
% J
gam
):K !I )
aavaa.n paTheva
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit
sentences using @)GB(C(
:' / vidhailiN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more
nouns (*> / shabda) and verbs (:? / dhaatu) in those.
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Dual
Q5) /
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!I J / paThet
Second
%W&% / madhyama
!I N / paTheH
!I % J / paThetam
!I / paTheta
First
X% / uttama
!I ) / paTheva
!I % / paThema
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) / ekavachana
Q5)
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
[I J / gachchhet
[I :% J /
gachchhetaam
[I &?N /
gachchheyuH
Second
%W&% / madhyama
[I N / gachchheH
[I % J /
gachchhatam
[I / gachchhet
First
X% / uttama
[I &% J /
gachchheyam
[I ) / gachchheva
[I % / gachchhema
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences: In the last five chapters we covered five different verb-forms, using
!Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu. For better vocabulary the following is a
list of different sentences using many more verbs and nouns for your reference. The sentences
cover all the five verb-forms we have covered so far.
C\($:+: /
English
,K F / Sanskrit
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
#:(
N !B
baalakaH paThati
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
The pupil is
saluting.
B*&N %B
shiShyaH namati
B*&
shiShya
%J
nam
agraja
)S
vad
N !&B
janakaH pashyati
janaka
a* J
dRRish
!?
putra
% J
gam
bN :)B
ashvaH dhaavati
b
ashva
:) J
dhaav
)F.N "(B
vRRikshaH phalati
)F.
vRRiksha
"( J
phal
The servant is
standing.
,I)
N BcB
sevakaH tiShThati
,I)
sevaka
:
sthaa
Notes
(Z(
:' or laTlakaara is the
only verb-form to represent
present tense.
Unlike English wheresimple
present (verb + s, verb + es)
andpresent-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
SanskritlaTlakaara represents
both.
So, "the boy reads" and "the
boy is reading" will have
same verb-forms.
The beggar
wanders.
B$.?
N B
bhikshukaH aTati
B$.?
bhikshuka
d
aT
He is laughing.
,N -,B
saH hasati
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
-, J
has
The mother
cooks.
f#: !B
ambaa pachati
f#:
ambaa
! J
pach
The son is
laughing.
,?N -,B
sutaH hasati
,?
suta
-, J
has
):(:
vaalaa
B( J
likh
She is drinking
milk.
,: \K
@!)B
?
saa dugdha.n pivati
S (DE)
tad (strii)
!:
paa
It is evening.
,9W&: $)B
sandhyaa bhavati
,9W&:
sandhyaa
$U
bhuu
N 'B
ajaH charati
aja
' J
char
She is leading.
,: &B
saa nayati
S (DE)
tad (strii)
E
nii
The flower
blooms.
!?!K @)
,B
puShpa.n vikasati
"(% J !B
phalam patati
"(
phala
! J
pat
Friend is giving.
B%K &[B
mitra.n yachchhati
B%
mitra
&[h
yachchh
Artists are
sketching.
B
:':N B(89
chitrakaaraaH likhanti
B
:'
chitrakaara
B( J
likh
Porters are
carrying.
$:'):-:N )-89
bhaaravaahaaH
vahanti
$:'):bhaaravaaha
)i
vah
Theives are
running.
]':N :)89
choraaH dhaavanti
]'
chora
:) J
dhaav
Washermen are
washing.
'
:N .:(&89
rajakaaH kshaalayanti
'
rajaka
.:( J
kshaal
Carpenters do
. :N .89
.
. J
!?!
puShpa
@) +
, J
vi + kas
carpentry.
takshakaaH takshanti
takshaka
taksh
Singers are
singing.
:&
:N :&89
gaayakaaH gaayanti
:&
gaayaka
G
gai
Dancers are
dancing.
:N HF &89
naaTaaH nRRityanti
naTa
F J
nRRit
Cooks are
cooking.
!:
:N !89
paachakaaH pachanti
!:
paachaka
! J
pach
Devotees are
meditating.
$L:N W&:89
bhaktaaH dhyaanti
$L
bhakta
W&G
dhyai
They smell
flowers.
I !?!:8 889
te puShpaaNi
jighranti
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
:
ghraa
They remember.
I %'89
te smaranti
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
%F
smRRi
Barbers shave.
:@!:N %?k&89
naapitaaH
muNDayanti
:@!
naapita
%?kl
muND
Weavers weave.
9?):&:N )&89
tantuvaayaaH vayanti
9?):&
tantuvaaya
Goats graze.
:N '89
ajaaH charanti
aja
' J
char
Fruits shake.
"(:B "?'89
phaalaani sphuranti
"(
phala
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
H)K %B,
tva.n namasi
&?%S
yusmad
%J
nam
You are
speaking.
H)K )B,
tva.n vadasi
&?%S
yusmad
)S
vad
You see.
H)K !&B,
tva.n pashyasi
&?%S
yusmad
a* J
dRRish
&U&K !
yuuya.n patatha
&?%S
yusmad
! J
pat
&U&K &
yuuya.n nayatha
&?%S
yusmad
E
nii
All of you
rebuke.
&U&K B 9
yuuya.n nindatha
&?%S
yusmad
B 9S
nind
I wish.
-% J [:B%
aham ichchhaami
%S
asmad
+ J
iSh
I am dancing.
-% J HF &:B%
aham nRRityaami
%S
asmad
F J
nRRit
I remember.
-% J %':B%
aham smaraami
%S
asmad
%F
smRRi
I reside.
-% J ),:B%
aham vasaami
%S
asmad
), J
vas
I am asking a
question.
-% J mK !F[:B%
aham prashna.n
pRRichchhaami
%S
asmad
[h
prachchh
We play.
)&K n:%N
vaya.n kriiDaamaH
%S
asmad
nl
krriD
We are writing.
)&K B(:%N
vaya.n likhaamaH
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
We are drinking.
)&K @!#:%N
vaya.n pibaamaH
%S
asmad
!:
paa
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
Notes
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
#:(
N !<&B
baalakaH paThiShyati
[:
chchhaatra
% J
gam
I )<&89
te vadiShyanti
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
)S
vad
B
:'
chitrakaara
B( J
likh
It will be evening.
,9W&: $@)&B
sandhyaa bhaviShyati
,9W&:
sandhyaa
$U
bhuu
?MN !:B&&B
guruH paaThayiShyati
?M
guru
!:Y /
paaTh
!?!:8 @)
B,&89
puShpaaNi vikasiShyanti
!?!
puShpa
@) +
, J
vi + kas
:@!N %?kB&&B
naapitaH muNDayiShyati
:@!
naapita
%?kl
muND
H)K !<&B,
tva.n paThiShyasi
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
&?&K n<&
vaya.n kriiDiShyatha
&?%S
yusmad
nl
kriiD
I will go.
-K B%&:B%
aha.n gamiShyaami
%S
asmad
% J
gam
-K !% J B(8&:B%
aha.n patram likhiShyaami
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
We will play.
)&K n<&:%N
vaya.n kriiDiShyaamaH
%S
asmad
nl
kriiD
C\($:+: /
English
,K F / Sanskrit
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
The boy
read/was
reading.
#:(
N ! J
baalakaH apaThat
He played.
,N n J
saH akriiDat
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
nl
kriiD
She stood.
,: Bc J
saa atiShThat
S (DE)
tad (strii)
:
sthaa
&[ J
charmakaarah
paadarakshaam
ayachchhat
Notes
(C(
:' or laN^lakaarais the
only verb-formto represent
past tense.
Unlike English wheresimple
past and past-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
Sanskrit laN^lakaararepresents
both.
B,Ksi.nha
%F
mRRi
6&:
vyaaghra
:S
khaad
%::1'N %U+
% J
The cat saw the
rat.
!& J
maarjaaram
muuShakam
apashyat
%::1'
maarjaara
a* J
dRrish
The friend
wrote a letter.
)&,N !% J B( J
vayasaH patram
alikhat
)&,
vayasa
B( J
likh
One went to
village.
N :%% J [ J
ekaH graamam
agachchhat
eka
% J
gam
They laughed.
I -, J
te ahasan
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
-, J
has
[:
chchhaatra
nl
kriiD
]'
chora
-' J
har
[:N n J
Students played. chchhaatraaH
akriiDan
]':N !I<
:% J -' J
Thieves stole the
choraaH peTikaam
box.
aharan
Students asked
question.
[::N m% J !F[ J
chchhaatraaH
prashnam
apRRichchhan
[:
chchhaatra
[h
prachchh
Bisons grazed
grass.
%<-+
mahiSha
' J
char
Women sang.
%<-(:N :& J
mahilaaH agaayan
%<-(:
mahilaa
G
gai
,!1
sarpa
B( J
gil
Snakes
swallowed
frogs.
,!:1N %kU
: J
B( J
sarpaaH
maNDuukaan agilan
$:'):bharavaaha
)i
vah
Fishermen took
away the fish.
B)':N %E % J & J
dhivaraaH miinam
anayan
B)'
dhivara
E
nii
You ran.
H)% J :)N
&?%S
:) J
tvam adhaavaH
yusmad
dhaav
You danced.
H)% J HF &N
tvam anRRityaH
&?%S
yusmad
F J
nRRit
You read.
H)% J !N
tvam apaThaH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
&?%S
yusmad
a* J
dRRish
&U&K :N
yuuya.n akhaadataH
&?%S
yusmad
:S
khaad
I saluted the
teacher.
-K ?o% J %% J
aha.n guruum
anamam
%S
asmad
%J
nam
I remembered
the matter.
%S
asmad
%F
smRRi
I smelt the
flower.
%S
asmad
:
ghraa
I saw the
picture.
%S
asmad
a* J
dRRish
I wrote a letter.
-K !% J B(% J
aha.n patram alikham
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
We spoke.
)&% J ):%
vayam avadaama
%S
asmad
)S
vad
We ate.
)&% J ::%
vayam akhaadaama
%S
asmad
:S
khaad
We played.
)&% J n:%
vayam akriiDaama
%S
asmad
nl
kriiD
C\($:+: / English
,K
F / Sanskrit
#:(
N !?
baalakaH paThatu
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
Notes
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
#:(
N B(?
baalakaH likhatu
#:(
baalaka
B( J
likh
,N )-?
saH vahatu
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
)i
vah
:&
N :&?
gaayakaH gaayatu
:&
gaayaka
G
gai
,: :)?
saa dhaavatu
S (DE)
tad (strii)
:) J
dhaav
,I)
N .:(&?
sevakaH prakshaalayatu
,I)
sevaka
):(: !?
vaalaa paThatu
):(:
vaalaa
[:N mK !F[?
chchhaatra prashna.n
pRRichchhatu
:N HF &9?
naTaaH nRRityantu
+ .:( J
prakshaal
!Y
paTh
[h
[:
chchhaatra prachchh
naTa
F J
nRRit
I ),9?
te vasantu
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
), J
vas
B$.?
:N 9?
bhikshukaaH aTantu
B$.?
bhikshuka
d
aT
%<-(:N !&9?
mahilaaH pashyantu
%<-(:
a* J
dRRish
You go.
H)K [
tva.n gachchha
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
H)K @Xc
tva.n uttiShTha
&?%S
yusmad
:
sthaa
You drink.
H)K @!#
tva.n piba
&?%S
yusmad
!:
paa
&U&K )
yuuya.n vadata
&?%S
yusmad
)S
vad
&U&K [
yuuya.n gachchhata
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&U&K !&
yuuya.n pashyata
&?%S
yusmad
a* J
dRRish
Let me go.
-K [:B
aha.n gachchhaani
%S
asmad
% J
gam
Let me write.
-K B(:B
aha.n likhaani
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
Let me read.
-K !:B
aha.n paThaani
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
Let us drink.
)&K @!):%
vaya.n pivaama
%S
asmad
!:
paa
Let us ask.
)&K !F[:%
vaya.n pRRichchhaama
%S
asmad
Let us sing.
)&K :&:%
vaya.n gaayaama
%S
asmad
[h
prachchh
G
gai
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
#:(
N !I J
baalakaH paThet
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
R )F@pK $)I J
adya vRRiShTi.n
bhavet
$U
bhuu
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
[::N !I J
Students should study. chchhaatraaH
paThet
Dancers may dance.
:N HF &I&?N
naTaaH
nRRityeyuH
:
naTa
F J
nRRit
f#: !I J
ambaa pachet
f#:
ambaa
! J
pach
,I)
sevaka
.:( J
kshaal
,I)
N )D:8
Servant should wash
the cloathes.
.:(&I J
sevakaH vaastraaNi
kshaalayet
I BcI&% J
te tiShTheyam
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
:
sthaa
,: @)R:(&K qI J
S (DE)
% J
Notes
@)GB(C(
:'
orvidhailiN^lakaararepresents
both should (should +
verb)and may (may + verb)
in the sentence. So, "the boy
should go" and "the boy may
go" will have the same verbforms.
saa vidyaalaya.n
gachchhet
tad (strii)
gam
#:(
baala
:S
khaad
%<-(:N :&I&?N
mahilaaH gaayeyuH
%<-(:
mahilaa
G
gai
H)K ?M% J %I
tvam gurum name
&?%S
yusmad
%J
nam
H)% J !I
tvam paThe
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
You should go to
temple.
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?%S
yusmad
%F
smRRi
&?%S
yusmad
a* J
dRRish
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh-
%S
asmad
nl
kriiD
-K !K B(I&% J
aha.n patra.n
likheyam
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
)&K \K
@!)I%
?
vaya.n digdha.n
pivema
%S
asmad
!:
paa
We may go to village.
%S
asmad
% J
gam
shabdarupa), verb(<&:
kriyaa)
and
their
use.
To summarise - noun or shabda (*>) is the word that represents someone or something in a
sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality etc. A noun is the only
word
that
can
be
used
as
the subject or object for
a verb.
In Sanskrit shabda (*>) is the base or root of all noun-forms (*>M!). Each noun-form is a
derivative or shabdarupa (*>M!) of it's root. For example "boy" as a root can have different
singular forms representing "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/to the boy", "from the boy",
"of
the
boy"
and
"in
the
boy".
We will study noun-forms in detail. Followings are few features of noun-forms.
In a sentence the verb always follows the number and case of the subject (
:1 / kartaa).
The subject's gender has no effect on the verb-form.
a noun can have 21 different forms (*>M! / shabdarupa) each associating a specific
meaning to the noun. Besides the cases a vocative case is also added to the 7 different cases.
This makes a noun to have 24 different forms.
/ sambodhana
In coming chapters we will learn the noun cases or @)$@L (vibhakti) in detail. For easier and
simpler study while describing the different noun-forms we have used commonly used nouns for
sentence composition. The complete noun-forms of these nouns are listed at the end of each
chapter for easy reference.
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and
verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day
conversasion in Sanskrit.
Study the following sentences. These are in nominative case. In the previous chapters we have
already come across these sentence formations. These are mentioned again for completness.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
#:(N [B
baalaH gachchhati
2. Poet is writing.
@)N B(B
kaviH likhati
?')N )89
guravaH vadanti
4. Girl is reading.
):(: !B
vaalaa paThati
5. River is flowing.
5 )-B
nadii vahati
6. I am asking.
-K !F[:B%
aha.n pRRichchhaami
7. Sita is singing.
,E: :&B
siitaa gaayati
8. Fruit is falling.
"(K !B
phala.n patati
9. Vehicle is moving.
&: K (B
yaana.n chalati
!?
