CHAPTER 1

STRESS

Content
Introduction
Equilibrium of Deformable Body
Normal Stress In Axially Loaded Bar
Shear Stress
Allowable Stress

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Introduction

Mechanics of materials - study of internal effects (stresses and strain) caused by

external loads (forces and moments) acting on a deformable body/structure.
In the design of any structure or machine; it is first to use the principle of statics
to determine the forces acting both on and within its various members.

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Introduction
External Loads produce Internal Loads
Internal Loads cause a body to deform
Internal Loads cause stress
How much does body deform?
How much stress?
Is it Safe at this stress?
How big should it be so stress is low enough?

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External load : A body can be subjected to several different types of external loads; however, any
one of these can be classified as either a surface force or body force.
Small contact area;
treat as a point

FR is resultant of
w(s) = area under
curve, acts at
centroid

One body acting on

another

One body acting on

another w/o contact

Acting on
narrow area

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Surface force : Caused by the direct contact of one body with the surface of another.
:concentrated force applied to a point on the body (area is small compared to
total area)
:linear distributed load force applied along the narrow area (represented by a
series of arrows along the lines.)
Body force :

Developed when one body exerts a force on another body without direct physical
contact between the bodies

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Support Reactions:
o

All the surface forces that develop at the supports or points of contact between bodies are
called reactions.

If the support prevents translation in a given direction, then a force must be developed on the
member in a that direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a couple moment must be
exerted on the member
External loads can be Reaction Loads or Applied Loads!

o
o

Must solve for all unknown external loads (reaction loads) so that internal loads can be solved
for!

Internal loads produce stress, strain, deformation

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Pin connections allow
rotation. Reactions at pins
are forces and NOT
MOMENTS.
Degrees of Freedom

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Equation of Equilibrium/Static Equilibrium

Equilibrium of a body requires both;

1.

a balance of forces, to prevent the body from translating or having accelerated motion
along a straight or curved path,

2.

a balance of moments to prevent the body from rotating.

Vectors:

F=0

Coplanar (2D) force systems:

M=0

Fx = 0

Fy = 0

Mo = 0

Draw a FBD to account for ALL loads acting on the body.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Perpendicular to the
plane containing the
forces

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Draw a FBD of member ABC, which is supported by a smooth collar at A, roller at B, and
link CD.

11

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Introduction
Answer: FBD

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Internal Resultant Loadings

Most important applications of statics in the analysis of mechanics of materials:

able to determine the resultant force and moment acting within the body.
o

To hold the body together when the body is subjected to external loads

Internal loads acting on a specific region within the body ----> use the method of sections
imaginary section/cut through the region where the internal loadings are to be
determined
equation of equilibrium to relate the external force.
4 different types of resultant loadings;

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Normal force, N acts perpendicular to the area, developed whenever the external
loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of the body.

Shear force, V lies in the plane of the area, developed when the external loads tend
to cause the two segments of the body to slide over one another.

Torsional moment or torque, T developed when the external loads tend to twist
one segment of the body with respect to the other.

Bending moment, M caused by the external loads that tend to bend the body about
an axis lying within the plane of the area.
CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Internal Resultant Loadings

Components are found

perpendicular & parallel
to the section plane.
Internal reactions are used
to determine stresses.

14

V
Start with internal system of
forces as shown below to get
proper signs for V, N and M.

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Internal Resultant Loadings

Summary of Typical Strength of Material Problem:
1.

Calculate unknown reaction forces first.

2.

Calculate internal forces at point of interest by cutting member if necessary.

3.

Calculate area properties (inertia, centroid, area, etc.).

4.

Calculate stress!!

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Internal Resultant Loadings

Worked Example 1:

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Internal Resultant Loadings

Worked Example 2:
The 500 kg engine is suspended from the boom crane as shown. Determine resultant internal
loadings acting on the cross section of the boom at point E.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Stresses
Stress: describes the intensity of the internal force on a specific plane (area) passing through a
point.

