Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
The native form of this personal name is Polgr Judit. were part of an educational experiment carried out by
This article uses Western name order when mentioning their father Lszl Polgr, in an attempt to prove that chilindividuals.
dren could make exceptional achievements if trained in a
specialist subject from a very early age.[11] Geniuses are
made, not born, was Lszl's thesis. He and his wife
Judit Polgr (born 23 July 1976) is a Hungarian chess
daughters at home, with chess
grandmaster. She is generally considered the strongest fe- Klra educated their three
as the specialist subject.[12] Lszl also taught his three
[1]
male chess player of all time. In 1991, Polgr achieved
the title of Grandmaster at the age of 15 years and 4 daughters the international language Esperanto. They remonths, at the time the youngest to have done so, break- ceived resistance from Hungarian authorities as homeing the record previously held by former World Cham- schooling was not a socialist approach. They also repion Bobby Fischer. She was the youngest ever player to ceived criticism at the time from some western commenbreak into the FIDE Top 100 players rating list, ranking tators for depriving the sisters of a normal childhood.
No. 55 in the January 1989 rating list, at the age of 12.[2]
She is the only woman to qualify for a World Championship tournament, having done so in 2005. She is the
rst, and to date, only woman to have surpassed the 2700
Elo rating barrier, reaching a career peak rating of 2735
and peak world ranking of No. 8, both achieved in 2005.
She was the number 1 rated woman in the world from
January 1989 up until the March 2015 rating list, when
she was overtaken by Chinese player Hou Yifan; she was
the No. 1 again in the August 2015 womens rating list,
in her last appearance in the FIDE World Rankings.
Traditionally, chess had been a male-dominated activity, and women were often seen as weaker players, thus
advancing the idea of a Womens World Champion.[13]
However, from the beginning, Lszl was against the
idea that his daughters had to participate in female-only
events. Women are able to achieve results similar, in
elds of intellectual activities, to that of men, he wrote.
Chess is a form of intellectual activity, so this applies to
chess. Accordingly, we reject any kind of discrimination
in this respect.[14] This put the Polgrs in conict with
the Hungarian Chess Federation of the day, whose policy was for women to play in women-only tournaments.
Polgrs older sister, Susan, rst fought the bureaucracy
by playing in mens tournaments and refusing to play in
womens tournaments. Susan Polgr, when she was a 15year-old International Master, said in 1985 that it was
due to this conict that she had not been awarded the
Grandmaster title despite having made the norm eleven
times.[15]
2 Career
CAREER
2.1
In April 1988, Polgr made her rst International Master norm in the International B section of the New York
Open.[38] In August 1988, she won the under-12 Boys
section of the World Youth Chess and Peace Festival
in Timioara, Romania.[39][40] In October 1988, she nished rst in a 10-player round-robin tournament in London, scoring 72, for a half point lead over Israeli GM
Yair Kraidman.[41] With these three results, she completed the requirements for the International Master title; at the time, she had been the youngest player ever
to have achieved this distinction.[42] Both Bobby Fischer
and Garry Kasparov were 14 when they were awarded
the title; Polgr was 12.[43] It was during this time that
former World Champion Mikhail Tal said Polgr had the
potential to win the mens World Championship.[44]
Child prodigy
Trained in her early years by her sister Susan, who ultimately became Womens World Champion, Judit Polgr
was a prodigy from an early age. At age 5, she defeated
a family friend without looking at the board. After the
game, the friend joked: You are good at chess, but I'm a
good cook. Judit replied: Do you cook without looking
at the stove?"[26] However, according to Susan, Judit was
not the sister with the most talent, explaining: Judit was a
slow starter, but very hard-working.[27] Polgr described
herself at that age as obsessive about chess.[28] She rst
defeated an International Master, Dol Drimer, at age
10,[29] and a grandmaster, Lev Gutman, at age 11.[30]
In late 1986, 10-year-old Judit defeated 52-year-old Romanian IM Dol Drimer in the Adsteam Lidums International Tournament in Adelaide, Australia. Edmar Mednis
said he played his best game of the tournament against Judit: I was careful in that game...Grandmasters don't like
to lose to 10-year-old girls, because then we make the
front page of all the papers.[37]
2.2
Grandmaster
house.[43]
In November 1988, Judit and her sisters, along with Ildik
Mdl, represented Hungary in the Womens section of the
28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki. The International
Chess Federation would not permit the Polgrs to play
against men in team competitions.[45] Prior to the tournament, Eduard Gufeld, Soviet GM and team coach for
the Soviet womens team, dismissed the Polgrs: I believe that these girls are going to lose a good part of their
quickly acquired image in the 28th Olympiad...Afterward
we are going to know if the Hungarian sisters are geniuses
or just women!"[46] However, Hungarys womens team
won the championship, which marked the rst time it was
not won by the Soviet Union. Judit played board 2 and
nished the tournament with the highest score of 12
to win the individual gold medal.[47] She also won the
brilliancy prize for her game against Pavlina Angelova.[48]
In the January 1989 Elo rating list, at the age of 12, she
was rated 2555, which was number 55 in the world and
35 rating points ahead of the Womens World Champion
Maia Chiburdanidze. In the 6 months since the previous
list, she had gained a remarkable 190 rating points.[49][50]
Judits quiet and modest demeanour at the board[51] contrasted with the intensity of her playing style. David Norwood, British GM, in recalling Judit beating him when
he was an established player and she was just a child,
described her as this cute little auburn-haired monster
who crushed you.[52] British journalist Dominic Lawson
wrote about 12-year-old Judits killer eyes and how she
would stare at her opponent: The irises are so grey so
dark they are almost indistinguishable from the pupils.
