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Control volume approach is accurate for any flow distribution but is often based on the one
dimensionalpropertyvaluesattheboundaries.Itgivesusefulengineeringestimates.
Systemandcontrolvolume
A system is defined as a fixed quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The mass or
regionoutsidethesystemiscalledthesurroundings.
BOUNDARY
SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM
Fig.1:System,surroundings,andboundary.
.
System boundary: the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings. The
boundariesofasystemcanbefixedormovable.Mathematically,theboundaryhaszerothickness,no
mass,andnovolume.
Opensystemorcontrolvolumeisaproperlyselectedregioninspace.Itusuallyenclosesadevicethat
involves mass flow such as a compressor. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control
volume.
Note:controlvolumeisanabstractconceptanddoesnothindertheflowinanyway.
Fig.2:Examplesoffixed,moving,anddeformablecontrolvolume.
Volumeandmassflowrate
Fig.3:Volumeflowratethrougharbitrarysurface.
LetnbedefinedastheunitvectornormaltodA.ThentheamountoffluidsweptthroughdAintimedt
is:
.
TheintegralofdV/dtisthetotalvolumerateofflowQthroughthesurfaceS:
.
whereVnisthenormalcomponentofthevelocity.Weconsiderntobetheoutwardnormalunitvector.
Volumecanbemultipliedbydensitytoobtainthemassflow .
.
IfdensityandvelocityareconstantoverthesurfaceS,asimpleexpressionresults:
TheReynoldsTransportTheorem
Toconvertasystemanalysistocontrolvolumeanalysis,wemustconvertourmathematicstoapplytoa
specific region rather than to individual masses. This conversion is called the Reynolds transport
theorem.
Considerafixedcontrolvolumewithanarbitraryflowpatternthrough.Ingeneral,eachdifferentialarea
dAofsurfacewillhaveadifferentvelocityVwithadifferentanglewiththenormaltodA.Onecan
find:
M.Bahrami
FluidMechanics(S09)
IntegralRelationsforCV2
Inflowvolume:
Outflowvolume
Fig.4:Controlvolume,Reynoldstransporttheorem.
LetBbeanypropertyofthefluid(energy,momentum,enthalpy,etc.)and
valueoftheamountBperunitmassinanysmallelementofthefluid.
betheintensive
ThetotalamountofBinthecontrolvolumeis:
Achangewithinthecontrolvolume:
Outflowoffromthecontrolvolume:
Inflowoftothecontrolvolume:
CVandCSrefertocontrolvolumeandcontrolsurface,respectively.
ForthesystemshowninFig.4,theinstantaneouschangeofBinthesystemissumofthechangewithin,
plustheoutflow,minustheinflow:
M.Bahrami
FluidMechanics(S09)
IntegralRelationsforCV3
Note the control volume is fixed in space, the elemental volume do not vary with time. Also we note
thatVcosisthecomponentofVnormaltotheareaelementofthecontrolsurface.Thuswecanwrite:
Thevectorformoftheaboveequationis:
.
AndtheReynoldstransporttheorem,inthevectorform,becomes:
.
Onedimensionalfluxtermapproximation
Inmanysituations,theflowcrossestheboundariesofthecontrolsurfaceatsimplifiedinletsandexits
that are approximately onedimensional (the velocity can be considered uniform across each control
surface).Forafixedcontrolvolume,thesurfaceintegralreducesto:
|
Example1
Afixedcontrolvolumehasthreeonedimensionalboundarysections,asshowninthefigurebelow.The
flowwithinthecontrolvolumeissteady.Theflowpropertiesateachsectionaretabulatedbelow.Find
therateofchangeofenergythatoccupiesthecontrolvolumeatthisinstant.
Controlsurface
1
2
3
M.Bahrami
type
inlet
inlet
outlet
,kg/m3
800
800
800
V,m/s
5.0
8.0
17.0
FluidMechanics(S09)
A,m2
2.0
3.0
2.0
e,J/kg
300
100
150
IntegralRelationsforCV4
Conservationofmass
Forconservationofmass,B=mand
1.TheReynoldstransportequationbecomes:
.
Ifthecontrolvolumeonlyhasanumberofonedimensionalinletsandoutlets,wecanwrite:
0
Note:forsteadystateflow,
0,andtheconservationofmassbecomes:
Thismeans,insteadyflow,themassflowsenteringandleavingthecontrolvolumemustbalance.
Averagevelocity
In cases that fluid velocity varies across a control surface, it is often convenient to define an average
velocity.
1
Theaveragevelocityisonlyaconcept,i.e.,whenitismultipliedbytheareagivesthevolumeflow.
Ifthedensityvariesacrossthecrosssection,wesimilarlycandefineanaveragedensity:
1
M.Bahrami
FluidMechanics(S09)
IntegralRelationsforCV5
Example2
Inagrindingandpolishingoperation,waterat300Kissuppliedataflowrateof4.264103kg/sthrough
along,straighttubehavinganinsidediameterofD=2R=6.35mm.Assumingtheflowwithinthetubeis
laminarandexhibitsaparabolicvelocityprofile:
1
whereumaxisthemaximumfluidvelocityatthecenterofthetube.Usingthedefinitionofthemassflow
rateandtheconceptofaveragevelocity,showthat:
u(r)
uavg
Thelinearmomentumequation
ForNewtonssecondlaw,thepropertybeingdifferentiatedisthelinearmomentum,mV.ThusB=mV
and
.TheReynoldstransporttheorembecomes:
.
Notethatthisisavectorequationandhasthreecomponents.
Momentumfluxterm,
.
Ifcrosssectionisonedimensional,Vand areuniformandoverthearea,momentumfluxsimplifies:
Foronedimensionalinletsandoutlets,wehave:
NetpressureforceonaclosedCV
Recallthattheexternalpressureforceonasurfaceisnormalandinward.
M.Bahrami
FluidMechanics(S09)
IntegralRelationsforCV6
Sincetheunitvectornisoutward,wecanwrite:
Ifthepressurehasauniformvaluepaallaroundthesurface,thenetpressureforceiszero.
0
This is independent of the shape of the surface. Thus pressure force problems can be simplified by
subtractinganyconvenientuniformpressurepaandworkingonlywiththepiecesofgagepressurethat
remain:
Note: The axial velocity is nonuniform, thus the simple momentum flux calculation
.
isnotaccurate.Toconsidertheeffectsofnonuniformvelocity,weintroduceacorrection
factor.
or
Valuesofcanbecalculatedusingtheductvelocityprofileandtheabovedefinition:
Laminarflow:
Turbulentflow:
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FluidMechanics(S09)
IntegralRelationsforCV7