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C.T. Sun
1.1
Figure 1.16
T
2abt
Solution:
(1) The bending stress of beams is =
My
, where y is the distance from the neutral
I
1
wh 3 + Ad 2 ) in which A is the
12
cross-sectional area of the segment and d is the distance of the centroid of the
segment to the neutral axis. Note that the Parallel Axis Theorem is applied. The
result is I = 2
1 3
1
b
tb 2
tb + 2 [ at 3 + (at ) ( ) 2 ]
(3a + b) , assuming that t is
12
12
2
6
very small.
(2) The shear stress due to torsion for a closed thin-walled section shown above is
T
.
2abt
1.1.1
b
M
My
3M
2
=
= 2
(a) | b =
y=
I
tb(3a + b)
tb
2
(3a + b)
6
When given L = 2( a + b) as a constant, a can be expressed in terms of b
and L as a =
S=
L
b . Then we can minimize
2
S
t
3L
L
L
, so a = b =
= 0 (3L 8b) = 0 b =
b
6
8
2
8
b
=3
a
3M
3M
32M
=
=
tb(3a + b) t (3L / 8) (3 L / 8 + 3L / 8) 3tL2
(b) Check max with T = M and b/a = 3 and check whether max is within
the allowable shear stress allowable .
Thus, max =
max =
T
M
32M
=
=
= max = allowable
2abt 2 ( L / 8) (3L / 8) t 3tL2
> allowable =
allowable
2
The result above means that under this assumption, shear stress would
reach the allowable stress allowable before reaches allowable . Consequently,
the optimal ratio obtained is not valid and different assumption needs to be
made.
(ii) Assume now that failure is controlled by shear stress. We assume that
max = allowable is reached first and then find the corresponding bending stress
according to the loading condition M = T .
T
2abt
Again we minimize S = 2abt = ( L 2b)bt in order to maximize , i.e.,
(a) =
1.1.2
S
L
L
L
= 0 ( L 4b) = 0 b = , so a = b =
b
4
2
4
b
=1
a
T
T
8T
=
= 2
2abt 2 ( L / 4) ( L / 4) t tL
(b) Then corresponding max under the optimum condition stated above can
and max =
max =
This means that when the structure fails in shear, the bending stress is
still within the allowable stress level. Thus the optimum ratio
b
= 1 is
a
valid.
(4) In conclusion,
b
= 1 achieves the most efficient section for the stated conditions.
a
--- ANS
1.1.3
1.2
Figure 1.16
Solution:
My
, where y is the distance from the neutral
I
axis. The moment of inertia I of the cross-section can be calculated by considering
the four segments of thin walls and using the formula for a rectangular section
1
with height h and width w. I = ( wh 3 + Ad 2 ) in which A is the
12
cross-sectional area of the segment and d is the distance of the centroid of the
segment to the neutral axis. Note that the Parallel Axis Theorem is applied. The
1
1
b
tb 2
result is I = 2 tb 3 + 2 [ at 3 + (at ) ( ) 2 ]
(3a + b) , assuming that t is
12
12
2
6
very small.
(2) The shear stress due to torsion for a closed thin-walled section shown above is
T
.
=
2abt
(3) Two approaches are employed to find the solution.
(i) Assume that the bending stress reaches the allowable allowable first and find
the corresponding bending maximum bending moment. Then apply the stated
loading condition of M = T to check whether the corresponding max has
exceeded the allowable shear stress allowable . If this condition is violated, then
the optimized b/a ratio is not valid.
b
M
My
3M
2
= 2
=
(a) | b =
y=
I
tb(3a + b)
tb
2
(3a + b)
6
When given L = 2( a + b) as a constant, a can be expressed in terms of b
1.2.1
and L as a =
S=
L
b . Then we can minimize
2
S
t
3L
L
L
, so a = b =
= 0 (3L 8b) = 0 b =
b
6
8
2
8
b
=3
a
3M
3M
32M
=
=
tb(3a + b) t (3L / 8) (3 L / 8 + 3L / 8) 3tL2
(b) Check max with M = T and b/a = 3 and check whether max is
within the allowable shear stress allowable .
32M
1
T
M /
=
=
= max
max =
2
allowable allowable
(a) max =
S
L
L
L
= 0 ( L 4b) = 0 b = , so a = b =
b
4
2
4
b
=1
a
T
T
8T
and max =
=
= 2
2abt 2 ( L / 4) ( L / 4) t tL
(b) Then corresponding max under the optimum condition stated above can
be obtained using M = T . We have
3M
3T
12T 3
=
=
= max
max =
tb(3a + b) t ( L / 4) (3 L / 4 + L / 4)
2
tL2
3
3
3
= allowable = ( allowable ) = allowable
2
2
2
4
3
Since max allowable allowable allowable
4
4
(since allowable > 0 is always satisfied)
3
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3
The dimensions of a steel (300M) I-beam are b = 50 mm, t = 5 mm, and h = 200
mm (Fig. 1.17). Assume that t and h are to be fixed for an aluminum(7075-T6)
I-beam. Find the width b for the aluminum beam so that its bending stiffness EI
is equal to that of the steel beam. Compare the weights-per-unit length of these
two beams. Which is more efficient weightwise?
