Universitas Halu Oleo

Fakultas Ilmu & Teknologi Kebumian

Jurusan Teknik Geofisika

GEOLOGI MIGAS
MUSYAFAR KUDRI ZAIN, S.Si., M.Si.

Source Rock
Source Rock is any rocks that can produce and expel hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon is generated from organic-rich sediments (source rocks)
containing organic matter originating from biological materials.
During burial of sediments, the increase in temperature results in a series
of geochemical reactions which leads from biopolymers to geopolymers,
often collectively called kerogen, which are precursors of petroleum.

The amount, type and composition of petroleum generated is dependent

upon the nature of the organic matter in the source rock and its maturity
governed by its time/temperature history.

Source Rock
It must have QUANTITY, QUALITY and MATURITY (QQM)
Quantity of SR

: Total Organic Carbon (TOC) present in the source rock

Quality of SR

: Proportional of individual kerogens

Prevalence of long-chain hydrocarbons

Thermal maturity : Vitrinite reflectance

Pyrolysis Tmax

Source Rock
Potential SR. : Rock which contains organic matter in sufficient quantity
to generate and expel hydrocarbons if subjected to increased thermal
maturation
Effective SR. : Rock which contains organic matter and is presently
generating and/or expelling hydrocarbons to forms commercial
accumulations
Relic Effective SR. : An effective source rock which has ceased generating
and expelling hydrocarbons due to a thermal cooling event such as uplift
or erosion before exhausting its organic matter supply
Spent SR. : An active source rock which has exhausted its ability to
generate and expel hydrocarbons either through lack of sufficient organic
matter or due to reaching an overmature state

Oxic & Anoxic Environment

Organic Rich Enviroment

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

Black shales are the main petroleum
sources. They can contain 3-12% organic
carbon

Petroleum Generation and Expulsion

The generation of petroleum from kerogen proceeds via a complex series of
reactions during which many types of bonds are broken as a result of
thermal stress.
The depth interval in which a petroleum source rock generates and expels
most of its oil is called the oil window.
Most oil windows are in the temperature range from 60 - 160C (140-320 F).

Gas windows are in the 100 to 200 C (212-392 F) temperature range.

From one-half to two thirds of thermogenic gas comes from the thermal
cracking of previously formed oil.

Kerogen

Kerogen

Thermal Transformation of Kerogen

Diagenesis : convert organic debris derived
from living organisms into kerogen,
temperature < 100C, mediated mostly by
bacteria
Catagenesis : Thermally degrade kerogen
into petroleum,
temperature 100-150C breakdown of
kerogen to oil
temperature 150-230C breakdown of
kerogen to gas
Metagenesis : generation from kerogen is
complete, internal change of the residual
kerogen to graphite, temperature > 230C

Basic Source Rock Maturity Analysis

Vitrinite Reflectance
Vitrinite is plant organic matter,
common in coal, which reflects light
more strongly as it becomes more
cooked
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro) is a
measurement of the percentage of
light reflected off the vitrinite maceral
at 500 x magnification in oil
immersion

Crude oil occurs for Ro values between 0,6 and 1.5. Gas generation takes
place between 1.5 and 3.0. at values above 3.0 the rocks are essentially
graphitic and devoid of HC.

Spore Colour Index

Kerogen has many colours and shades, which are dependet on both maturation
and composition.
However, Spores and pollen begin life essentially colorless. As the gradually
heated, they change to yellow, orange, brown (light to dark), and the to black.
More recently, it has been realized that these colour changes can be ralated to
the degree of maturation of Kerogen.

Pyrolisis
Pyrolysis, the heating of kerogen or source rock, was the process developed to
produce petroleum from oil shales.
The Temperature is gradually raised at acrefully measured rate, and the
expelled hydrocarbon gases recorded with a detector. At relatively low
temperature (200-300oC) any free hydrocarbons in the sample are volatilized.
These HC are referred to as S1.

With Increasing temperature, HC are expelled from the kerogen itself. These HC
are termed S2. The tempearture at which S2 peak occurs is termed Tmax.
With further heating to some 390oC, CO2 is expelled to generate a third peak,
S3.
Where migration has not occurred, the ratio S1/(S1+S2) shows the amount of
petroleum generated compared with the total amount capable of being
generated

Interpretation Pyrolisis Peak