% J 8
pustakam asti
(K :8
jala.n naasti
!?!K @)
,B
puShpa.n vikasati
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(N
baalah
#:(P
baalau
#:(:N
baalaaH
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:
lataa
(I
late
(:N
lataaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
5
nadii
RP
nadau
RN
nadyaH
N - !?K
"(% J
phalam
"(I
phale
"(:B
phalaani
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
.
N
:cK .B
takshakaH kaaShTha.n takshati
In these sentences
portrait (B / chitra),
wood (
:c /
kaaShTha), songs (!R
[::N u]
: J :&89
chchhaatraaH shlokaan gaayanti
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the painter painting?", the answer that comes
is "the portrait". So, "portrait" is the object in the sentence and the noun-form is in accusative
case or dvitiiyaa vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 6, if we ask the question "what did the commette
gave?", the answer that comes is "permission". In case of sentence 7, if we ask the question "where
is
the
boy
going
to?",
the
answer
that
comes
is
"school".
So, answer to the question "to what", "to whom" or "to where" etc., is the object in the sentence and
is always in accusative case. The verb form is independent of the number or ) (vachana) of
the object.
Grammatical
Rule:
In
active
voice
sentences
the
object
always
inaccusative
case.
Besides the above rule there are few special rules where accusative case is used. Followings are
examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
prepositions (!,1 /
or ! (upa).
Use of indeclinable
B$N (abhitaH),
$&N (ubhayataH),
,%&: (samayaa),
B
+: (nikaShaa),
9': (antaraa) and
!v'N (paritaH) to
represent location.
Use of indeclinable ?
(anu), !&?!v'
(upayupari), W&B
(adhyaaghi), ]N
(adhodhaH)
representing before,
after, above, towards
top location.
Use of verbal
adjective or <&:@)*I+
(kriyaavisheShaNa).
Use of words B
%?x B
J
murkha.n dhik
Expressing spread of
time or space.
Use of indeclinable
@) : (vinaa), I
(RRite) etc.
Grammatical Rule: If the verbs BcB (tiShThati) and ),B (vasati) meaning lives or stays are
prefixed with the preposition (!,1 / upasarga) B (adhi) or ! (upa), then the word
expressing the location will follow accusative case instade of locative case.
In sentence 9 above the answer to question "where does tigress live?" should be "in the forest".
The noun-form should be in locative case i.e., ) I (vane). However since the verb ),B (vasati) is
prefixed with preposition B (adhi) the accusative case ) % J (vanam) is used instade of locative
case.
Sentence
10
and
11
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the indeclinables B$N (abhitaH), $&N (ubhayataH), ,%&: (samayaa),
B
+: (nikaShaa), 9': (antaraa) and !v'N (paritaH) etc., are in use then the word expressing
location
will
be
in
accusative
case.
In sentence 12 above the answer to question "where are the forests?" should be "around
Himalayas". Similarly in sentence 13 if we ask the question "where is the temple?", the answer
will be "inside the pond". However in these case indeclinables B$N (abhitaH) and !v'N
(paritaH) are used to express the location. Hence the words expressing the location (Himalayas
and pond) are in accusative case. Sentences 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18 and 19 follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When indeclinables ? (anu), !&?!v' (upayupari), W&B (adhyaadhi) etc.,
are
used,
Sentences
words
governed
20
and
by
these
21
will
be
follow
in
accusative
case.
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When a word represents a spread of time or space then it takes the accusative
form.
In sentence 24 above the word "everywhere" expresses a spread of space. So, the word country
has taken the accusative case I *K (desha.n) instead of locative case I *I (deshe). Similarly in
sentence 25 "for a month" expresses a span of time. So, the word month has taken theaccusative
case %:,K (maasa.n). Sentence 26 follow this rule as it expresses a span of space.
Grammatical Rule: When words @) : (vinaa) or I (RRite) meaning "without" is used, words
governed
by
it
will
be
in
accusative
case.
In sentence 27 the word ?M (guru) is in accusative case as the indeclinable @) : (vinaa) is in use.
Grammatical Rule: If the words B (prati) and &:) J (yaavat) are in use then the words
governed
by
these
will
be
in
accusative
case.
Sentences
28
and
29
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When word B
J (dhik) is used, words governed by it will be in accusative
case.
In sentence 30 the word %?1 (murkha) is in accusative case as the word B
J (dhik) is in use.
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(% J
baalam
#:(P
baalau
#:(: J
baalaan
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:% J
lataam
(I
late
(:N
lataaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
5% J
nadiim
RP
nadau
5N
nadiiH
N - !?K
"(% J
phalam
"(I
phale
"(:B
phalaani
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
independent
of
gender
of
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
teeth (9 /
danta) and food
($] / bhojana),
flower (!?! /
H)K
'I !F*B,
tva.n kareNa spRRishasi puShpa),
knowledge (@)R: /
,!1N 9GN *B
vidyaa), garland
sarpaH dantaiH dashati (%:(: / maalaa)
are the
B&N $] I %]89
instruments for
atithayaH bhojanena
the respective
modanti
Rule: The
to
the
Sentences
and
word
verb
expressing
will
be
9
also
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are some special rules where insrtumental case is
used. Followings are the examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
Use of words ,-
F N %&: ,:
% J ): J
kRRiShNaH mayaa saakam aagatavaan
(saakam), ,:Ax
I ,:
K ]!:(N N
tena saaka.n gopaalaH gataH
,%K (sama.n)
15. Friendship
with evil not
worth.
X16&:
? 1 I ,- %GE
durjanena sa maitrii na karttavyaa
(saha), ,:
% J
(saarddha.n) and
saha/saaka.n/samsa.n/saardsha.n
gamiShyasi
17. Without
effort knowledge
is not
achievable.
%I @) : @)R:
(z&I
shrameNa vinaa vidyaa na labhyate
20. He is blind
with eyes.
,N :
:N
saH akshNaa kaaNaH
22. He is deaf
with ears.
,N
:1z&:K )B'N
saH karNaabhyaa.n vadhiraH
23. He is lame
with foot.
,N !:I 7N
saH paadena khaJNjaH
24. Rama is
naughty by
nature.
25. He is running
speedily.
,N )II :)B
saH vegena dhaavati
26. Rama is
living happily.
:f : ':%N
naamnaa raamaH
29. Simple by
nature.
):$:)I ,'(N
svaabhaavena saralaH
Use of words
9'I (antareNa)
and @) : (vinaa).
I %I [
ekena krameNa aagachchhata
33. I am
kshatriya
(warrior) by
caste.
35. Rama is
younger to you by
one year.
36. Gopala is
younger to Shyama
by a month.
37. He is elder
to me by a month.
,N % J %:,I !U)N1
saH mat maasena puurvaH
38. Sage by
matted lock.
:B$N :!,N
jaTaabhiH taapasaH
expressing nature
or
characteristics.
Use of words
elder (!U)N1 /
puurvaH), younger
()'N / avaraH)
and younger (!'N /
paraH) to compare
age.
Use of words
matted-lock (:
/ jaTaa), sacredthread (!@) /
upavita) as mark
of
identification.
39. Brahmin by
sacred-thread?
!@)I :K
upavitena vraahmaNa.n
41. He is heart
broken due to
sadness.
NI
,N $\ <&N
?
duHkhena saH bhagnahRRidiyaH
sadness (N
/
?
duHkha), merit
(!?k& / puNya),
43. He is
suffering due to
fever.
,N )'I !E<N
saH jvareNa piiDitaH
44. He is crying
due to hunger.
,N .?&: 9B
saH kshudhayaa krandati
fever ()' /
jvara) and hunger
(.?: / kshudhaa)
are expressing
the cause or
reason of
something.
%% !:I &] % J
mama paaThena prayojanam
(-I <
% J?
kalahena kim?
47. Quarrelling
is waste.
@)):I (% J
vivaadena alam
Use of words
&] % J
(prayojanam), <
% J
(kim) and (% J
(alam) to express
the need or
necessity of
something.
I &] K :8?
dhanena prayojana.n naasti?
49. Less by
knowledge.
/: I -5 N
dnyaanena hiinaH
50. Less by
wealth.
I *U9&N
dhanena shuunyaH
51. He is less by
wealth.
,N I N/*U9&N/-5 N
saH dhanena uunaH / shuunyaH /
hiinaH
,N *%?:B$N n
K n): J
saH dashamudraabhiH kriiDanaka.n
kriitavaan
/ dashamudraa)
are representing
the value or cost
of something.
Giving something
to perform some
imoral or
indecent act. In
this
case instrumental
case will be used
and notdative
case.
Sentences
18
and
19
also
follow
this
rule.
24
to
34
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like !U)N1 (puurvaH), !'N (paraH), )'N (avaraH)
etc., are used to express a comparision in time then the word
expressing the sense of time will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 35 the word "younger" or !'N (paraH) is used to compare time or age,
and "year" or )+1 (varsHa) is the word expressing the sense of time. So, the word
"year" is in instrumental case. Sentences 36 and 37 also follow this rule.
lock"
is
in instrumental
case.
Sentences
39
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical
Rule:
If
words
like
(% J
(alam),
< K
(ki.n),
&] % J
case.
Sentence
51
(dnyaana). Similarly in
follows
this
rule.
follows
this
rule.
In sentence 54 "five coins" express the cost or value of the book. So, it is
in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 55 "ten coins" is the cost of the toy. So,
"ten
coins"
is
in instrumental
case.
the
path
that
is
being
followed
or
taken.
Singular
)
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(I
baalena
#:(:z&:% J
baalaabhyaam
#:(GN
baalaiH
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(&:
latayaa
(:z&:% J
lataabhyaam
(:B$N
lataabhiH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
R:
nadyaa
5z&:% J
nadiibhyaam
5B$N
nadiibhiH
"(I
phalena
"(:z&:% J
phalaabhyaam
"(GN
phalaiH
Word
*>
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to whom" or "for whom" of the sentence. In
other
words dative
case represents
the dative in
the
sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in dative case.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
B$.?
:&N kU (K I <1. Give rice to the beggar. bhikshukaayaH taNDuula.n
dehi
2. I am giving prize to
him.
(bhikshuka), &?%S
-K %G !?'
:'K :B%
aha.n tasmai puraskaara.n (yusmad), M\
dadaami
(rugNa) and B 1
3. Doctor is giving
medicine to the patient.
B
N B 1 :& K &?
dhanikaH nirdhanaaya
dhana.n yachhatu
Giving something
to perform some
imoral or
indecent act. In
this
case instrumental
case will be used
and notdative
case.
(nirdhana)
represent the
person to whom
something is
given.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "give rice to whom?", the answer that
comes is "the beggar". So, "beggar" is the dative in the sentence and the noun-form
is in dative case or chaturthii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question
"doctor gave medicine to whom?", the answer that comes is "patient".
So, answers to the question "to whom" or "for whom" etc., is the dative in the
sentence and is always in dative case. The verb form is independent of
the number or
)
(vachana)
of
the subject or object.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is
given
will
be
in
dative
case.
Sentence
1,
2,
and
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few special rules where dative case is used.
Followings are examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
,?)1f-:':& -:
% J
suvarNahaaraaya haaTakam
%:1& !E -E&:
dharmaaya patnii
grahaNiiyaa
,N ?':& ,U&B
saH chaturaaya asuuyati
The words !@
:
(patrikaa),
,?)1f-:'
(suvarNahaara) and
%1 (dharma)
represent the
things for which
something is
needed.
Notes
rochante
20. I like milk.
%K \K
']I
?
mahyaa.n dugdha.n rochate
%G %]
K
)I?
kasmai modaka.n na
svadate?
?')I %N
gurave namaH
:':&:& %N
naaraayaNaaya namaH
\ &I #+d
agneya baShaT
,)z&N )8
sarvebhyaH svasti
Word expressing
the target
destination for
actions like going
or coming can be
inaccusative
-K :%:& / :%% J :B%
aga.n graamaaya / graamam case or dative
case.
gachhaami
Word expressing
the person from
whom something is
borrowed.
sandesha.n kathaya
Grammatical Rule: The word expressiong the purpose for which certain
action is taken or something is needed will be in dative case.
Sentence 6 above means the author should write for the paper. In other words the
writing action is for the "paper". So, paper takes the dative case. Similarly in
sentence 7 gold is needed for neckless. So, neckless is in the dative case. Sentence 8
also
follows
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the object into which another
object
transforms
will
be
in
dative
case.
In sentence 9 above - wealth turns or transforms into egoism. So, "egoism" is
in dative case the object into which wealth transforms. Sentence 10 and 11 also
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person (or thing) against
whom (or which) anger or hatered is shown will be in dative case.
In sentence 12 above - Laxmi shows hatered towards the "knowledgable". So, the
word knowledgable is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 14 the King shows anger
towards enemies. So, the word enemy is in dative case. Sentence 13 and 15 also
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning "liking" are used, the word
expressing the person to whom it is a matter of liking will be in
dative
case.
In sentence 17 above - girls like flowers or in other words flowers are a metter of
liking to the girls. So, "girl" is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 21 play is a
matter of liking to "child". So, the child is in dative case. Sentence 16, 18, 19, 20,
and
22
also
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical
Rule:
When
the
words
%N
(namaH),
)8
(svasti),
):-:
(svaahaa), (K (ala.n) and #+d (baShaT) are used the words expressing the
object
of
their
reference
will
be
in
dative
case.
In sentence 23 above "teacher" is the object of reference of the word
%N (namaH)
or salute. So, the word teacher or ?M (guru) is in dative case. Sentence 24, 25, 26
and
27
also
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning going or coming are used the words
expressing the destination will be either in accusative case or dative
case.
In sentence 28 above "home" is in dative case (or accusative case) as home is the
destination.
Sentence
29
also
follows
the
same
rule.
Sentence
31
also
follows
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The person with whom the subject relates something
through
his
or
her
action
will
be
in
dative
case.
In sentence 33 above mother is showing the moon to son. In other words mother
the subject in the sentence with her action of showing is relating son with the moon.
So,
the
word
son
or
!?
(putra)
is
in dative
case.
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(:&
baalaaya
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:&G
lataayai
(:z&:% J
lataabhyaam
(:z&N
lataabhyaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
RG
nadyai
5z&:% J
nadiibhyaam
5z&N
nadiibhyaH
"(:z&:% J
"(Iz&N
phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
Ablative
!7%E
@)$@L
Case
"(:&
phalaaya
#:(:z&:% J
#:(Iz&N
baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
(paJNchamii
vibhakti):
@)$@L
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
The words tree
()F. / vRRiksha),
tree (M / taru)
and horse (b /
ashva) represent
the source of
separation.
The words school
(@)R:(& /
vidyaalaya) and
heaven ()1 /
svarga) represent
the source of
coming or going.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "leaf fell from what?", the answer that
comes is "the tree". So, "tree" is the ablative in the sentence and the noun-form is
in ablative case or paJNchamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the
question "where am I coming from?", the answer that comes is "school".
So, answer to the question "from whom/what/where" is the ablative in the sentence
and is always in ablative case. The verb-form is independent of the number or )
(vachana) of the subject or object. Followings are the rules where ablative case is
used.
Grammatical Rule: When an object is separated from another the word
expressing the object from which the separation happened will be in
ablative
case.
Sentence
1,
and
follow
this
rule.
and
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where ablative case is used.
Followings are the examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
6. Waterfall is
flowing from the
mountain.
The words
mountain (Bv' /
giri) and
Himalayas (<-%)
7. (River) Ganges
flows from Himalayas.