P = External force or load

A = Cross-sectional area

Stresses can be Compressive, Tensile or Shear

Normal Stress ( ): the intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to A
z

lim
A 0

Fz
A

Shear Stress( ): the intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to A
zx

lim
A

Fx
A

zy

lim
A

Fy
A

Note: Most of engineering fields used kPa, MPa, GPa.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Stresses

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Stresses
Shear stress acts tangential to the surface of the material and not perpendicular

perpendicular

tangential

Average Shear Stress : distributed over each sectioned area that develops this shear force is
defined by
avg

V
A

Two types of shear frequently occur in practice,

which deserve separate treatment.
1.

Single shear - often referred to as lap joints

2.

Double shear often referred as double lap joints.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Stresses
o

Shear stresses have the same units as normal stresses.

Direct shear arises in the design of bolts, pins, rivets, keys, welds and glued joints.

Shear force is a force applied sideways on the material (transversely loaded).

When a pair of shears cut a material

When a material is punched

When a beam has a transverse load

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Stresses
Worked Example 3:
Calculate the force needed to punch a hole 30mm diameter in a sheet of metal 3mm thick
given that the ultimate shear stress is 60MPa.
Worked Example 4:
A pin is used to attach a clevis to a rope. The force in the rope will be a maximum of 60kN. The
maximum shear stress allowed in the pin is 40Mpa. Calculate the diameter of a suitable pin.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Allowable Stress
o

The design of a structural member or mechanical element must restrict the stress in the
material to a level that will be safe.

To ensure safety, it is necessary to choose an allowable stress that restricts the applied load to
one that is less than the load the member can fully support.

Method of specifying the allowable load for the design or analysis of a member is to use a
number called factor of safety (F.S).
F fail

F .S .

Fallow

If the load applied to the number is linearly related to the stress developed within the
member, as in the case of using = P/A and avg V / A , then factor of safety as

F .S .

fail
allow

or

F .S .

fail
allow

The factor of safety is chosen to be greater than 1 in order to avoid the potential for failure.
Specific values depend on the types of materials to be used and the intended purpose of the
structure or machine.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Allowable Stress
Reasons for properly design a structural member to a level that will safe:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

24

The load for which the member is designed may be different from actual loadings placed
on it.
The intended measurements of a structure or machine may not be exact, due to errors in
fabrication or in the assembly of its component parts.
Unknown vibrations, impact, or accidental loadings can occur that may not be accounted
for in the design.
Atmospheric condition, decay, or weathering tend to cause materials to deteriorate during
service.
Some materials, such as wood, concrete, or fiber-reinforced composites, can show high
variability in mechanical properties.

CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Allowable Stress
Worked Example 5:

Two forces are applied to the bracket BCD as shown.

a. Knowing that the control rod AB is to be made of a steel having an ultimate normal stress of
600 Mpa, determine the diameter of the rod for which the factor of safety with respect to
failure will be 3.3
b. The pin at C is to be made of a steel having an ultimate shearing stress of 350MPa. Determine
the diameter of the pin C for which the factor of safety with respect to shear will also be 3.3
c. Determine the required thickness of the bracket supports at C knowing that the allowable
bearing stress of the steel used is 300MPa.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Design of Simple Connections

o

The equations of = P/A and avg

= V/A can often
be used to analyze or design a simple connection or
a mechanical element. In particular, if a member is
subjected to a normal force at a section, its required
area at the section is determined from
A

P
allow

On the other hand, if the section is subjected to a shear

force, then the required area at the section is
A

V
allow

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Self Exercise No. 1:

1. A force of 80 N is supported by the bracket as shown. Determine the resultant internal
loadings acting on the section through point A.

2. Determine the resultant internal loadings on the cross section through point C. Assume the
reactions at the supports A and B are vertical.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Self Exercise No. 1:

3. The bars of the truss each have a cross-sectional area of 780mm. Determine the average
normal stress in each member due to the loading P =40kN. State whether the stress is tensile
or compressive

4. The block is subjected to a compressive force of 2 kN. Determine the average normal and
average shear stress developed in the wood fibers that are oriented along section aa at 30
with the axis of the block.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY

Self Exercise No. 1:

5. The three steel wires are used to support the load. If the wires have an allowable tensile stress
of allow = 165MPa, determine the required diameter of each wire if the applied load is P =
6kN.

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CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY