Problems

Section 2-2 Engineering and Linear Models

P2.2-1
The element is not linear. For example, doubling the current from 2 A to 4 A does not double the
voltage. Hence, the property of homogeneity is not satisfied.
P2.2-2
(a) The data points do indeed lie on a straight line. The slope of the line is 0.12 V/A and
the line passes through the origin so the equation of the line is v = 0.12 i . The element is indeed
linear.
(b) When i = 40 mA, v = (0.12 V/A)(40 mA) = (0.12 V/A)(0.04 A) = 4.8 mV
4
= 33.3 A
(c) When v = 4 V, i =
0.12
P2.2-3
(a) The data points do indeed lie on a straight line. The slope of the line is 256.5 V/A and
the line passes through the origin so the equation of the line is v = 256.5 i . The element is indeed
linear.
(b) When i = 4 mA, v = (256.5 V/A)(4 mA) = (256.5 V/A)(0.004 A) = 1.026 V
12
= 0.04678 A = 46.78 mA.
(c) When v = 12 V, i =
256.5
P2.2-4

Let i = 1 A , then v = 3i + 5 = 8 V. Next 2i = 2A but 16 = 2v 3(2i) + 5 = 11.. Hence,

the property of homogeneity is not satisfied. The element is not linear.

P2.2-5
(a)

(b)
Using the quadratic formula

v
v v
+
=

v = 3.2 V
10 40 8
v
i=
= 0.08 A
40
v v2
v
0.4 = +

v 2 + 0.8 = 0
10 2
5
0.4 =

v=

0.2 1.8
= 0.8, 1.0 V
2

( 1) = 0.5 A .
0.82
When v = 0.8 V then i =
= 0.32 A . When v = -1.0 V then i =
2
2
2

(c)

0.4 =

v
v2
+ 0.8 +
10
2

v
v 2 + + 0.8 = 0
5

0.2 0.04 3.2

2
So there is no real solution to the equation.
Using the quadratic formula

v=

Section 2-4 Resistors

P2.4-1
i = is = 3 A and v = Ri = 7 3 = 21 V
v and i adhere to the passive convention
P = v i = 21 3 = 63 W
is the power absorbed by the resistor.

P2.4-2

i = is = 3 mA and v = 24 V
v
24
=
= 8000 = 8 k
i
.003
P = (310 3 ) 24 = 7210 3 = 72 mW

R =

P2.4-3

v = vs =10 V and R = 5
v
10
=
=2 A
R
5
v and i adhere to the passive convention

i =

p = v i = 210 = 20 W
is the power absorbed by the resistor

P2.4-4

v = vs = 24 V and i = 2 A
v 24
=
= 12
i
2
p = vi = 242 = 48 W

R=

P2.4-5

v1 = v 2 = vs = 150 V;
R1 = 50 ; R2 = 25
v 1 and i1 adhere to the passive convention so

v 1 150
=
=3 A
R 1 50
v
150
v2 and i 2 do not adhere to the passive convention so i 2 = 2 =
= 6 A
R2
25
i1 =

The power absorbed by R1 is P1 = v1 i1 = 150 3 = 450 W

The power absorbed by R 2 is P 2 = v 2i 2 = 150(6) = 900 W

P2.4-6

i1 = i 2 = is = 2 A ;
R1 =4 and R2 = 8
v 1 and i 1 do not adhere to the passive convention so
v 1 = R 1 i 1 =42 =8 V.
The power absorbed by R 1 is
P1 =v 1i 1 =(8)(2) = 16 W.

v2 and i 2 do adhere to the passive convention so v2 = R 2 i 2 = 8 2 = 16 V .

The power absorbed by R 2 is P 2 = v 2i 2 = 16 2 = 32 W.

P2.4-7

Model the heater as a resistor, then

v2
v2
(250) 2
R =
=
= 62.5
R
P
1000
v 2 (210) 2
with a 210 V source: P = =
= 705.6 W
62.5
R
with a 250 V source: P =

P2.4-8

The current required by the mine lights is: i =

P 5000 125
=
=
A
v 120
3

Power loss in the wire is : i 2 R

Thus the maximum resistance of the copper wire allowed is
0.05P 0.055000
=
= 0.144
R=
i2
(125/3) 2
now since the length of the wire is L = 2100 = 200 m = 20,000 cm
thus R = L / A

with = 1.7106 cm from Table 2.51

A=

L
R

1.7106 20,000
= 0.236 cm 2
0.144

*P2.4-9
0.7884 =

380
420
gain
= 0.8108
102 + 380
98 + 420

nominal gain =

gain tolerance =

0.7884 + 0.8108
= 0.7996
2

0.7996 0.7884
0.8108 0.7996
100 =
100 = 1.40%
0.7996
0.7996

So

gain = 0.7996 1.40%

P2.4-10
Label the current i as shown. That current is
the element current in both resistors. First

i=

va
40

Next

vb = R i = R

va
40

R = 40

For example,
R = 40

7.05
= 24
11.75

vb
va

Section 2-5 Independent Sources

P2.5-1
v s 15
2
=
= 3 A and P = R i 2 = 5 ( 3 ) = 45 W
R
5
(b) i and P do not depend on is .

(a) i =

The values of i and P are 3 A and 45 W, both when i s = 3 A and when i s = 5 A.

P2.5-2
(a) v = R i s = 5 2 = 10 V and P =

v 2 102
=
= 20 W
R
5

(b) v and P do not depend on v s .

The values of v and P are 10V and 20 W both when v s = 10 V and when v s = 5 V

P2.5-3
Consider the current source:
i s and v s do not adhere to the passive convention,
so Pcs =i s v s =312 = 36 W
is the power supplied by the current source.