/ himavata)
represent the
origin or source.
,N W&& : J !':&I
saH adhyanaaat paraajayate.
F N %:?N B (E&I
kRRiShNaH maatuH niliiyate
hiding.
The word lazyness
or (&
21. Gauri does not
read due to lazyness.
P'5 (&: J
!B
gaurii aalasyaat n apaThati
(aalasya)
represents the
cause of
something.
and lotus (! /
padma) are
sources of
creation.
,N ! : J @)'%B
saH paThanaat viramati.
28. Lakshamana is
elder to Satrughna.
(%N *? : J !U)N1
lakshamaNaH shatrughnaat
puurvaH
Use of
superlative or
comparative
adjectives like
better (Ic /
shreShTha)
earlier (!U)N1 /
purvaH), later
(!'N / paraH)
etc., to compare.
In sentence 9 - deer fears the tiger. In other words tiger is the source of fear. So,
the word "tiger" is in ablative case. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the thing from which defeat is
accepted, unable to tolerate or face it, with the use of preposition or
!,1 (upasarga) !': before the verb &I (paraajayate) will be in ablative
case. Note: If defeat is accepted after facing it bravely, then the
word
will
be
in
accusative
case.
In sentence 15 - word !':&I (paraajayate) is used to express "his defeat from
study". In other words it also means - "he is not able to study" or "he is afraid of
studies". So, the word "study" is in ablative case. Sentence 16 also follows this rule.
In sentence 22 - fruit is created from flower or in other words "flower is the source of
creation" of fruit. So, the word "flower" is in ablative case. Sentence 23 also follows
this
rule.
24
expressing something
will
be
in
and
25
to which
ablative
follow
hate or
case.
this
rule.
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(: J
baalaat
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:&:N
lataayaaH
(:z&:% J
lataabhyaam
(:z&N
lataabhyaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
R:N
nadyaaH
5z&:% J
nadiinaam
5z&N
nadiibhyaH
!?K
"(: J
phalaat
"(Iz&N
"(:z&:% J
phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
#:(Iz&N
#:(:z&:% J
baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
Similar Words
"whose" of the
the genitive in
sentence. In other
the
sentense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
1. Son of Dasaratha.
*'& !?N
dasharathasya putraH
2. Krishna's friend.
F & ,:
kRRiShNasya sakhaa
3. Rise of sun.
,U&
1 & &N
suuryasya udayaH
4. Water of river.
R:N (% J
nadyaaH jalam
5. Whiteness of moon.
6. Heat of fire.
\ IN ):(:
agneH jvaalaa
7. Vrihaspati is the
teacher of Gods.
I ): :K ?MN #F-!BN
devaanaa.n guruH
bRRihaspatiH
9. Women's jewellary.
:'5:% J $'% J
naariiNaam aabharaNam
J %% %% J
etat mama matam
Notes
Peron or thing
whose
relationship with
another is being
expressed.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "whose son?", the answer that comes is
"Dasaratha". So, "Dasaratha" is the genitive in the sentence and the noun-form is
in genitive case or ShaShThi vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question
"whose
water?",
the
answer
that
comes
is
"river".
So, answer that comes from the question "whose" is the genitive in the sentense and
is always in genitive case.Followings are the rules wheregenitive case is used.
Grammatical Rule: The word denoting a peron or thing whose relationship
with
another
is
being
expressed
will
be
in
genitive
case.
In sentence 1 to 11 the words expressing relationship to someone or something are
in genitive
case.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where genitive case is used.
Followings are the examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
14. There is no
comparision of Arjuna.
':%& !%:
raamasya upamaa
(upamaa) etc.,
for comparision.
Comparision in
group.
(tulaa), !%:
Expressins
direction or
location in
relation to
another using
words !?'N (puraH),
!?': J
(purastaat), !?'N
(purataH), N
(agrataH), !FcN
(pRRiShThataH),
(adhastaat) etc.
N (adhaH),
: J
Grammatical
(purataH),
Rule:
N
If
the
(agrataH),
!?'N (puraH),
words
!FcN
!?': J (purastaat),
(pRRiShThataH),
N
(adhaH),
!?'N
: J
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(&
baalasya
#:(&]N
baalayoH
#:(: :% J
baalaanaam
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:&:N
lataayaaH
(&]N
latayoH
(: :% J
lataanaam
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
R:N
nadyaaH
5z&:% J
nadiibhyaam
5 :% J
nadiinaam
"(&
phalasya
"(&]N
phalayoH
"(: :% J
phalaanaam
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
"where" of the
the locative in
sentence. In other
the
sentense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
8. Atma is in everybody.
Notes
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "where are the lotuses?", the answer
that comes is "lake". So, "lake" is the locative in the sentence and the noun-form is
in locative case or saptamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question
"elephants
roam
where?",
the
answer
that
comes
is
"forest".
So, answer that comes from the question "where" is the locative in the sentense and
is always in locative case. Followings are the rules wherelocative case is used.
Grammatical
someone
Sentence
Rule: The
will
1
word
to
expressing the
be
in
8
location of
locative
follow
something or
case.
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where loctive case is used.
Followings are the examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
9. He is sitting on the
seat.
,N ,9I !@)*B
saH aasande upavishati
15. Holiday is on
Sunday.
@!: !?I 8 B
pitaa putre snihyati
@!v' $@LK
?M
pitari bhakti.n kuru
Expressing the
thing on which
one sits or
stands etc.
Expressing the
time of action.
Expressing the
action of one
resulting in the
action of
another.
Comparision in
group.
Expressing part
of body held
separately.
Expressing trust,
fondness, love,
anger, worship
etc., in someone.
10
to
13
also
follow
this
rule.
15
also
follows
this
rule.
in locative
case.
Sentence
17
also
follow
this
rule.
alternatively genitive case), as it represents the group in which human beings are
the
best.
separately.
Sentence
19
also
follows
this
rule.
In sentence 21 the verb 8 B (snihyati) is used to express father's love in his son.
So, the word "son" or !? (putra) is in locative case. Sentence 22 and 23 also follow
this
rule.
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(I
baale
#:(&]N
baalayoH
#:(I+?
baaleShu
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:&:% J
lataayaam
(&]N
latayoH
(:,?
lataasu
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
R:% J
nadyaam
R]N nadyoH
5+?
nadiiShu
"(&]N
phalayoH
"(I+?
phaleShu
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
"(I
phale
@)$@L
or
something.
O! Boy
-I #:(
he baala
O! Creeper
-I (I
he late
O! God
-I I )
he deva
All the above sentences address or call someone. So, the person or thing being
addressed
is
in vocative
case.
Note: I (%S / asmad) and You (&?%S / yusmad) words do not have any
vocative
case.
Word
*>
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(
baala
#:(P
baalau
#:(:N
baalaaH
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(I
late
(I
late
(:N
lataaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
5
nadii
R]
nadyau
RN
nadyaH
"(% J
phalam
"(I
phale
"(:B
phalaani
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
Verb Forms (
F
F 9! / kRRidantapada):
We learnt that by adding B! J (tip) suffix to the verb rootwe get :?M! (dhaaturupa)
known as B! or tiN^atapada. The verb forms representing the tenses and
moods of verbs are B! or tiN^atapada. In this chapter we will study
F 9!
(kRRidantapada) meaning words ending with
F J (kRRit) suffix.
In the following chapters we will study the following verb forms or :?M!
(dhaaturupa).
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and
verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day
conversasion in Sanskrit.
(tumun pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express - the sense of
wish or the intention to do something. In this the verb root gets ?%? J (tumun) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using ?%? J H&& (tumun pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
,K
F
Sanskrit
!Y + ?%? J
paTh +
tumun
2. Father wants to
go to village.
% J + ?%? J
gam +
tumun
Comments
Verb
+ tumun
:? + ?%? J
dhaatu +
tumun
-
!Y + ?%? J
paTh +
tumun
4. Mother wants to
cook.
! J + ?%? J
pach +
tumun
5. He goes to city
to work.
F + ?%? J
kRRi +
tumun
!:Y = !Y + 8 J
(paaTh = paTh
+ Nij). It
means "to
make others
read". 8 J
6. The teacher
wants to teach.
!:Y + ?%? J
paaTh +
tumun
H&& (Nij
pratyaya)
will be
covered in
later
chapters. It
expresses the
action being
initiated by
someone.
-K \K
!:?K !:-:'%89'% J
?
7. I went to hotel
to drink milk.
[
aha.n dugdha.n paatu.n
upaahaaramandiram
agachchhata
):K mK p? % J @)R:(&% J
11. Both of us went
[:)
to school to ask
aavaa.n prashna.n
questions.
praShTum agachchhaava
12. Both of you
want to go to
school.
!: + ?%? J
paa tumun
n + ?%? J
krii +
tumun
nl + ?%? J
kriiD +
tumun
F J + ?%? J
nRRit +
tumun
!F[h + ?%? J
pRRichchh
+ tumun
% J + ?%? J
gam +
tumun
G + ?%? J
gaay +
tumun
F @+#(:N
p? %
1 J [% J
14. Farmers went to
kRRiShibalaaH karShTum
plaugh.
agachchham
F + J + ?%? J
kraSh
tumun
!U J + ?%? J
puuj +
tumun
15. Worshippers
will come to pray
tomorrow.
B%&89
karmakaaraaH kaarya.n
kartum shvaH
aagamiShyanti
17. It is time to
read.
!Y + ?%? J
puuj +
tumun
18. It is time to
eat.
$. J + ?%? J
kRRi +
tumun
Use of words
,%&N
(samayaH) and
)I(: (velaa) to
express the
time when the
actions
"read" and
"eat" are due
to take
place.
In setences 1 to 16, the verbs "read", "go", "study", "cook", "teach", "work", "drink",
"buy", "play", "dance", "ask", "sing", "plaugh" and "pray" are suffixed with ?%? J H&&
(tumun
pratyaya).
The setences have multiple verbs besides the ?%? J suffixed ones. These verbs
"went", "go", "want" and "come" are in their respective tenses andnot in ?%? J H&&
(tumun
pratyaya).
or intention to do
(tumun
pratyaya).
?%? J
tumun
Verb
:?
dhaatu
?%? J
tumun
Verb
:?
dhaatu
?%? J
tumun
speak
J
kath
B&?K
kathayitu.n
bow
%J
nam
9?K
nantu.n
abandon
H& J
tyaj
H&L?K
tyaktu.n
sing
G
gai
:?K
gaatu.n
give
:
daa
:?K
daatu.n
listen
?
shru
]?K
shrotu.n
kill
- J
-9?K
hantu.n
accept
i
-5?K
grahiitu.n
sleep
*E
*B&?% J
shayitum
han
cry
9S
krand
know
/:
dnyaa
take
E
nii
89?K
kranditu.n
grah
measure
%:
maa
shii
go
% J
gam
%:?K
maatu.n
9?K
gantu.n
/:?K
dnyaatu.n
worship
!U J
puuj
!UB&?K
puujayitu.n
wear
), J
dhaatu
)B,?% J
ktvaach
I ?K
netu.n
travel
% J
bhram
B%?K
bhramitu.n
stay
:
sthaa
:?% J
sthaatum
the H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express
- an action which preceeds another action. In this the verb root gets the H): J
(ktvaach) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
,K
F
Sanskrit
#:(N n<H): !<?% J
[B
baalaH kriiDitvaa
paThitum ichchhati
@!: :<H):
:&:1(&% J
2. Father went to
office after
eating.
[ J
pitaa khaaditvaa
kaaryaalayam
agachchhat
Verb
+ ktvaachSuffix
:? + H): J (dhaatu
+ ktvaach)
n<H): = nl +
Comments
H): J
kriiDitvaa =
kriiD + ktvaach
:<H): = :S +
H): J
khaaditvaa =
khaad + ktvaach
4. Mother wants to
cook after taking
bath.
5. The teacher
asked question
karmakaaraH
kaarya.n kRRitvaa
shete
%:: :H): !L?% J
[B
maataa snaatvaa
paktum ichchhati
B*.
N !:B&H): mK
F H): =
F + H): J
kRRitvaa = kRRi
ktvaach
:H): = : + H): J
snaatvaa = snaa +
ktvaach
!:B&H): = !:Y +
!:Y = !Y + 8 J
after teaching.
!F[ J
shikahskaH
paaThayitvaa
prashna.n
apRRichchhan
H): J
paaThayitvaa =
paaTh + ktvaachn
(paaTh = paTh
+ Nij). It
means "to
make others
read". 8 J
H&& (Nij
pratyaya)
will be
covered in
later
chapters. It
expresses the
action being
initiated by
someone.
*:B&)B = B* +
L
7. I drink water
after eating.
vaalaa paThitvaa
shaayitavati
!<H): = !Y + H): J
paThitvaa = paTh
+ ktvaach
:<H): = :S +
H): J
khaaditvaa =
khaad + ktvaach
!<H): = !Y + H): J
I <-
paThitvaa = paTh
tva.n pustaka.n
+ ktvaach
paThitvaa uttara.n
dehi
EH): = G + H): J
giitvaa = gai +
ktvaach
H): = % J + H): J
(shaayitavati
= shi + kta).
L (kta) is an
alternative
of past tense
((C(
:' /
laN^lakaara),
using which
past tense
can be
expressed
easily. This
will be
covered in
later
chapters.
-
home.
11. Both of us
read the letter
after writing.
baalau gRRiha.n
gatvaa kriiDataH
gatvaa = gam +
ktvaach
):% J !K B(8H):
B(8H): = B( J +
! J
aavaam patra.n
likhitvaa apaThat
H): J
likhitvaa = likh
+ ktvaach
B(% J
yuvaam pustaka.n
dRRiShTvaa
rachanaa.n
likhatam
aZ): = a* J + H): J
dRRiShTvaa =
dRRish + ktvaach
B,789
kRRiShakaaH
bhuumi.n
kRRiShTvaa
siJNcjanti
):B(
:N !UB&H): :?% J
[89
vaalikaaH
puujayitvaa gaatum
ichchhanti
F Z): =
F + J + H): J
kRRiShTvaa =
kRRiSh + ktvaach
!UB&H): = !U J +
H): J
puujayitvaa =
puuj + ktvaach
I &89
karmakaaraaH
kaarya.n kRRitvaa
vetana.n neShyanti
F H): =
F + H): J
kRRitvaa = kRRi +
ktvaach
[89
bhaktaaH snaatvaa
puujayitum
aagachchhanti
:H): = : + H): J
snaatvaa = snaa +
ktvaach
#:( N !<H):
Use of 7 J to
express
negative of
H): J
an action.
apaThitvaa = na +
The
(na) is
paTh + ktvaach
replaced with
(a).
F H): =
+
F +
@)R:(&% J [ J
baalakaH
apaThitvaa
vidyaalayam
agachchhat
%1
:'N
:&x
F H):
F-% J [ J
karmakaaraH
kaarya.n akRRitvaa
gRRiham agachchhat
!<H): =
+ !Y +
H): J
akRRitvaa = na +
kRRi + ktvaach
shRRigaalaH
rajakasya gRRihe
pravishya
jalabhaaNDe apatat
H)K F-: J !?
K E&
I <-
tva.n gRRihaat
pustaka.n aaniiya
dehi
Verbs
prefixed with
@)& = + @)* J + preposition
(!,1 /
&! J
pravishya = pra + upasarga).
vish + lyap
E& = +
E +
&! J
aaniiya = aa +
nii + lyap
In setences 1 to 16 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "play",
"eat", "teach", "read", "work", "bath", "sing", "go", "write", "refer", "plaugh" and
"worship" represent the action preceeding another action. So, these are suffixed with
H): J
H&&
(ktvaach
pratyaya).
