Escolar Documentos
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Cultura Documentos
Number of
subscribers
increased
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2.8
7,000
Base stations
increased
0
2012
2013
2014
Cont.
Energy consumption in cellular networks
taking into increase and will be increased
more in the future.
2012
2011
2010
14%
15%
2009
51 MtCO2
2008
51%
20%
2007
0
50
100
150
200
250
Electricity Consumption (TWh/yr)
179 MtCO2
70 MtCO2
Mobile Sector
Telecom Devices
Fixed Narrowband
Fixed Broadband
For an cellular operators, to expand and deliver their services to potential new customers,
they must solve the problem of electricity supply in a reliable and cost-effective way.
T. Chen, Y. Yang, H. Zhang, and H. Kim, "Network
Energy Saving Technologies for Green Wireless Access
Networks", IEEE Commun. Mag., Octaber 2011.
Cont
The power consumption grows proportionally with the number of cells
Ptx
+ PRF + PBB
PA (1 feed )
Ptot = N cells
(1 DC )(1 MS )(1 Cool )
In this work, the decision to determine which cells remain active depends
on two considerations:
1. The ease with which radio coverage can be provided to neighbouring
cells to guarantee service.
2. The largest possible number of neighbouring cells should be switched
off to significantly reduce the energy required.
The optimal cells that satisfy these conditions are located in the middle of a cluster (and
are called master cells) and can easily provide coverage to 6 neighbouring cells that will
be switched off later.
Cont
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Time Period
Traffic Category
Total
12:00 AM - 2:00 AM
Low Traffic 0
.1 < 0.2
2:00 AM - 6:00 AM
Idle Traffic
8:00 AM - 10:00 AM
0
< < 0.1
Low Traffic
0.1 < 0.2
Low Traffic
0.2 0.4
10:00 AM - 9:00 PM
High Traffic 0
.4 <
9:00 PM - 12:00 AM
Low Traffic
0.2 0.4
6:00 AM - 8:00 AM
4
2
2
11
3
Cells switch-off
(spatial diversity)
Evaluate the impact of transmission power on
cell size and coverage.
Evaluate the impact of SINR on cell size
Evaluate the impact of SINR on RSRP &MCS
Evaluate the impact of cell size on data rate
Evaluate the impact of transmitted power,
MCS, and BW on the EE of LTE macro BS
Evaluate a total
power saving
Evaluate a total
cost saving
Evaluate a Co 2
reduction
The results show that energy savings of up to 48% can be obtained at 90% cell coverage
for low and idle traffic cases.
Country overview
Malaysia lies entirely within
the equatorial region.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
0
Clearness Index
0
Jan
Jul
Cont
The specific needs in power supply for BS such as cost effectiveness,
efficiency, sustainability, reliability and positive impact on the environment
can be met with the technological advances in renewable energy.
Renewable energy systems have the following advantages:
More BSs are located in metropolitan areas because of the high
population. All of these BSs are powered by the electric grid.
Hybrid of renewable energy resources and electric grid[Urban scenario].
Optimum criteria: economic, technical and environmental feasibility
analysis was performed through optimization software, Hybrid
Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER).
The power consumed at the BSs is different as well as the period time. The figure that has
given provides a vision about the power demand and the period time for each case.
1000
Demand (W)
800
600
400
200
0
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour
600
Low Traffic
400
11
200
High Traffic
0
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Case 2: Power demand of BSs operate at high and low traffic loads
Low Traffic
Idle Traffic
High Traffic
Case 3: Power demand of BSs operate at high, low, and idle traffic loads
Unit
[Hours]
[kW/day]
[kW]
[Unit]
[kW]
[kW]
[$]
[$/yr]
[$]
[$/kWh]
[Kg/yr]
[Kg/yr]
[Kg/yr]
Case 1
11 hrs
10.62
0.8
5
1.2
0.8
5,780
565
13.01
0.26
1,673
7.25
3.55
Case 2
20 hrs
16.13
1.2
5
1.0
0.8
7,200
755
16.85
0.22
2,510
10.9
5.32
Case 3
24 hrs
19.13
1.2
5
1.0
0.8
7,200
892
18.61
0.21
3,070
13.3
6.51
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
37%
1,528 kWh/yr
63%
2,646 kWh/yr
Case 1
3,972 kWh/yr
64%
Case 2
Electric Grid
35%
2,564 kWh/yr
65%
4,858 kWh/yr
Case 3
PV
The simulation results show that the hybrid power system of the PV/
electric grid can save up to 32% of the annual operational expenditure
(OPEX).
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
100%
80%
Grid
60%
PV
Battery
40%
Converter
20%
0%
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
NPC =
TAC
CRF
CONCLUDING REMARKS
It is in favor of both the network operators and the society to swiftly
address these challenges to minimize the environmental and financial
impact of such a fast growing and widely adopted technology.
Introduction
TVWS is a technology proposed to add value in the
wireless ecosystem.
Hence, it has been suggested as an enabling technology
to maximize wireless utility in rural broadband services,
emergency services and lately in transportation industry.
We are proposing using TVWS as a backbone for Medical
Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (MWBASN) for
rural and semi-urban areas.
Problem Statement
a healthy nation is a wealthy nation ~ massive investment in the
health sector.
However, some problems continue to exist:
Health services are grossly inadequate in some parts of the
country, particularly in East Malaysia and in the East Coast
States of West Peninsular Malaysia.
Delays in constructing, equipping of medical facilities due to
budget constraints.
Research Objectives
Our goals are to deploy TVWS to enhance:
Availability - TVWS as a backbone wireless media for making
healthcare available in rural and sparsely inhabited areas.
Affordability - The focus group are the rural areas, cost
minimization in-terms of wireless access technology
infrastructural roll-out is ensured.
Accessibility - Studies have shown that there are ample amount
of unused spectrum in the rural areas and hence, end-to-end
service accessibility both in real and non real time is assured.
Target Audience
Case 1
This is designed for the elderly people suffering from unpredictable diseases
like high blood pressure (BP), heart disease, organ failures which can occur
intermittently. As well as those living far away from medical centers.
Case 2
Our target focus for rural areas with limited trained medical experts. These
group of patients are mobile and can be physically present at health centers.
Methodology
Research Objectives
Introduction of financial modeling (grey series) to predict
PU occupancy statistics in Cognitive Radio OFDMA
Networks (CRON)
Novel primal algorithm for resource allocation in CRON
based on skipping spectrum sensing and utilizing that time
slot to extract channel state information
Mathematical formulation on overhead cost in nonimplementation of cooperative joint resource allocation
using sub-space techniques