Consider the voltage source:

i s and v s do adhere to the passive convention,
so Pvs = i s vs =3 12 = 36 W
is the power absorbed by the voltage source.
The voltage source supplies 36 W.

P2.5-4
Consider the current source:
i s and vs adhere to the passive convention
so Pcs = i s vs =3 12 = 36 W
is the power absorbed by the current source.
Current source supplies 36 W.
Consider the voltage source:
i s and vs do not adhere to the passive convention
so Pvs = i s vs = 3 12 =36 W
is the power supplied by the voltage source.

P2.5-5
(a) P = v i = (2 cos t ) (10 cos t ) = 20 cos 2 t mW
(b) w = P dt =
0
1

1 1

0 20 cos t dt = 20 2 t + 4 sin 2t
1

P2.5-6
(a) time to discharge =

= 10 + 5 sin 2 mJ

capacity 800 mAh

=
= 16 hours
current
50 mA

Section 2-6 Voltmeters and Ammeters

P2.6-1
(a) R =

v
5
=
= 10
i 0.5

(b) The voltage, 12 V, and the

current, 0.5 A, of the voltage
source adhere to the passive
convention so the power
P = 12 (0.5) = 6 W
is the power received by the
source. The voltage source
delivers -6 W.
P2.6-2
The voltmeter current is zero
so the ammeter current is
equal to the current source
current except for the
reference direction:
i = -2 A
The voltage v is the voltage of
the current source. The power
supplied by the current source
is 40 W so

40 = 2 v v = 20 V

P2.6-3
(a)

900
vm =
12 = 10.8 V
900 + 100

12 10.8
= 0.1 = 10%
12
(b) We require
Rm
12
12
R m + 100

0.02
12

Rm
R m + 100

0.98

R m 4900
(checked: LNAP 6/16/04)

P2.6-4
(a)

1000
im =
2 = 1.98 A
1000 + 10

% error =

2 1.98
100 = 0.99%
2

(b)
1000
2
2
1000 + R m

0.05
2

1000
0.95
1000 + R m

R m 52.63
(checked: LNAP 6/17/04)

P2.6-5
a.)

v R = 25 i R = 25 ( 2 ) = 50 V
v m = 12 v R = 12 ( 50 ) = 62 V

b.)
Element
voltage source

Power supplied

current source

62 ( 2 ) = 124 W

( )

12 i s = 12 ( 2 ) = 24 W

resistor

v R i R = ( 50 )( 2 ) = 100 W

total

P2.6-6
a.)
iR =

vR
25

12
= 0.48 A
25

i m = i R 2 = 0.48 2 = 1.52 A

b.)
Element
voltage source

Power supplied

current source

v s ( 2 ) = 12 ( 2 ) =24 W

resistor

v R i R = (12 )( 0.48 ) = 5.76 W

total

( )

12 i m = 12 ( 1.52 ) = 18.24 W

Section 2-7 Dependent Sources

P2.7-1
r =

vb 8
= =4
ia 2

P2.7-2
vb = 8 V ; g v b = i a = 2 A ; g =

ia 2
A
= = 0.25
vb 8
V

i b = 8 A ; d i b = i a = 32A ; d =

i a 32
A
=
=4
ib 8
A

va = 2 V ; b va = vb = 8 V ; b =

vb 8
V
= =4
va 2
V

P2.7-3

P2.7-4

P2.7-5
R=

4
2
V
= 2 and A =
= 4
2
0.5
A

(checked: LNAP 6/6/04)

P2.7-6

vc = 2 V, id = 4 vc = 8 A and vd = 2.2 V
id and vd adhere to the passive convention so
P = vd id = (2.2) (8) = 17.6 W
is the power received by the dependent source. The power supplied by the
dependent source is 17.6 W.
P2.7-7

ic = 1.25 A, vd = 2 ic = 2.5 V and id = 1.75 A

id and vd adhere to the passive convention so
P = vd id = (2.5) (1.75) = 4.375 W
is the power received by the dependent source.

Section 2-8 Transducers

P2.8-1
a=

360

360 vm
Rp I

(360)(23V)
= 75.27
(100 k)(1.1 mA)

P2.8-2
AD590 : k =1

,
K
v =20 V (voltage condition satisfied)

4 A < i < 13 A

i
T =

4 K< T <13 K

Section 2-9 Switches

P2.9-1
At t = 1 s the left switch is open and the
right switch is closed so the voltage
across the resistor is 10 V.
i=

v
10
=
= 2 mA
R
5103

At t = 4 s the left switch is closed and the right switch is open so the voltage across the resistor is
15 V.
i=

v
15
=
= 3 mA
R
5103

P2.9-2
At t = 1 s the current in the resistor
is 3 mA so v = 15 V.
At t = 4 s the current in the resistor
is 0 A so v = 0 V.

P2.9-3
(a) v = 12 V
100
(b) v =
12 = 11.43 V
105
(c) v = 0 V
100
(d) v =
12 = 0.1188  0.12 V
10100

Section 2-10 How Can We Check?

P2.10-1
vo =40 V and i s = (2) = 2 A. (Notice that the ammeter measures i s rather than i s .)
So

vo
40
V
=
= 20
is
2
A

Your lab partner is wrong.

P2.10-2
vs 12
=
= 0.48 A. The power absorbed by
R 25
this resistor will be P = i vs = (0.48) (12) = 5.76 W.
We expect the resistor current to be i =

A half watt resistor can't absorb this much power. You should not try another resistor.