In setences 3 and 14 the verbs "read", "sing" express the intent to do something.
So, these are in ?%? J (tumun) form. In all other setences the verb representing the
proceeding
action
are
in
their
respective
tenses
or
moods.
Grammatical Rule: If a setence has two verbs then the verb expressing
the earlier action will be suffixed with H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb with H): J (ktvaach) suffix is independent of
number and gender of the subject and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the H): J (ktvaach) suffixed verbs are independent of
the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of thesubjects.
Grammatical Rule: If the verb with H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya) is
preceeded with
( 7 J /
naJNj) to express the action not being done. So, (a) has been prefixed to the the
H): J
(tvaach)
Grammatical
Rule:
If
form
the
verb
of
is
preixed
these
with
verbs.
preposition
(!,1 /
upasarga) then the verb will follow &! J H&& (lyap pratyaya) instead of
the
H): J
(ktvaach).
In the sentences 19 and 20 the verbs "bring" and "enter" have the prepositions
(!,1 / upasarga) (aa) and (pra) prefixed. So, instead of H): J (ktvaach) the
&! J H&& (lyap pratyaya) has been used.
Followings are the H): J H&& (tvaach pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs.
Verb
:?
H): J
ktvaach
dhaatu
laugh
-, J
has
dhaatu
H): J
ktvaach
-B,H):
hasitvaa
serve
,I) J
sev
salute
%J
nam
H):
natvaa
free
%? J
much
%?H):
muktvaa
remember
%F
smRRi
%FH):
smRRitvaa
forgive
.% J
ksham
.B%H):
kshamitvaa
steal
?' J
chur
P'B&H):
chaurayitvaa
go
% J
gam
H):
gatvaa
Verb
:?
H): J
ktvaach
dhaatu
,I@)H):
sevitvaa
protect
'. J
raksh
'8.H):
rakshitvaa
eat
$. J
bhaksh
$8.H):
bhakshitvaa
worship
!U J
puuj
!UB&H):
puujayitvaa
fall
! J
pat
!BH):
pativtaa
&!
&! J H&& / lyap pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
beg
&: J
yaach
&:BH):
yaachitvaa
compose
' J
rach
'B&H):
rachayitvaa
&! J H&& (lyap pratyaya). This verb form is used for the same purpose as H): J
H&& (ktvaach pratyaya). In other words this represents the verb form to express an action which preceeds another action. However, it is used only if the verb is
prefixed with any preposition or !,1 (upasarga) like (pra), (aa), ! (upa), !':
(paraa), ,% J (sam), B
(ut), !v' (pari), ? (anu) etc. In this the verb root gets the &! J (lyap) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using &! J H&& (lyap pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
,K
F
Sanskrit
Verb
+ lyap Suffix
:? + &! J (dhaatu
+ lyap)
Comments
school.
*II
baalakaH
vidyaalayaat
aagamya shete
B*.
N !?
% J B&
2. The teacher
taught after
reading the book.
!:& J
shikshakaH
pustakam adhiya
apaaThayat
):(: ,K!U& n<?% J
[B
vaalaa sa.npuujaya
kriiDitum
ichchhati
-K !?
% J BH& mK
4. I asked the
question after
reading the book.
!FpN
aha.n pustakam
adhitya prashna.n
apRRiShTaH
H)K B( E% J E& !K
B(
tva.n likhaniim
aaniiya patra.n
likha
BH& = B + +
&! J
adhitya = adhi +
i + lyap
,K!U& = ,% J + !U&
+ &! J
sa.npuujya = sam
+ puuj + lyap
BH& = B + +
&! J
adhitya = adhi +
i + lyap
E& = +
E +
&! J
aaniiya = aa +
nii + lyap
baalau gRRiham
aagamya kriiDataH
):B(
I !?
% J ?
FH&
&! J
aagamya = aa +
gam + lyap
:&N
vaalike pustakam
anukRRitya
gaayataH
):K I ):(&K @)&
&! J
aagamya = aa +
gam + lyap
?
FH& = ? +
F +
&! J
anukRRitya = anu
+ kRRI + lyap
@)& = + @)* J +
8. Both of us
worshipped after
entering the
temple.
!U8): J
aavaa.n
devaalaya.n
pravishya
puujitavaan
&! J
pravishya = pra +
vish + lyap
9. Both of you
write the essay
after reading the
book.
BH& = B + +
)9K B(% J
yuvaa.n pustakam
adhiya pravandha.n
&! J
adhitya = adhi +
i + lyap
likhatam
10. The girls
stitched the
garland after
collecting flowers.
,K
F = ,% J + i +
%:(:% J B,): J
&! J
vaalaa puShpaaNi.n
sa.ngRRihya = sam
sa.ngRRihya
+ grah + lyap
maalaam sitavaan
[::N ?M% J !f&
!f& = ! + % J +
)N
chchhaatraaH durum
upagamya avadaH
&! J
upagamya = upa +
gam + lyap
In setences 1 to 11 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "come",
"read", "refer", "enter", "collect", and "go near" are suffixed with &! J H&& (lyap
pratyaya), as these represent the action preceeding the other action, and are
prefixed
with
prepositions
(!,1
/
upasarga).
Grammatical Rule: If the verb expressing the action preceeding another
action, is prefixed with preposition or !,1 (upasarga) like (pra),
(aa), ! (upa), !': (paraa), ,% J (sam), B
(vi), B (adhi), B ' J (nir), J (ut), !v' (pari), ? (anu) etc., will be
suffixed
with
&! J
H&&
(lyap
pratyaya).
get
! J
aap
&! J
lyap
:&
praapya
Verb
:?
dhaatu
go
:
sthaa
&! J
lyap
:&
prasthaaya
Verb
:?
dhaatu
defeat
8
ji
&! J
lyap
!':8H&
paraajitya
save
B
chi
,87H&
saJNchitya
read
i
BH&
adhitya
enter
@)* J
vish
@)&
pravishya
bring
E
nii
E&
aaniiya
collect, accept
i
grah
,K
F
sa.ngRRihya
salute
%J
nam
f&
praNamya
go
% J
gam
!f&
upagamya
(lyuT
pratyaya).
Using
H&&
this
(pratyaya)
be
expressed
as
in
the
sentence.
In other words - the subject, object and verb of a sentence undergoes the following
transformation, when &?d (lyuT) is applied to the verb.
Form With &Ud (lyuT)
Sentence Elements
Normal Form
Subject
:1
Nominative Case
%:@)8zL
Nominative Case
%:@)8zL
kartaa
prathamaavibhakti
prathamaavibhakti
Object
%1
Accusative Case
<QE&:@)$@L
Genitive Case
+cE@)$@L
karma
dvitiiyaavibhakti
ShaShThiivibhakti
Verb
<&:
B!C!
&?ZH&&
tipN^tapada
lyuT pratya
kriyaa
Applied
Study the following sentences. These are using &?d H&& (lyuT pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
1. The boy
will go.
,K
F
Sanskrit
#:( N % % J v'&B
Verb
+ lyuT Suffix
:? + &?d
Comments
(dhaatu + lyuT)
% % J = % J + &?d
gamanam = gam +
lyuT
If the sentences
werenot in &?d H&&
baalakaH gamanam
kariShyati
2. She will
sleep.
,: *& % J
v'&B
saa shayanam
kariShyati
3. Both of
them will
run.
P :) % J
v'&N
tau dhaavanam
kariShyataH
I k? (& : % J
4. They will
donate rice.
v'&89
te taNDulasya
daanam kariShyanti
5. I will
read the
book.
v'&:B%
aha.n pustakasya
paThanam
kariShyaami
! % J = !Y + &?d
paThanam = paTh
+ lyuT
6. Both of
us will
listen.
)% J = ? + &?d
shravaNam =
shru + lyuT
!<&:B%
(paThiShyaami),%v'&:%N
(smatiShyaamaH),
B%&B, (gamiShyasi),
!<&N (paThiShyathaH)
and . (drakshatha).
7. We will
remember the
subject.
:&89 (daasyanti),
%'% J = %F +
&?d
smaraNaani =
smRRi + lyuT
H)K
:&:1(&& % % J
8. You will
go to
office.
% % J = + % J +
v'&B,
&?d
tva.n
gamanam = gam +
kaaryaalayasya
lyuT
gamanam kariShyasi
9. Both of
you will
read.
&?):K ! % J
v'&N
yuvaa.n paThanam
kariShyathaH
! % J = !Y + &?d
paThanam = paTh
+ lyuT
v'&
yuya.n
devaalayasya
darshanam
kariShyatha
*1 % J = a* J + &?d
darshanam =
dRRish + lyuT
11. You
should not
speak like
)
K
B% J
tava kathana.n na
K =
J + &?d
kathana.n =
this.
uchitam
kath + lyuT
12. Roaming
in the
evening is
good.
%K = % J + &?d
bhramaNa.n =
bhram + lyuT
used.
Rule:
The
&?d
H&&
(lyuT
pratyaya)
can
also
be
used
In setences 11 and 12 the &?d (lyuT) form of the words "speak" and "roam" are
used as subjects.
Followings are the &?d H&& (lyuT pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs.
&?d
lyuT
Verb
:?
dhaatu
&?d
lyuT
Verb
:?
dhaatu
&?d
lyuT
read
!Y
paTh
! % J
paThanam
do
F
kRRi
'% J
karaNam
drink
!:
paa
!: % J
paanam
sleep
*E
shii
*& % J
shayanam
roam
% J
bhram
%% J
bhramaNam
speak
$:+ J
bhaaSh
$:+% J
bhaaShaNam
run
:) J
:) % J
dhaavanam
listen
?
)% J
shravaNam
see
a* J
*1 % J
darshanam
dhaav
take
E
nii
shru
give
:
daa
& %J
nayanam
dRRish
accept
i
grah
: % J
daanam
-% J
grahaNam
go
% J
gam
% % J
gamanam
speak
) J
vach
) % J
vachanam
serve
,I) J
sev
,I) % J
sevanam
remember
%F
smRRi
%'% J
smaraNam
be
$U
bhuu
$) % J
bhavanam
come
+ % J
aa + gam
% % J
aagamanam
(ktavatu pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in active voice (
F)
1 :[& /
kartRRivaachya) sentences to express past tense. This is a simpler alternative to
(Z(
:' (laTlakaara) verb-form.
Study the following sentences. These are using L)? H&& (ktavatu pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
1. I went to
temple.
,K
F
Sanskrit
2. You went to
school.
3. He went to
office.
,N
:&:1(&K ): J
saH kaaryaalaya.n
gatavaan
4. The boy
went home.
5. Both of us
went.
):K )9P
aavaa.n
Comments
The sentences
are inactive
voice with L)?
(ktavatu)
suffixed words
expressing past
tense. The
verb-forms are
same
irrespective of
the person (!?M+
/ puruSha).
gatavantau
6. Both of you
went.
&?):K )9P
yuvaa.n
gatavantau
7. Both of
them went.
P )9P
tau gatavantau
gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
)9P = % J + L)? (!?,
K
Q5)
gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
)9P = % J + L)? (!?,
K
Q5)
gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
)9N = % J + L)? (!?K,
8. All of us
went.
)&K )9N
vaya.n gatavantaH
9. All of you
went.
&U&K )9N
yuuya.n
gatavantaH
10. All of
them went.
I )9N
te gatavantaH
)-?)
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, vahu)
The subject in
)E = % J + L)? (DE, each sentence
is in feminine
)
gender (DEB(C
gatavatii = gam +
ktavatu (strii, eka) / striiliN^ga).
)-?)
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, vahuu)
)9N = % J + L)? (!?K,
)-?)
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
)9N = % J + L)? (!?K,
vaalikaa
devaalaya.n
gatavatii
):B(
I @)R:(&K )H&P
vaalike
vidyaalaya.n
gatavatyau
The verb-form
)H&P = % J + L)? (DE, has taken the
form of the
Q5)
word "river"
gatavatyau = gam +
( 5 / nadii).
ktavatu (strii, dvii)
)H&N = % J + L)? (DE,
)-?)
gatavatyaH = gam +
ktavatu (strii, vahu)
): J = % J + L)? (!?,
K
)
gatavaan = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
)9P = % J + L)? (!?,
K
The subject in
each sentence
is inmasculine
gender (!?B(C /
puliN^ga). The
verb-form has
boys went to
school.
baalakau
vidyaalaya.n
gatavantau
Q5)
gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
17. The
vehicle went.
&: % J ) J
yaanam gatavat
)
gatavat = gam +
ktavatu (na, eka)
The subject in
each sentence
is in neuter
gender ( !?KB(C
/
napu.nliN^ga).
The verb-form
Q5)
has taken the
gatavatii = gam +
form of the
ktavatu (na, dvii)
word "sir"
)89 = % J + L)? ( , (E% J /
shriimat).
)-?)
gatavanti = gam +
ktavatu (na, vahu)
)E = % J + L)? ( ,
&: I )E
yaane gatavatii
&: :B )89
yaanaani
gatavanti
ekavachana) form. The verb-form used for all is ): J (gatavaan). Similarly,
sentences 5 to 7 subjects (
:1 / kartaa) are in dual (Q5)
(gatavantaH) as the L)? (ktavatu) verb-form. In all the sentences the L)?
(ktavatu) verb-form is not affected by the persons or !?M+ (puruSha) of
the subject (
:1 / kartaa). This makes L)? (ktavatu) suffix a simpler alternative to
(Z(
:' (laTlakaara) where each person or !?M+ (puruSha) follows a different verb-
form.
Grammatical Rule: The L)? (ktavatu) suffixed word follows the noun-form
of "you" ($) J / bhavat), "river" ( 5 / nadii) and "sir" (E% J /
shriimat) words to express masculine (!?B(C /
puliN^ga), feminine (DEB(C / striiliN^ga) and neuter( !?KB(C /
napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
The sentences 1 to 19 are expressing action in past tense. In sentences 1 to 10 and
14 to 16 the subjects are in masculine gender (!?B(C / puliN^ga) and the
corresponding L)? (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form of word "you"
($) J / bhavat). The subjects in sentences 11 to 13 are in feminine gender (DEB(C
/ striiliN^ga), and the respective L)? (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the
form of word "river" ( 5 / nadii). Similarly, in the sentences 17 to 19
the subjects are in neuter gender ( !?KB(C / napu.nliN^ga), and the L)? (ktavatu)
suffixed words are following the form of word "sir" (E% J / shriimat).
Followings are the L)? H&& (ktavatu pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs.