Figure 1.17
Solution:
(1) The expression of area moment of inertia I for an I-beam is:
I=
t
b
h
(h t ) 3 + [ t 3 + (bt )( ) 2 ] 2 ,
12
12
2
(2) First obtaining the area moment of inertia of the steel (300M) I-beam with given b,
t, and h.
5
50
200 2
(200 5) 3 + [ 5 3 + (50 5)(
) ] 2 = 8090573mm 4
12
12
2
(3) For the given condition ( EI ) Alu min um = ( EI ) Steel
I Steel =
we have I Al =
E St
200
I St =
8090573 = 22790000mm 4
E Al
71
which allows to calculate the width b for the aluminum beam with the following
result:
5
b
200 2
( 200 5 )3 + [ 5 3 + ( b 5 )(
) ]2
12
12
2
= 3089531.3 + 100020.8b = 22790000
I Al =
and b = 197 mm
---- ANS
(4) Then we compare the weights-per-unit length of these two beams.
1.3.1
St = 7.8( g / cm 3 ) = 7.8 10 3 ( g / mm 3 )
ASt = (200 5) 5 + 2 50 5 = 1475( mm 2 )
Al = 2.78( g / cm 3 ) = 2.78 10 3 ( g / mm 3 )
AAl = ( 200 5 ) 5 + 2 196.97 5 = 2945( mm 2 )
w Al = Al AAl = 2.78 10 3 2944.7 = 8.2( g / mm )
For a unit length of both materials, the aluminum beam is much lighter than the
steel beam. It means that the ALUMINUM BEAM IS MORE EFFICIENT!
--- ANS
1.3.2
1.4
Figure 1.17
Solution:
Proceed in the same manner as that of problem 1.3.
(1) The expression of area moment of inertia I for a I-beam is:
I=
t
b
h
(h t ) 3 + [ t 3 + (bt )( ) 2 ] 2
12
12
2
(2) First, obtain the area moment of inertia of the steel (300M) I-beam with given b, t,
and h. We have
I Steel =
5
50
200 2
(200 5) 3 + [ 5 3 + (50 5)(
) ] 2 = 8090573mm 4
12
12
2
E St
200
I St =
8090573 = 11558000mm 4
ECom
140
I Com =
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.5
Solution:
(1) Consider a very small section within the curved panel with thickness t and length
L . is the constant shear stress, so we have the shear force V = ( L t )
acting on the cross section.
(2) It is possible to take apart the shear force into x and y direction shown in the
figure, where
V x = V cos = L t cos = t (L cos )
= t x
similarly, V y = t y
(3) Now consider the length to be extremely small, therefore V x dV x as well as
V y dV y . The horizontal component and the vertical component of the shear
V x = dVx = t dx = t a
0
V y = dV y = t dy = t b
0
1.5.1
1.6
The sign convention (positive direction of resultants) used in the beam theory
depends on the coordinate system chosen. Consider the moment-curvature
relation
d 2w
M = EI 2
dx
in reference to the coordinate system shown in Fig. 1.18. If w is regarded as a
positive displacement (or deflection) in the positive y-direction, find the positive
direction of the bending moment. State the reason.
Figure 1.18
Solution:
d 2w
d 2w
gives
that
is always
dx 2
dx 2
opposite in sign to M. (It is quite obvious that both E and I are always positive.).
(2) We can assume a moment M applying to the beam as shown below, which makes
(1) The moment-curvature relation M = EI
the beam concave upwards. It is not difficult to observe that the slope
increases with increasing x and thus a positive
dw
dx
d 2w
.
dx 2
(3) By applying the statement (1), it is concluded that the deformation described in (2)
is produced by a negative moment while a positive moment makes the beam
concave downward as shown below..
1.6.1
1.7
Figure 1.19
Solution:
When using the bending rigidity ( EI ) as a criterion for comparison, Youngs modulus
E and the area moment of inertia I should be estimated.
(1) Youngs modulus E :
Assume the Youngs modulus of the beam having the left-hand-side
cross-section and the right-hand-side cross-section are
El
and
Er
respectively.
(2) Moment of inertia I :
(i) Left cross-section:
Il =
1 4 1
a = 4 4 = 21.33cm 4
12
12
b
bt 3
( a + 2b) 3
a
12
12
or { I r =
--- (a)
t 3
1
a b
a + [ b4 + b2 ( + )2 ] 2 }
12
12
2 2
1.7.1
2.7568
(4 + 2 2.7568 )3 (2.7568 0.2 ) 4 3 = 184 cm 4
12
12
or { I r =
0 .2 3
1
4 2.7568 2
4 + [ 2.7568 4 + 2.7568 2 ( +
) ] 2 = 184 cm 4 }
12
12
2
2
(3) Performance:
The ratio of the moments of inertia of the two cross-sections can be expressed as
( EI )l
EI
21.33 El
El
E
= l l =
=
= 0.12 l
( EI )r Er I r 184.18 Er 8.635 Er
Er
The cross-section to the right is much better if the same material is used for
both beams.
(i) If Er < 0.12 El
The left cross-section outperforms the right one.
(ii) If Er = 0.12 El
They are equivalent.
(iii) If Er > 0.12 El
The right cross-section outperforms the left one.
--- ANS
1.7.2