Only
the nominative
)
prathamaavibhakti
ekavachana) form is given following the noun-form of "you" ($) J / bhavat), "river"
( 5 / nadii) and "sir" (E% J / shriimat) words, for each gender.
eat
:S
khaad
take
E
nii
L)?
ktavatu
:<): J,
:<)E,
:<) J
khaaditavaan,
khaaditavatii,
khaaditavat
E): J,
E)E,
E) J
niitavaan,
niitavatii,
Verb
:?
dhaatu
L)?
ktavatu
go
% J
gam
): J, )E,
fall
! J
pat
!B): J, !B)E,
) J
gatavaan,
gatavatii,
gatavat
!B) J
patitavaan,
patitavatii,
Verb
:?
dhaatu
sing
G
gai
L)?
ktavatu
E): J, E)E,
E) J
giitavaan,
giitavatii,
giitavat
worship
!U8): J,
!U J
!U8)E, !U8) J
puuj
puujitavaan,
puujitavatii,
niitavat
see
a* J
dRRish
patitavat
ap): J, ap)E,
)
J
|
dRRiShTavaan,
dRRiShTavatii,
dRRiShTavat
know
/:
dnyaa
/:): J, /:)E,
fear
$E
bhii
$E): J, $E)E,
/:) J
dnyaatavaan,
dnyaatavatii,
dnyaatavat
$E) J
bhiitavaan,
bhiitavatii,
bhiitavat
puujitavat
F ): J, F )E,
F ) J
kRRitavaan,
kRRitavatii,
kRRitavat
tell
J
kath
ask
[h
prachchh
B): J,
B)E,
B) J
kathitavaan,
kathitavatii,
kathitavat
!Fp): J, !Fp)E,
!Fp) J
pRRiShTavaan,
pRRiShTavatii,
pRRiShTavat
pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in passive voice and impersonal
voice sentences to express past tense. This is a simpler alternative to (Z(
:'
(laTlakaara) verb-form.
Study the following sentences. These are using L H&& (kta pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
,K
F
Sanskrit
1. The school
was gone by
Rama
[:GN X':8
2. The answers
B(8:B
were written
by the
chchhaatraiH
uttaraaNi
students.
likhitaani
3. The girl
was asked by
Verb
+ kta Suffix
(gender, number)
:? + L (B(C,
) )
dhaatu + kta
(liN^ga,
vachana)
Comments
N = % J + L (!?,
K Sentences are
inpassive
)
voice (
%1):[& /
gataH = gam +
kta (pu.n, eka) karmavaachya). The L
suffixed words are
B(8:B = B( J + following the number
() / vachana) and
L ( , )-?)
likhitaani =
gender (B(C / liN^ga)
likh + kta (na,
of the objects (
%1 /
vahu)
karma).
!Fp: = !F[h + L
the teacher.
vaalaa
pRRiShTaa
4. The fruit
was eaten by
him.
I "(% J :<% J
tena phalam
khaaditam
5. The two
books were
read by you.
(DE,
)
pRRiShTaa =
pRRichchh + kta
(strii, eka)
:<% J = :S + L
&?):z&:% J !?&
% J
6. The book
was read by
both of you.
7. The fruits
were eaten by
all of you.
!<% J
yuvaabhyaam
pustakam
paThitam
!<I = !Y + L
( , Q5)
paThite = paTh +
kta (na, dvii)
!<% J = !Y + L
( ,
)
paThitam = paTh
+ kta (na, eka)
= :S + L
&?%:B$N "(:B
:<:B
:<:B
yusmaabhiH
phalaani
khaaditaani
( , )-?)
khaaditaani =
khaad + kta (na,
vahu)
9. The game
was played by
both of us.
( ,
)
khaaditam =
khaad + kta (na,
eka)
N = % J + L (!?,
K
)
gataH = gam +
kta (pu.n, eka)
):z&:% J n:
n<: = nl + L
n<:
aavaabhyaam
kriiDaa
kriDitaa
(DE,
)
kriDitaa = kriD
+ kta (strii,
eka)
%:B$N !? :B
!<:B
!<:B
asmaabhiH
pustakaani
paThitaani
( , )-?)
paThitaani =
paTh + kta (na,
vahu)
= !Y + L
% J = % J + L
11. Gone by
Rama.
':%I % J
raameNa gatam
( ,
)
gatam = gam +
kta (na, eka)
-B,% J = -, J + L
Sentences are
inimpersonal voice or
($:)):[& /
bhaavavaachya). The L
(kta) suffixed words
are in nominative
girls.
vaalaabhiH
hasitam
( ,
)
hasitam = has +
kta (na, eka)
casesingular (%:@)$@L
) /
prathamaavibhakti
ekavachana) of the
B(8% J = B( J + L
neuter word "fruit"
( ,
)
"( (phala).
likhitam = likh
+ kta (na, eka)
F % J =
F + L ( ,
14. Done by
me.
%&:
F % J
mayaa kRRitam
)
kRRitam = kRRi +
kta (na, eka)
n<% J = nl + L
15. Played by
us.
%:B$N n<% J
asmaabhiH
kriiDitam
16. I took
money.
-K K EN
aha.n dhana.n
niitaH
18. We read
the book.
20. Both of
you saw the
moon.
( ,
)
kriiDitam =
kriiD + kta (na,
eka)
EN =
E + L (!?,
K
)
niitaH = nii +
kta (pu.n, eka)
XP = : + L (!?,
K
Q5)
dattau = daa + liN^ga),number ()
kta (pu.n, dvii) vachana)
and case (@)$@L /
!<:N = !Y + L
vibhakti) of
(!?K, )-?)
thesubject (
:1 /
paThitaaH = paTh kartaa).
+ kta (pu.n,
vahu)
EN =
E + L (!?,
K
)
niitaH = nii +
kta (pu.n, eka)
apP = a* J + L (!?,
K
Q5)
dRRiShTau =
dRRish + kta
(pu.n, dvii)
!E:N = !E + L (!?,
K
)-?)
niitaaH = pii +
22. He went
home.
,N |-K N
saH gRRIha.n
gataH
23. Both of
them went to
school.
P @)R:(&K P
tau
vidyaalaya.n
gatau
N = J + L (!?,
K
)
gataH = gam +
kta (pu.n, eka)
P = % J + L (!?,
K
Q5)
gatau = gam +
kta (pu.n, dvii)
:<:N = :S + L
I 9 K :<:N
te anna.n
khaaditaaH
(!?K, )-?)
khaaditaaH =
khaad + kta
(pu.n, vahu)
8N = : + L
25. Rama
stayed in
forest.
':%N ) I 8N
raamaH vane
sthitaH
-B,: = -, J + L
):B(
: [GN -B,:
vaalikaa
(DE,
)
uchchaiH
hasitaa = has +
hasitaa
kta (strii, eka)
(!?K, )-?)
sthitaH = sthaa
+ kta (pu.n,
vahu)
I = , J + L
27. Both the
girls sat on
the seat.
):B(
I , I I
vaalike aasane
aaste
(DE, Q5)
aaste = aas +
kta (strii,
dvii)
ap:N = a* J + L
(DE, )-?)
dRRiShTaaH =
dRRish + kta
(strii, vahu)
% J = % J + L
&: K % J
yaana.n gatam
( ,
)
gatam = gam +
kta (na, eka)
!BI = ! J + L
29. The
vehicle went.
( , Q5)
patitam = patite
+ kta (na, dvii)
!?
:B
31. The books
were in the
box.
!I< :&:% J
8:B
pustakaani
peTikaayaam
sthitaani
XK !?
% J
datta.n
pustakam
33. The
written poem.
B(8K E% J
likhita.n
giitam
n:B !?
:B
34. The bought
kriitaani
books.
pustaka
8:B
( , )-?)
sthitaani =
sthaa + kta (na,
vahu)
XK = : + L ( ,
)
datta.n = daa +
kta (na, eka)
B(8K = B( J + L
( ,
)
likhita.n = likh
+ kta (na, eka)
n:B
= n + L
( , )-?)
kriitaani = krii
+ kta (na, vahu)
!B:B
!B:B !:8
35. The fallen
patitaani
leaves.
patraani
= : + L
= ! J + L
( , )-?)
pat =
itrans_verb +
kta (na, vahu)
:<% J = :S + L
:<% J :R% J
khaaditam
khaadyam
( ,
)
khaaditam =
khaad + kta (na,
eka)
Grammatical Rule: The verb with L (kta) suffix follows the noun-form of
"boy" (#:( / baala), "creeper" ((: /lataa) and "fruit" ("( / phala)
words to express masculine (!?B(C / puliN^ga), feminine (DEB(C /
striiliN^ga) and neuter ( !?KB(C / napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
In the sentences above all the verbs with L (kta) suffix are following the noun-form
of these words to express different genders.
/ prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) of
The sentences 11 to 15 are in impersonal voice, and are following this rule.
/ vachana)
Grammatical Rule: The L (kta) suffixed word expressing past tense can be
used as adjective (@)*I+ / visheShaNa).
The sentences 32 to 36 express sense of past tense using L (kta) suffix, and these
words are used as adjective (@)*I+ / visheShaNa).
Followings are the L H&& (kta pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs. Only
the nominative case singular (%:@)$@L
)
/ prathamaavibhakti ekavachana)
form is given following the noun form of boy (#:( / baala), creeper ((: /lataa) and
fruit ("( / phala) words, for each gender.
L
kta
Verb
:?
dhaatu
L
kta
Verb
:?
dhaatu
L
kta
do
F
kRRI
F N, F :,
write
B( J
likh
B(8N,
take
E
nii
F % J
kRRitaH,
kRRitaa,
kRRitam
B(8:,
B(8% J
likhitaH,
likhitaa,
likhitam
EN,
E:,
E% J
niitaH,
niitaa,
niitam
see
apN, p:
| , p%
| J
a* J
dRRiShTaH,
dRRish dRRIShTaa,
dRRiShTam
read
!Y
paTh
speak
)S
vad
tell
J
kath
drink
!:
paa
!EN, @!:,
accept
i
grah
be,
happen
$U
bhuu
give
:
daa
kill
- J
han
!E% J
piitaH,
piitaa,
piitam
ask
!FpN, !Fp:, !Fp% J
[h
pRRiShTaH,
prachchh pRRiShTaa,
pRRiShTam
go
% J
gam
/:N, /::,
/:% J
dnyaataH,
dnyataa,
dnyatam
stay
:
sthaa
8N, 8:,
listen
?
shru
? ):' (anusvaara) vs. % J (m):
8% J
sthitaH,
sthitaa,
sthitam
use of % J (m) in place of ?):' (anusvaara) symbol. In Sanskrit words ending with
?):' (anusvaara) can also end with the letter % J (m). For example the accusative
case of the word "boy" can be written as #:(K (baala.n) as well as #:(% J (baalam).
These end with ?):' (anusvaara) and % J (m) respectively. The substitution of
?):' (anusvaara) with % J (m) is governed by certain rules.
Study the following sentences. These are using ?):' (anusvaara) and % J (m) as
appropriate.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
,N
:&1% J
'] J
saH kaaryam akarot
Words :&1% J
,: !?
% J ! J
saa pustakam apaThat
(pustakam),
3. I went to school.
(kaaryam), !?
% J
@)R:(&% J
(vidyaalayam),
.E'% J (kshiiram)
and % J (uShNam)
are followed by
vowels.
4. Milk is warm.
5. This is a book.
J !?
% J
etat pustakam
Words !? % J
6. Bhubaneswar is a
beautiful city.
(nagaram), !% J
J "(% J %?'% J
etat phalam madhuram
-K @)R:(&K [:B%
aha.n vidyaalaya.n
gachchhaami
Words @)R:(&K
9. I am going to school.
(meghya.n), k? (K
,N
:&x
v'&B
saH kaarya.n kariShyati
(pustakam),
'% J
(apaTham) and
%?'% J (madhuram)
are the last
words of the
sentences.
(vidyaalaya.n),
E(K (niila.n), %IK
(taNDula.n) and
:&x (kaarya.n)
are followed by a
consonant.
%J
letter
(m).
%J
(m)
has
been
used
insteade
of
?):'
(anusvaara).
Grammatical Rule: If the sentence ends with a word which itself ends
?):'
with
(anusvaara)
then
?):'
is
substituted
%J
letter
In
(anusvaara)
sentence
5,
6,
and
the
with
(m).
letter
%J
(m)
has
been
used.
6&7 )1
as
or
(vyaJNjanavarNa)
then
it
?):'
(anusvaara)
is.
(meghya.n), k? (K (taNDula.n) and
:&x (kaarya.n) are followed by consonants. So,
?):' (anusvaara) has been used.
H)@):
about H)@):
:' (nakaara)
with the letter with (Na), if certain rules are satisfied. For example
the instrumrntal case of
:':9 (akaaraanta) words "god" and "Rama" are I )I
(devena) and ':%I (raameNa) respectively. In the second case the word ends with
(Na) insteade of
(na).
B B%% J (nimitam): For the H) (Natvaa) to take place atleast one letter anywhere in
the word before the
(Shakaara),
:' (RRikaara) or ?):' (anusvaara). This letter is called the B B%% J
(nimitam).
Study the following sentences. These are using
B B%% J
nimitam
)1@)$:
varNavibhaaga
'
ra
'J +
k a r e + na
RRi
) J . J + :% J
v RRi ksh aa + naam
'J
r
J J ' J + :% J
ch a t u r + naam
F N
4.
kRRiShNaH
+J
Sh
J + J + N
k RRi Sh + naH
F :% J
nareNa
RRi
J + :% J
n RRi + naam
*>
shabda
1.
'I
kareNa
2.
)F.::K
vRRikshaaNaa.n
3.
?:1% J
chaturNaam
5.
Notes
The words have
'I "J (rephaH) or '
(ra), +
:'
(Shakaara),
:'
(RRikaara) or
?):'
(anusvaara)
letters appearing
before the
:'
(nakaara).
:' (nakaara)
6.
)
itrans
'J
r
'J ) J +
g a r v e + na
7.
'@):
itrans
'
ra
'J ) J + :
r a v i + naa
8.
9I
itrans
'
ra
J S 'J +
i n d r e + na
-'5:
itrans
'
r
i ' J + :% J
h a r ii + naam
)1 (kavarga),
10.
!?M+I
itrans
'
ra
! J 'J + J +
p u r u Sh e + na
(ha), &(ya), )
11.
5
itrans
'J
r
S 'J J +
d ii r gh e + na
12.
$?:
itrans
'
ra
! J 'J $ J + :
p r a bh u + naa
13.
1
? %I
itrans
'J
r
S 'J J % J +
d u r g a m e + na
14.
)'5)% J
itrans
'
ra
) J S 'J ) J + % J
v a d a r ii v a + nam
15.
':%I
itrans
'
ra
'J % J +
r aa m e + na
16.
'I *I
itrans
'
ra
J 'J * J +
n a r e sh e + na
17.
karNena
'J
r
J ' J J +
k a r N e + na
18.
%-:':I
mahaaraajena
'
ra
% J i 'J J +
m a h aa r aa j e + na
'J
ra
) J 'J J ( J ! J +
v aa r t aa l aa p e + na
'
ra
% J 'J J +
m aa r i ch e + na
9.
)::1(:!I
19.
vaartaalaapena
20.
%:'5I
maariichena
21.
-(I
halena
i (J J
h a l e n a
22.
I ): :K
devaanaa.n
S ) J J K
d e v aa n aa.n
23.
$] I
bhojanena
$J J J J
bh o j a n e n a
and B B%% J
(nimitam) are
intervened by
letters from
)')1
(svaravarga),
!)1 (pavarga), (va), or ?):'
(anusvaara).
:' (nakaara)
and letters '
(ra), ' J (r) are
intervened by
letters * (sha),
(Na), (ja), (
(la), (cha).
24.
!:k): :K
paaNDavaanaa.n
! J J l ) J J K
p aa N D a v aa n aa.n
25.
#:(I
baalena
)J (J J
v aa l e n a
:' (nakaara) is preceeded by one of the
letters 'I "J (rephaH) or ' (ra), +
:' (Shakaara),
:' (RRikaara) or ?):'
(anusvaara)
H)
then
(Natvaa)
will
take
place.
In words 1 to 5 letters ' (ra), (RRi), ' J (r) and + J (Sh) appear immediately before
the
substituted
:'
with
+ :'
intervened
(Shakaara),
by
letters
(Nakaara).
:'
of
(RRikaara)
)')1
or
?):'
(svaravarga),
(anusvaara)
are
(kavarga),
!)1
)1
(pavarga), - (ha), &(ya) or ) (va) then H) (Natvaa) is not affected and
:'
(nakaara)
is
substituted
:'
with
(Nakaara).
In words 6 to 15 the letters (e), (i), (ii), (u), (ga), and ) (va) appear
between the letters ' J (r), ' (ra), and the
place.
Grammatical Rule: If the
(ra),
+ :'
(Shakaara),
(RRikaara)
or
?):'
(anusvaara)
are
the
Grammatical Rule: If the word does not have any of the letters 'I "J
(rephaH) or ' (ra), +
:' (Shakaara),
:' (RRikaara) or ?):' (anusvaara)
anywhere
place.
before
the
:' (nakaara)
then
H) (Natvaa)
does
not
take
In words 21 to 25 the letters 'I "J (rephaH) or ' (ra), +
:' (Shakaara),
:'
(RRikaara) or ?):' (anusvaara) do not appear before the
(Natvaa) has not taken place.
words are also called ,?#9! (subantapada) meaning "ending with ,?! J (sup)". In this
chapter we will learn about classification of nouns and their respective ,?! J (sup)
suffixes.
In Sanskrit nouns are classified into different categories based on:
)':9: m - , , , , , , f - , , , , , n - , ,
, J,
, J, , J, , J
The noun form for each category of word is derived by adding pre-defined pattern of
,?! J (sup) suffixes to the word root. All other words in that category follow the same
pattern. For example - the word "boy" or #:( (baala) has a form like #:(N (baalaH),
#:(P (baalau), #:(:N (baalaaH) and so on. The word "God" or I ) (deva) is of the same
category and follows the same pattern as I )N (devaH), I )P (devau), I ):N (devaaH). In
both the cases the suffixes N (aH), (au) and N (aaH) were added to the root
words boy (#:( / baala) and God (I ) / deva) to get the derived form.
Following is a set of over 40+ important nouns with their noun-forms along with the
list of words of same category. Knowing these will help in deriving the noun forms of
other similar words. Note: We are in the process of adding more such nouns.
Poet - @) - kavi
Creeper - (:
- lataa
Husband - !B
pati
Friend
Intelligence
%B - mati
River -
nadii
Wife -
DE
strii
Cow - I ?
dhenu
Bride - )U
,8
sakhi
Knowledgable
,?E - sudhii
Army Chief - ,I : E
- senaanii
Teacher
guru
?M
vadhuu
Fruit - "(
I - %S -
asmad
You
&?%S
yuShmad
He (That)
- S - tad
- phala
5 -
Rain - ):v'
- vaari
Eye - 8.
- akshi
Honey
%?
She
(That)
S - tad
That - S
madhu
Name
:% J
- tad
He
(This)
Giver
:F1
datRRi
Father
pitRRi
Cow - ] - go
@!F
Cloud - !&]%? J -
payomuch
Merchant - )8 J -
vaNij
Emperor - ,: J -
samraaj
King, Mountain $U$
F J - bhuubhRRit
Going
Mother - %:F
maatRRi
Danger - @)!S
- vipad
[ J
Direction - <* J
- dish
naaman
Deed
%1 J
karman
Milk - !&, J
- payas
% J
idam
She (This)
- % J idam
This - % J
- idam
gachchhat
King - ': J raajan
Traveller - !B J pathin
Who,
What (m)
- <
% J kim
Who,
What (f) <
% J - kim
Who,
What (n) <
% J - kim
sarva
All (f)
,):1
sarvaa
All (n)
,)1
sarva
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
#:(N
#:(P
#:(:N
baalaH
baalau
baalaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
#:(% J
baalam
#:(P
baalau
#:(: J
baalaan
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
baalena
#:(:z&:% J
baalaabhyaam
baalaiH
#:(I
#:(GN
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
#:(:&
#:(:z&:% J
#:(Iz&N
baalaaya
baalaabhyaam
baalebhyaH
#:(: J
#:(:z&:% J
#:(Iz&N
baalaat
baalaabhyaam
baalebhyaH
#:(&
#:(&]N
#:(: :% J
baalasya
baalayoH
baalaanaam
#:(I
#:(&]N
#:(I+?
baale
baalayoH
baaleShu
#:(
#:(P
#:(:N
baala
baalau
baalaaH
#:( , I ),
Poet -
@) - kavi
Poet -
@) - kavi
(
:':9 !?KB(C - ikaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
@)N
)E
)&N
kaviH
kavii
kavayaH
@)% J
)E
kavim
kavii
)E J
kaviin
@) :
@)z&:% J
@)B$N
kavinaa
kavibhyaam
kavibhiH
)&I
@)z&:% J
@)z&N
kavaye
kavibhyaam
kavibhyaH
)IN
@)z&:% J
@)z&N
kaveH
kavibhyaam
kavibhyaH
)IN
6&]N
)E :% J
kaveH
kavyoH
kaviinaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
)P
6&]N
@)+?
kavau
kavyoH
kaviShu
)I
)E
)&N
kave
kavii
kavayaH
%?B , @+, '@), -v', v', )<, W)B , @)B, B B, BB, ,:'B
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
!BN
!E
!&N
patiH
patii
patayaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
!B% J
patim
!E
patii
!E J
patiin
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
patyaa
!Bz&:% J
patibhyaam
patibhiH
!H&I
!Bz&:% J
!Bz&N
patye
patibhyaam
patibhyaH
!H&?N
!Bz&:% J
!Bz&N
patyuH
patibyaam
patibhyaH
!H&?N
!H&]N
!E :% J
patyuH
patyoH
patiinaam
!H&]
!H&]N
!B+?
patyo
patyoH
patiShu
!H&:
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
!BB$N
!I
!E
!&N
pate
patii
patayaH
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,:
,:&P
,:&N
sakhaa
sakhaayau
sakhaayaH
,:&% J
,:&P
sakhaayam
sakhaayau
,E J
sakhiin
,&:
,8z&:% J
,8B$
sakhyaa
sakhibhyaam
sakhbhi
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
,&I
,8z&:% J
,8z&N
sakhye
sakhibhyaam
sakhibhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
,&?N
sakhyuH
,8z&:% J
sakhibhyaam
sakhibhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,&?N
,&]N
sakhyuH
sakhyoH
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,P
,&]N
,8+?
sakhyau
sakhyoH
sakhiShu
,I
,:&P
:&N
sakhe
sakhaayau
sakhaayaH
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
,8z&N
,E :% J
sakhiinaam
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
Plural
)-)
?
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
ekavachana
dvivachana
vahuvachana
,?EN
,?B&P
,?B&N
sudhiiH
sudhiyau
sudhiyaH
,?B&% J
,?B&P
,?B&N
sudhiyam
sudhiyau
sudhiyaH
,?B&:
,?Ez&:% J
,?EB$N
sudhiyaa
sudhiibyaam
sudhibhiH
,?B&I
,?Ez&:% J
,?Ez&N
sudhiye
sudhiibhyaam
sudhiibhyaH
,?B&N
,?Ez&:% J
,?Ez&N
sudhiyaH
sudhiibhyaam
sudhiibhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,?B&N
,?B&]N
,?B&:% J
sudhiyaH
sudhiyoH
sudhiyaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,?BB&
,?B&]N
,?E+U
sudhiyi
sudhiyoH
sudhiiShuu
,?EN
,?B&P
,?E&N
sudhiiH
sudhiyau
sudhiiyaH
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,I : E
,I :9&P
,I :9&N
senaanii
senaanyau
senaanyaH
,I :9&% J
,I :9&P
,I :9&N
senaanyam
senaanyau
senaanyaH
,I :9&:
,I : Ez&:% J
,I : EB$N
senaanyaa
senaaniibhyaam
senaaniibhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
,I :9&I
senaanye
,I : Ez&:% J
senaaniibhyaam
,I : Ez&N
senaaniibhyaH
,I :9&N
,I : Ez&:% J
,I : Ez&N
senaanyaH
senaaniibhyaam
senaaniibhyaH
,I :9&N
,I :9&]N
,I :9&:% J
senaanyaH
senaanyoH
senaanyaam
,I :9&:% J
,I :9&]N
,I : E+?
senaanyaam
senaanyoH
senaaniiShu
,I : EN
,I :9&P
,I :9&N
senaaniiH
senaanyau
senaanyaH
E, :%E
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
?MN
?o
?')N
guruH
guruu
guravaH
?M% J
?o
gurum
guruu
?o J
guruun
?M:
?Mz&:% J
?MB$N
guruNaa
gurubhyaam
gurubhiH
?')I
?Mz&:% J
?Mz&N
gurave
gurubhyaam
gurubhyaH
?']N
?Mz&:% J
?Mz&N
guroH
gurubhyaam
gurubhyaH
?']N
?)N
?M:% J
guroH
gurvoH
guruNaam
?'P
?)N
?M+?
gurau
gurvoH
guruShu
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
?']
?o
?')N
guro
guruu
guravaH
$: ?, @)?, ,:?
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
::
::'P
::'N
daataa
daataarau
daataaraH
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
::'% J
::'P
daataaram
daataarau
:F J
daatRRin
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
::
daatraa
:Fz&:% J
daatRRibhyaam
daatRRibhyaH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
daatre
:Fz&:% J
daatRRibhyaam
daatRRibhyaH
:?N
:Fz&:% J
:Fz&N
daatuH
daatRRibhyaam
daatRRibhyaH
:?N
:]N
:F:% J
daatuH
daatroH
daatRRiNaam
:v'
:]N
:F+?
daatari
daatroH
daatRRiShu
:N
::'P
::'N
daataH
daataarau
daataaraH
:I
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
:Fz&N
:Fz&N
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
@!:
@!'P
@!'N
pitaa
pitarau
pitaraH
@!'% J
@!'P
pitaram
pitarau
@!F J
pitRRin
@!:
@!Fz&:% J
@!FB$
pitraa
pitRRibhyaam
pitRRibhi
@!I
@!Fz&:% J
@!Fz&N
pitre
pitRRibhyaam
pitRRibhyaH
@!?N
@!Fz&:% J
@!Fz&N
pituH
pitRRibhyaam
pitRRibhyaH
@!?N
@!]N
@!F:% J
pituH
pitroH
pitRRiNaam
@!v'
@!]N
@!F+?
pitari
pitroH
pitRRiShu
@!N
@!'P
@!'N
pitaH
pitarau
pitaraH
Cow - ] - go
Cow - ] - go
(
:':9N !?KB(C - ukaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
PN
:)P
:)N
gauH
gaavau
gaavaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
:% J
:)P
:N
gaam
gaavau
gaaH
):
]z&:% J
]B$N
gavaa
gobhyaam
gobhiH
)I
]z&:% J
]z&N
gave
gobhyaam
gobhyaH
]N
]z&:% J
]z&N
goH
gobhyaam
gobhyaH
]N
)]N
):% J
goH
gavoH
gavaam
@)
)]N
]+?
gavi
gavoH
goShu
PN
:)P
:)N
gauH
gaavau
gaavaH
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
!&]%? J
!&]%?P
!&]%?N
payomuk
payomuchau
payomuchaH
!&]%?% J
!&]%?P
!&]%?N
payomucham
payomuchau
payomuchaH
!&]%?:
!&]%?\z&:% J
!&]%?8\$N
payomuchaa
payomugbhyaam
payomugbhiH
!&]%?I
!&]%?\z&:% J
!&]%?\z&N
payomuche
payomugbhyaam
payomugbhyaH
!&]%?N
!&]%?\z&:% J
!&]%?\z&N
payomugaH
payomugbhyaam
payomugbhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
!&]%?N
!&]%?]N
!&]%?:% J
payomuchaH
payomuchoH
payomuchaam
!&]%? J
!&]%?PN
!&]%?.?
payomuch
payomuchauH
payomukshu
!&]%? J
!&]%?P
!&]%?N
payomuch
payomuchau
payomuchaH
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
)8 J
)8P
)8N
vaNij
vaNijau
vaNijaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
)8% J
vaNijam
)8P
)8N
vaNijau
vaNijaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
)8:
)8\z&:% J
)88\$N
vaNijaa
vaNigbhyaam
vaNigbhiH
)8I
)8\z&:% J
)8\z&N
vaNije
vaNigbhyaam
vaNigbhyaH
)8N
)8\z&:% J
)8\z&N
vaNijaH
vaNigbhyaam
vaNIgbhyaH
)8N
)8]N
)8:% J
vaNijaH
vaNijoH
vaNIjaam
)88
)8]N
)8.?
vaNiji
vaNIjoH
vaNikshu
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
)8 J
)8P
)8N
vaNij
vaNijau
vaNijaH
B$+ J, 8H) J
,%M! *>
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,:d
,:P
,:N
samraaT
samraajau
samraajaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
,:% J
,:P
,:N
samraajam
samraajau
samraajaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
,::
samraajaa
,:z&:% J
samraaDbhyaam
samraaDbhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
samraaje
,:z&:% J
samraaDbhyaam
samraaDbhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
samraajaH
,:z&:% J
samraaDbhyaam
samraaDbhyaH
,:N
,:]N
,::% J
samraajaH
samraajau
samraajaam
,:8
,:]N
,:Z,?
samraaji
samraajauH
samraaTsu
,:d
,:P
,:N
samraaT
samraajau
samraajaH
,:I
,:N
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
,:8$N
,:z&N
,:z&N
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
$U$
F J
$U$
F P
$U$
F N
bhuubhRRit
bhuubhRRitau
bhuubhRRitaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
$U$
F %J
$U$
F P
$U$
F N
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
$U$
F :
$U$z
F &:% J
$U$BF $N
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
$U$
F I
$U$z
F &:% J
$U$z
F &N
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
$U$
F N
$U$z
F &:% J
$U$z
F &N
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
$U$
F N
$U$
F ]N
$U$
F :% J
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
$U$BF
$U$
F ]N
$U$HF ,?
$U$
F J
$U$
F P
$U$
F N
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Singular
) ekavachana
<Q)
Dual
- dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
[ J
gachchhan
[9P
[9N
gachchhantau
gachchhantaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
[9% J
[9P
[9N
gachchhantam
gachchhantau
gachchhantaH
Instrumental
[:
[qz&:% J
[@N
FE&: - tRRitiiya
gachchhataa
gachchhadbhyaam
gachchhadbhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
[I
[z&:% J
[z&N
gachchhate
gachchhadbhyaam
gachchhadbhyaH
[N
[z&:% J
[z&N
gachchhataH
gachchhadbhyaam
gachchhadbhyaH
[N
[]N
[:% J
gachchhataH
gachchhatoH
gachchhataam
[B
[]N
[,?
gachchhati
gachchhatoH
gachchhatsu
[ J
gachchhat
[9P
[9N
gachchhantau
gachchhantaH
Ablative
!9%E paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
-, J
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
%-: J
%-:9P
%-:9N
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
%-:9% J
%-:9P
%-N
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
%-:
%-z&:% J
%-B$
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
%-I
%-z&:% J
%-z&N
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
%-N
%-z&:% J
%-$
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
%-N
%-]N
%-:% J
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
%-B
%-]N
%-H,?
%- J
%-:9P
%-:9N
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
'::
':: P
':: N
raajaa
raajaanau
raajaanaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
':: % J
':: P
':/N
raajaanam
raajaanau
raadnyaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
':/:
raadnyaa
'::z&:% J
raajaabhyaam
raajabhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
radnye
'::z&:% J
raajaabhyaam
raajabhyaH
':/N
':z&:% J
':z&N
raadnyaH
raajabhyaam
raajabhyaH
':/N
':/]N
':,?
raadnyaH
raadnyoH
raajasu
':/]N
':,?
raadnyi, raajani
raadnyoH
raajasu
': J
raajan
':: P
':: N
raajanau
raajaanaH
':/I
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
':8/, ':B
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
':B$N
':z&N
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
!9:N
!9: P
!9: N
panthaaH
panthaanau
panthaanaH
!9: % J
!9: P
!N
panthaanam
panthaanau
pathaH
!:
!Bz&:% J
!BB$N
pathaa
pathibhyaam
pathibhiH
!I
!Bz&:% J
!Bz&N
pathe
pathibhyaam
pathibhyaH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
!N
!Bz&:% J
!Bz&N
pathaH
pathibhyaam
pathibhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
!N
!]N
pathaH
pathoH
!:% J
pathaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
!B
!]N
!B+?
pathi
pathoH
pathiShu
!9:N
!9: P
!9: N
panthaaH
panthaanau
panthaanaH
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Singular
Dual
Plural
@)$@L - vibhakti
)
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
<Q)
ekavachana
dvivachana
)-)
?
vahuvachana
(:
(I
(:N
lataa
late
lataaH
(:% J
(I
(:N
lataam
late
lataaH
(&:
(:z&:% J
(:B$N
latayaa
lataabhyaam
lataabhiH
(:&G
(:z&:% J
(:z&N
lataayai
lataabhyaam
lataabhyaH
(:&:N
(:z&:% J
(:z&N
lataayaaH
lataabhyaam
lataabhyaH
(:&:N
(&]N
(: :% J
lataayaaH
latayoH
lataanaam
(:&:% J
(&]N
(:,?
lataayaam
lataayoH
lataasu
(I
(I
(:N
late
late
lataaH
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%BN
%E
%&N
matiH
matii
matayaH
%B% J
%E
%EN
matim
matii
matiiH
%H&:
%Bz&:% J
%BB$N
matyaa
matibhyaam
matibhiH
%&I, %G
%Bz&:% J
%Bz&N
mataye, matai
matibhyaam
matibhyaH
%IN, %H&]N
%Bz&:% J
%Bz&N
mateH, matyoH
matibhyaam
matibhyaH
%IN, %H&:N
%H&]N
%E :% J
mateH, matyaaH
matyoH
matiinaam
%P, %H&:% J
%H&]N
%B+?
matau
matyoH
matiShu
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
River -
%I
%E
%&N
mate
matii
matayaH
) B, !B, 9 B, H!@X, B%1, :89, F B, .B, B, BB
5 - nadii
River -
5 - nadii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
5
RP
RN
nadii
nadyau
nadyaH
5% J
RP
5N
nadiim
nadyau
nadiiH
R:
5z&:% J
5B$N
nadyaa
nadiibhyaam
nadiibhiH
RG
5z&:% J
5z&N
nadyai
nadiibhyaam
nadiibhyaH
R:N
5z&:% J
5z&N
nadyaaH
nadiibhyaam
nadiibhyaH
R:N
R]N
5 :% J
nadyaaH
nadyoH
nadiinaam
R:% J
R]N
5+?
nadyaam
nadyoH
nadiiShu
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
5
RP
RN
nadii
nadyau
nadyaH
Wife - DE - strii
Wife - DE - strii
(
:':9N DEB(C - aakaaraanta striiliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
DE
8D&P
8D&N
strii
striyau
striyaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
8D&% J, DE% J
8D&P
8D&N, DEN
striyam, striim
striyau
striyaH, striiH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
8D&:
striyaa
DEz&:% J
striibhyaam
striibhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
striyai
DEz&:% J
striibhyaam
striibhyaH
8D&:N
DEz&:% J
DEz&N
striyaaH
striibhyaam
striibhyaH
8D&:N
8D&]N
DE:% J
striyaaH
striyoH
striiNaam
8D&:% J
8D&]N
DE+?
striyaam
striyoH
striiShu
8D
8D&P
8D&N
stri
striyau
striyaH
8D&G
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Cow - I ? - dhenu
DEB$N
DEz&N
Cow - I ? - dhenu
(
:':9N DEB(C - aakaaraanta striiliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
Plural
)-?) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
I ?N
I U
I )N
dhenuH
dhenuu
dhenavaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
I %
? J
dhenum
I U
I UN
dhenuu
dhenuuH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
I9):
I ?z&:% J
I ?B$N
dhenvaa
dhenubhyaam
dhenubhiH
I9)G, I )I
I ?z&:% J
I ?z&N
dhenvai, dhenave
dhenubhyaam
dhenubhyaH
I9):N, I ]N
I ?z&:% J
I ?z&N
dhenvaaH, dhenoH
dhenubhyaam
dhenubhyaH
I9):N, I ]N
I9)]N
I U :% J
dhenvaaH, dhenoH
dhenvoH
dhenuunaam
I9):% J, I P
I9)]N
I ?+?
dhenvaam, dhenau
dhenvoH
dhenuShu
I ]
I U
I UN
dheno
dhenuu
dhenuuH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
)UN
)W)P
)W)N
vadhuuH
vadhvau
vadhvaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
)U% J
)W)P
)UN
vadhuum
vadhvau
vadhuuH
)W):
)Uz&:% J
)UB$N
vadhvaa
vadhuunaam
vadhuubhiH
)W)G
)Uz&:% J
)Uz&% J
vadhvai
vadhuubhyaam
vadhuubhyam
)W):N
)Uz&:% J
)Uz&N
vadhvaaH
vadhuubhyaam
vadhuubhyaH
)W):N
)W)]N
)U :% J
vadhvaaH
vadhvoH
vadhuunaam
)W):% J
)W)]N
)U+?
vadhvaam
vadhvoH
vadhuuShu
)?
)W)P
)W)N
vadhuu
vadhvau
vadhvaH
%U, bU
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%::
%:'P
%:'N
maataa
maatarau
maataraH
%:'% J
%:'P
%:|
maataram
maatarau
maatRRI
%::
%:Fz&:% J
%:FB$N
maatraa
maatRRibhyaam
maatRRibhiH
%:I
%:Fz&:% J
%:Fz&N
maatre
maatRRibhyaam
maatRRibhyaH
%:?N
%:Fz&:% J
%:Fz&N
maatuH
maatRRibhyaam
maatRRibhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
%:?N
%:]N
%:|:% J
maatuH
maatroH
maatRRINaam
%:v'
%:]N
%:F+?
maatari
maatroH
maatRRiShu
%::
%:'P
%:'N
maataa
maatarau
maataraH
<-:
, &::
?
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
@)! J
@)!P
@)!N
vipat
vipadau
vipadaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
@)!% J
vipadam
@)!P
@)!N
vipadau
vipadaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
@)!:
@)!z&:% J
@)!@N
vipadaa
vipadbhyaam
vipadbhiH
@)!I
@)!z&:% J
@)!z&N
vipade
vipadbhyaam
vipadbhyaH
@)!N
@)!z&:% J
@)!z&N
vipadaH
vipadbhyaam
vipadbhyaH
@)!N
@)!]N
@)!:% J
vipadaH
vipadoH
vipadaam
@)!<
@)!]N
@)!H,?
vapadi
vipadoH
vipatsu
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
@)! J
@)!P
@)!N
vipat
vipadau
vipadaH
,%M! *>
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
< J
<*P
<*N
dik
dishau
dishaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
<*% J
<*P
<*N
disham
dishau
dishaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
<*:
dishaa
<\z&:% J
digbhyaam
digbhyaH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
dishe
<\z&:% J
digbhyaam
digbhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
dishaH
<\z&:% J
digbhyaam
digbhyaH
<*N
<*]N
<*:% J
dishaH
dishoH
dishaam
<B*
<*]N
<.?
dishi
dishoH
dikshu
< J
<*P
<*N
dik
dishau
dishaH
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
<*I
<*N
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
<\z&N
<\z&N
<\z&N
Singular
) -
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
ekavachana
Nominative
%: prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: dvitiiyaa
Dative
?1E chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
)-)
?
Plural
- vahuvachana
"(I
phalam
phale
"(% J
"(I
phalam
phale
phalaani
"(:z&:% J
"(GN
phalena
phalaabhyaam
phalaiH
"(:&
phalaaya
"(:z&:% J
phalaabhyaam
phalebhyaH
"(: J
phalaat
"(:z&:% J
phalaabhyaam
phalebhyaH
"(&
"(&]N
"(: :% J
phalasya
phalayoH
phalanaam
"(I
"(&]N
"(I+?
phale
phalayoH
phaleShu
"(% J
"(I
phalam
phale
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
Dual
- dvivachana
"(% J
"(I
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
<Q)
"(:B
phalaani
"(:B
"(Iz&N
"(Iz&N
"(:B
phalaani
Note: Except the nominative and accusative cases the noun form is
same as "boy".
9 , ,
F , 9, (E
, , , 89&, ', R: , H: , ,
(,
,
%(,
:'% J, :R, , E, F-, ], F, etc.
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
):v'
):v'8
):'58
vaari
vaariNi
vaariiNi
):v'
):v'E
):'58
vaari
vaariNii
vaariiNi
):v':
):v'z&:% J
):v'B$N
vaariNaa
vaaribhyaam
vaaribhiH
):v'I
):v'z&:% J
):v'z&N
vaariNe
vaaribhyaam
vaaribhyaH
):v'N
):v'z&:% J
):v'z&N
vaariNaH
vaaribhyaam
vaaribhyaH
):v'N
):v']N
):'5:% J
vaariNaH
vaariNoH
vaariiNaam
):v'8
):v']N
):v'+?
vaariNi
vaariNoH
vaariShu
):v'
):v'E
):'58
vaari
vaariNii
vaariiNi
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
8.
8.E
.E8
akshi
akshiNii
akshiiNi
8.
8.E
.E8
akshi
akshiNii
akshiiNi
:
8.z&:% J
8.B$N
akshNaa
akshibhyaam
akshibhiH
I
8.z&:% J
8.z&N
akshNe
akshbhyaam
akshibhyaH
N
8.z&:% J
8.z&N
akshNaH
akshibhyaam
akshibhyaH
N
]N
:% J
akshNaH
akshNoH
akshNaam
8, .8
]N
8.+?
akshNi, akshaNi
akshNoH
akshiShu
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
8., .I
E
.E8
akshi, akshe
akshNii
akshiiNi
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%?
%? E
madhu
madhunii
%?
%? E
madhu
madhunii
madhuuni
%? :
%?z&:% J
%?B$N
madhunaa
madhubhyaam
madhubhiH
%? I
%?z&:% J
%?z&N
madhune
madhubhyaam
madhubhyaH
%? N
%?z&:% J
%?z&N
madhunaH
madhubhyaam
madhubhyaH
%? N
%? ]N
%U :% J
madhunaH
madhunoH
madhuunaam
%? ]N
%?+?
madhuni
madhunoH
madhuShu
%?, %]
%? E
madhu, madho
madhunii
%?B
%UB
madhuuni
%UB
%UB
madhuuni
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Name -
:% J - naaman
Name (
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
:':9N
:% J - naaman
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
:%
:f E,
:% E
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
:%:B
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
naama
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
naama
naamnii, naamanii
naamaani
:f :
:%z&:% J
:%B$N
naamnaa
naamabhyaam
naamaabhiH
:f I
:%z&:% J
:%z&N
naamne
naamabhyaam
naamabhyaH
:f N
:%z&:% J
:%z&N
naamnaH
naamabhyaam
naamabhyaH
:f N
:f ]N
:f :% J
naamnaH
naamnoH
naamnaam
:f ]N
:%,?
naamnoH
naamasu
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
naamnii, naamanii
:%
:8f ,
:f E,
:%B
naamni, naamani
:% J, :%
naaman, naama
:8f ,
:% E
naamni, naamanii
Deed - %1 J - karman
:% E
naamaani
:%:B
:%:B
naamaani
Deed -
%1 J - karman
(
:':9N
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
%1
%1E
%:18
karma
karmaNii
karmaaNi
%1
%1E
%:18
karma
karmaNii
karmaaNi
%1:
%1z&:% J
%1B$N
karmaNaa
karmabhyaam
karmabhiH
%1I
%1z&:% J
%1z&N
karmaNe
karmabhyaam
karmabhyaH
%1N
%1z&:% J
%1z&N
karmaNaH
karmabhyaam
karmabhyaH
%1N
%1]N
%1:% J
karmaNaH
karmaNoH
karmaNaam
%18
%1]N
%1,?
karmaNi
karmaNoH
karmasu
%1 J,
%1
karman, karma
%1E
%:18
karmaNii
karmaaNi
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
!&N
!&,E
!&:KB,
payaH
payasii
payaa.nsi
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
!&N
!&,E
!&:KB,
payaH
payasii
payaa.nsi
!&,:
!&]z&:% J
!&]B$N
payasaa
payobhyaam
payobhiH
!&,I
!&]z&:% J
!&]z&N
payase
payobhyaam
payobhyaH
!&,N
!&]z&:% J
!&]z&N
payasaH
payobhyaam
payobhyaH
!&,N
!&,]N
!&,:% J
payasaH
payasoH
payasaam
!&B,
!&,]N
!&N,?
payasi
payasoH
payaHsu
!&N
!&,E
!&:KB,
payaH
payasii
payaa.nsi
I - %S - asmad
I - %S - asmad
(
:':9 ,)1 :% - dakaaraanta sarvanaama)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
-% J
):% J
)&% J
aham
aavaam
vayam
%:% J, %:
maam, maa
aavaam, nau
%: J, N
asmaan, naH
%&:
):z&:% J
%:B$N
mayaa
aavaabhyaam
asmaabhiH
%% J, %I
):% J,
):z&:% J,
%z&% J,
mahyam, me
aavaabhyaam, nau
asmabhyam, naH
% J
):z&:% J
% J
mat
aavaabhyaam
asmat
%%, %I
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
%: % J,
mama, me
aavayoH, nau
asmaakam, naH
%B&
)&]N
%:,?
mayi
aavayoH
asmaasu
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
)&]N,
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
H)% J
tvam
&?):% J
yuvaam
&U&% J
yuuyam
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
H):% J, H):
tvaam, tvaa
&?):% J, ):% J
yuvaam, vaam
&?%: J, )N
yuShmaan, vaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
H)&:
&?):z&:% J
&?%:B$N
tvayaa
yuvabhyaam
yuShmaabhiH
?z&% J, I
&?):z&:% J
&?% J
tubhyam, te
yuvaabhyaam
tuShmat
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
H) J
&?):z&:% J
&?%S
tvat
yuvaabhyaam
yuShmad
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
), I
&?)&]N, ):% J
&?%: % J, )N
tava, te
yuvayoH, vaam
yuShmaakam, vaH
H)B&
&?)&]N
&?%:,?
tvayi
yuvayoH
yuShmaasu
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
*** You or &?%S (yuShmad) does not have vocative case. ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
None
,%M! *>
He - S - tad
He - S - tad
(
:':9 ,)1 :% !?KB(C - dakaaraanta sarvanaama pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,N
P
I
saH
tau
te
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
% J
P
:% J
tam
tau
taam
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
tena
:z&:% J
taabhyaam
taiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
tasmai
:z&:% J
taabhyaam
tebhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
%: J
tasmaat
:z&:% J
taabhyaam
tebhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N
I+:% J
tasya
tayoH
teShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
tasmin
&]N
I+?
tayoH
teShu
Vocative
,f#] -
I
%G
GN
Iz&N
Iz&N
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
She - S - tad
She - S - tad
(
:':9 ,)1 :% DEB(C - dakaaraanta sarvanaama striiliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,:
I
:N
saa
te
taaH
:% J
I
:N
taam
te
taaH
&:
:z&:% J
:B$N
tayaa
taabhyaam
taabhiH
&G
:z&:% J
:z&N
tasmai
taabhyaam
taabhyaH
&:N
:z&:% J
:z&N
tasyaaH
taabhyaam
taabhyaH
&:N
&]N
:,:% J
tasyaa
tayoH
taasaam
&:% J
&]N
:,?
tasyaam
tayoH
taasu
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
That - S - tad
That - S - tad
(
:':9 ,)1 :%
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
ekavachana
<Q)
Dual
- dvivachana )-)
?
Plural
- vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
J
I
:B
tat
te
taani
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
J
I
:B
tat
te
taani
Accusative
% J
P
:% J
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
tam
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
I
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E paJNachamii
tau
taam
:z&:% J
GN
tena
taabhyaam
taiH
%G
:z&:% J
Iz&N
tasmai
taabhyaam
tebhyaH
%: J
tasmaat
:z&:% J
taabhyaam
tebhyaH
Iz&N
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N
I+:% J
tasya
tayoH
teShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
tasmin
&]N
I+?
tayoH
teShu
Vocative
,f#] -
*** Except nominative and accusative case all other cases are
like He or S (tad). ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
&% J
%P
%I
ayam
imau
ime
%% J, % J
%P, P, %: J
imau, enau, imaan
: J
enaan
z&:% J
B$N
anena, enena
aabhyaam
ebhiH
%G
z&:% J
z&N
asmai
aabhyaam
ebhyaH
%: J
z&:% J
z&N
asmaat
aabhyaam
ebhyaH
imam, enam
I , I
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N, &]N
+:% J
asya
anayoH, enayoH
eShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
asmin
&]N, &]N
+?
anayoH, enayoH
eShu
Vocative
,f#] -
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
&% J
iyam
%I
%:N
ime
imaaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
%:% J, :% J
imaam, enaam
%I, I
%:N, :N
ime, ene
imaaH, enaaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
&:, &:
z&:% J
B$N
anayaa, enayaa
aabhyaam
aabhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
&]
z&:% J
z&N
asyo
aabhyaam
aabhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
&:N
z&:% J
z&N
aasyaaH
aabhyaam
aabhyaH
&:N
&]N, &]N
,:% J
asyaaH
anayoH, enayoH
aasaam
&:% J
&]N, &]N
,?
asyaam
anayoH, enayoH
aasu
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
sambodhana
Similar Words
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
None
,%M! *>
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
% J
%I
idam
ime
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%:B , :B
imaani, enaani
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
% J, J
%I, I
idam, enat
ime, ene
imaani, enaani
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
anena, enena
z&:% J
aabhyaam
ebhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
asmai
z&:% J
aabhyaam
ebhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
%: J
asmaat
z&:% J
aabhyaam
ebhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N, &]N
+:% J
asya
anayoH, enayoH
eShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
asmin
&]N, &]N
+?
anayoH, enayoH
eShu
Vocative
,f#] -
I , I
%G
%:B , :B
B$N
z&N
z&N
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
kaH
kau
ke
% J
kam
kau
: J
kaan
:z&:% J
GN
kena
kaabhyaam
kaiH
%G
:z&:% J
Iz&N
kasmai
kaabhyaam
kebhyaH
%: J
:z&:% J
Iz&N
kasmaat
kaabhyaam
kebhyaH
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N
I+:% J
kasya
kayoH
keShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
kasmin
&]N
I+?
kayoH
keShu
Vocative
,f#] -
*** Who, What or <
% J (kim) does not have vocative case.
***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
:N
kaa
ke
kaaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
:% J
:N
kaam
ke
kaaH
Instrumental
&:
:z&:% J
:B$N
FE&: - tRRitiiya
kayaa
kaabhyaam
kaabhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
,PN
:z&:% J
:z&N
kasyauH
kaabhyaam
kaabhyaH
&:N
:z&:% J
:z&N
kasyaaH
kaabhyaam
kaabhyaH
&:N
&]N
:,:% J
kasyaaH
kayoH
kaasaam
&:% J
&]N
:,?
kasyaam
kayoH
kaasu
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
*** Who, What or <
% J (kim) does not have vocative case.
***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
< % J
:B
kim
ke
kaani
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
< % J
:B
kim
ke
kaani
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
:z&:% J
GN
kena
kaabhyaam
kaiH
%G
:z&:% J
Iz&N
kasmai
kaabhyaam
kebhyaH
%: J
:z&:% J
Iz&N
kasmaat
kaabhyaam
kebhyaH
&
&]N
I+:% J
kasya
kayoH
keShaam
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
8% J
kasmin
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
&]N
I+?
kayoH
keShu
*** Who, What or <
% J (kim) does not have vocative case.
***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
,)1N
,)
,)
sarvaH
sarvau
sarve
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
,)1% J
sarvam
,)
sarvau
,):1 J
sarvaan
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
sarveNa
,):1z&:% J
sarvaabhyaam
sarvai
,)%G
,):1z&:% J
,)z&N
sarvasmai
sarvaabhyaam
sarvebhyaH
,)1%: J
,):1z&:% J
,)z&N
sarvasmaat
sarvaabhyaam
sarvebhyaH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
,)
,)
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,)1&
,)1&]N
,)+:% J
sarvasya
sarvayoH
sarveShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,)18% J
sarvasmin
,)1&]N
,)+?
sarvayoH
sarveShu
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
,)1
,)
,)
sarva
sarvau
sarve
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,):1
,)
,):1N
sarvaa
sarve
sarvaaH
,):1% J
,)
,):1N
sarvaam
sarve
sarvaaH
,)1&:
,):1z&:% J
,):1B$N
sarvayaa
sarvaabhyaam
sarvaabhiH
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
,)1,G
,):1z&:% J
,):1z&N
sarvasai
sarvaabhyaam
sarvaabhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
,)1&:N
sarvasyaaH
,):1z&:% J
sarvaabhyaam
sarvaabhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,)1&:N
,)1&]N
sarvasyaaH
sarvayoH
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,)1&:% J
sarvasyaam
,)1&]N
,):1,?
sarvayoH
sarvaasu
Vocative
,f#] -
,)
,)
,):1N
sarve
sarve
sarvaaH
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
,):1z&N
,):1,:% J
sarvaasaam
None
Dual
<Q) -
Plural
)-)
?
ekavachana
dvivachana
vahuvachana
,)1% J
,)
,):18
sarvam
sarve
sarvaaNi
,)1% J
,)
,):18
sarvam
sarve
sarvaaNi
,)
,):1z&:% J
,)
sarveNa
sarvaabhyaam
sarvai
,)%G
,):1z&:% J
,)z&N
sarvasmai
sarvaabhyaam
sarvebhyaH
,)1%: J
,):1z&:% J
,)z&N
sarvasmaat
sarvaabhyaam
sarvebhyaH
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,)1&
,)1&]N
,)+:% J
sarvasya
sarvayoH
sarveShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,)18% J
sarvasmin
,)1&]N
,)+?
sarvayoH
sarveShu
Vocative
,f#] -
,)1
,)
,):18
sarva
sarvau
sarvaaNi
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
10 tenses or ( :' (lakaara). We have seen out of the 10 tenses 5 are enough
uttamapuruSha);
and 3 numbers - singuar (
)
and plural ()-)
?
/dvivachana)
/ vahuvachana)
The verb form is derived by adding special suffix B! J (tip) to the root of the word. All
such words are also called B)9! (tivantapada) meaning "ending with B! J (tip)". In
this chapter we will learn about classification of verbs and their respective B! J (tip)
suffixes.
The verb form for each category of word is derived by adding pre-defined pattern of
B! J (tip) suffixes to the word root. All other words in that category follow the same
pattern. For example - the verb "be" or $U (bhuu) has a form like $)B (bhavati),
$)N (bhavataH), $89 (bhavanti) and so on. The verb "read" or !Y (paTh) is of the
same category and follows the same pattern as !B (paThati), !N (paThataH),
!89 (paThanti). In both the cases the suffixes B (ti), N (taH) and 89 (nti) were
added to the root words be ($U / bhuu) and read (!Y / paTh) to get the derived
form.
In Sanskrit verbs are classified into different categories based on:
the receiver of their result. If the result of the action represented by the verb
is for the doer (Subject), then it is H% I!5 (aatmanepadii) meaning "for
self". All other verbs are !'%G!5 (parasmaipadii) or "for others". The B! J (tip)
suffix used in these are different. Following table has the B! J (tip) suffixes, for
both.
for others
!'%G!5 -
for self
H% I!5 -
parasmaipadii
aatmanepadii
! - !?M+
pada - puruSha
3rd Person
%!?M+ - prathamapuruSha
B! J
, J
8
:% J
tip
tas
jhi
ta
aataam
jh
B,! J
, J
:, J
:% J
W)% J
sip
thas
tha
B%! J
), J
%, J
d
mip
vas
mas
iT
2nd Person
%W&%!?M+ madhyamapuruSha
1st Person
X%!?M+ - uttamapuruSha
%<-
vahiN^ mahiN^
their group or (gaNa). The verbs can belong to one of the 10 pre-defined
groups or (gaNa). The groups are o
z):< - bhvaadigaNa
:< - adaadigaNa
?-]H&:< - juhotyaadigaNa
<):< - divaadigaNa
):< - svaadigaNa
?:< - tudaadigaNa
M:< - rudhaadigaNa
:< - tanaadigaNa
&:< - krayaadigaNa
?':< - churaadigaNa
Following is a set of important verbs with their verb-forms along with the list of verbs
of same category. Knowing these will help in deriving theverb forms of other similar
words. Note: We are in the process of adding verb-forms of more such verbs.
!'%G!5
H% I!5
$&!5
gaNa
parasmaipadii
aatmanepadii
ubhayapadii
budh,
'. J - raksh, '. - raksha, !: %FS- mRRid, ,i - paa, : - ghraa, ,I) J - sev, sah, )F J - vRRit,
! J - pach,
&: J - yaach,
E -
nii, )i - vah
% J - nam, F - . J - iiksh
skRRi, ), J - vas
S - ad, , J - as, MS - rud,
:<
adaadigaNa
?-]H&:<
- hRRi, $E - bhii, -: -
F J - nRRit,
, J -
%: - maa
$U - bhuu, : - daa,
: - dhaa
*J -
nash, % J - bhram, % J - !S
shram, ,] - so,
aas, *E
pad, ,? J -
- kup
):<
svaadigaNa
?:<
tudaadigaNa
M:<
rudhaadigaNa
,? - su
+ J - iSh, [h - prachchh,
? J
:<
tuk, %?7 J -
muJNch
M J - rudh
J - tan, F - kRRi
tanaadigaNa
*E7 J
shiiJNj,
%E7 J
rud, B9 J -
chint, J -
?' J - chur
gaN,
J - kath, $. J bhaksh
be - $U - bhuu
be - $U - bhuu
((Z(
:'
(Z(
:' z):< !'%G!5
!5 - laTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
$)B
$)N
$)89
bhavati
bhavataH
bhavanti
Second
%W&% / madhyama
$)B,
$)N
$)
bhavasi
bhavathaH
bhavatha
$):B%
$):)N
$):%N
bhavaami
bhavaavaH
bhavaamaH
First
X% / uttama
be - $U - bhuu
((C(
:'
(C(
:' z):< !'%G!5 - laN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
$) J
$):% J
$) J
abhavat
abhavataam
abhavat
$)N
$)% J
$)
abhavaH
abhavatam
abhavata
$)% J
$):)
$):%
abhavam
abhavavaava
abhavavaama
be - $U - bhuu
((F
(FZ(
:' z):< !'%G!5 - lRRiTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
$@)&B
$@)&N
$@)&89
bhaviShyati
bhaviShyataH
bhaviShyanti
$@)&B,
$@)&N
$@)&
bhaviShyasi
bhaviShtathaH
bhaviShyatha
$@)&:B%
$@)&:)N
$@)&:%N
bhaviShyaami
bhaviShyaavaH
bhaviShyaamaH
be - $U - bhuu
(@)G
@)GB(C(
:' z):< !'%G!5 - vidhailiN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
$)I J
$)I:% J
$)I&?N
bhavet
bhavetaam
bhaveyuH
Second
%W&% / madhyama
$)IN
$)I% J
$)I
bhaveH
bhavetam
bhaveta
First
X% / uttama
$)I&% J
bhaveyam
$)I)
$)I%
bhaveva
bhavema
be - $U - bhuu
(&:K
&:K(]Z(
:' z):< !'%G!5 - aadnyaa.nloTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
$)?
$):% J
$)9?
bhavatu
bhavataam
bhavantu
$)
$)% J
$)
bhava
bhavatam
bhavata
$):)
$):%
bhavaava
bhavaama
$):B
bhavaani
Similar Words
,%o!:? /
!Y - paTh, )S - vad, ? - shru, '. J - raksh, '. - raksha, !: paa, : - ghraa, ,I) J - sev, ! J - pach,
samaruupadhaatu
% J - nam, ), J - vas, % J
get - ($ J - labh
get - ($ J - labh
((Z(
:'
(Z(
:' z):< H% I!5 - laTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
($I
($II
($9I
labhate
labhete
labhante
($,I
($II
($W)I
labhase
labhethe
labhadhve
($I
($:)-I
($:%-I
labhe
labhaavahe
labhaamahe
get - ($ J - labh
((C(
:'
(C(
:' z):< H% I!5 - laN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
($
($I:% J
($9
alabhata
alabhetaam
alabhanta
($:N
($I:% J
($W):% J
alabhathaaH
alabhethaam
alabhadhvaam
($I
($:)-G
($:%<-
alabhe
alabhaavahai
alabhaamahi
get - ($ J - labh
((F
(FZ(
:' z):< H% I!5 - lRRiTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
/ vachana
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
(&I
(&II
(&9I
lapsyate
lapsyete
lapsyante
(&,I
(&II
(&W)I
lapsyase
lapsyethe
lapsyadhve
(&I
(&:)-I
(&:%-I
lapsye
lapsyaavahe
lapsyaamahe
get - ($ J - labh
(@)G
@)GB(C(
:' z):< H% I!5 - vidhailiN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
($I
($I&::% J
labheyaataam
($I' J
labheran
($I&::% J
labheyaathaam
($IW):% J
labhedhvaam
Third
% / prathama
labheta
Second
%W&% / madhyama
labhethaaH
First
X% / uttama
($I&
($I)<-
($I%<-
labheya
labhevahi
labhemahi
($I:N
get - ($ J - labh
(&:K
&:K(]Z(
:' z):< H% !
I 5 - aadnyaa.nloTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
Similar Words
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
($:% J
($I:% J
($9:% J
labhataam
labhetaam
labhantaam
($)
($I:% J
($W):% J
labhasva
labhethaam
labhadhvaam
($G
($:)-G
($:%-G
labhai
labhaavahai
labhaamahai
,%o!:? /
samaruupadhaatu
. J - iiksh