Set against her long red hair, the eect is striking.[53]
3
George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara met with the
Polgrs during their visit to Hungary.[34] Although not released until 1996, in 1990 a documentary about children
playing chess, Chess Kids, featuring Polgr, was lmed.
The documentary did not include an interview with Polgr as her father required payment.[57][58]
In 1990, Judit won the Boys section of the under-14 in
the World Youth Chess Festival in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.[59] Also in 1990, Judit and her sisters represented
Hungary on the Olympic womens team winning the gold
medal. As of 2014, it is the last women-only tournament
in which Judit would ever participate.[21]
In October 1991, Judit nished with 53, tied for
third to fth position with Zoltn Ribli and John Nunn,
at a tournament in Vienna.[60][61]
2.2 Grandmaster
In December 1991, Polgr achieved the grandmaster title by winning the Hungarian National Championship,
at the time the youngest ever at 15 years, 5 months to
have achieved the title. This beat Fischers record by a
month.[51][62] Hungary, one of the strongest chess-playing
countries, had all but one of their strongest players participate in that years championship, as only Zoltn Ribli
was missing. Going into the last round, Polgr needed
only a draw to achieve the GM title, but she won her
game against GM Tibor Tolnai to nish rst, with six
points in nine games.[63] In January 1991, Judits sister
Susan had also earned the GM title. Susan had the distinction of being the rst woman to earn the GM title by
achieving three GM norms and achieving a rating over
Before age 13, she had broken into the top 100 players in
2500 as previous female GMs, Nona Gaprindashvili and
the world and the British Chess Magazine declared: Judit
Maia Chiburdanidze, were awarded the title by winning
Polgrs recent results make the performances of Fischer
the Womens World Championship.[22]
[26]
and Kasparov at a similar age pale by comparison.
British GM Nigel Short called Judit one of the three In 1992, Polgr tied for second, behind Anatoly Karpov
or four greatest chess prodigies in history.[54] The other at the Madrid International in Linares. She and Rus[64]
In
great chess prodigies were Paul Morphy, Jos Capa- sian GM Vladimir Epishin nished with 53.
[18]
blanca, and Samuel Reshevsky.
However, not every- July 1992, she placed second in the Reshevsky Memoone was as enthusiastic, and she also had to face prejudice rial in Manhattan nishing with four wins, ve draws and
[65]
In September 1992, Polgr participated in
because of her sex. For example, Kasparov expressed no losses.
doubts at one point: She has fantastic chess talent, but a tournament held in Aruba in which a team of senior
she is, after all, a woman. It all comes down to the im- mens players competed against a team of top women
perfections of the feminine psyche. No woman can sus- players. The mens team consisted of Lev Polugaevsky,
tain a prolonged battle.[54] Later in life, however, Kas- Wolfgang Uhlmann, Oscar Panno, Em Geller, Borislav
parov revised his opinion: The Polgars showed that there Ivkov and Vasily Smyslov. The womens team consisted
are no inherent limitations to their aptitudean idea that of Judit and Zsuzsa Polgr, Pia Cramling, Chiburdanidze,
many male players refused to accept until they had un- Ketevan Arakhamia and Alisa Galliamova. The men won
ceremoniously been crushed by a twelve-year-old with a the tournament 3933. The overall high scorer was Polugaevsky, 57 years old with Polgr, 16, nishing second
ponytail.[55]
with 74.[66]
In 1989, Polgr tied with Boris Gelfand for third in the
Polgr then tied for rst in the Hastings tournament held
OHRA Open in Amsterdam.[56]
over New Years, 199293. Russian GM Evgeny BaBy now, numerous books and articles had been written
reev, at the time ranked eighth in the world, led goabout the Polgr sisters, making them famous even outing into tournaments last round, but was defeated by
side of the world of chess. In 1989, American President
Polgr in their second individual game, allowing her to
CAREER
share rst.
Immediately following the Hastings tournament, Polgr played an exhibition match in February
against former World Champion, Boris Spassky. She won
the match 54 and won the largest prize money to
that point in her career of $110,000.[68] Polgr also participated in the Melody Amber tournament in Monaco
which featured a blindfold tournament of 12 grandmasters. Anand and Karpov nished rst, Ljubojevi third,
while Polgr nished in clear fourth with 6 points from
11 rounds, ahead of other strong GMs such as Ivanchuk,
Short, Korchnoi and her sister Susan.[69][70]
In 1995, the Isle of Lewis chess club in Scotland attempted to arrange a game between Polgr and Nigel
Short in which the famous Lewis chessmen would be
used. The Lewis chessmen is a chess set carved in the
12th century. However, the British Museum refused to
release the set despite assurances that the players would
wear gloves. Scottish member of parliament Calum MacDonald pointed out that the set would be safe, especially
as chess was not a contact sport.[89] In the end, the Mu-
2.3
5
into a slump over the next six rounds, gaining only half
a point.[92] The incident may also have had an eect on
Kasparov, who turned out a subpar performance in the
tournament.[96]
CAREER
by Kasparov. She did not win her rst game until the
11th round and nished with 5 points in 13 games, tied
with Victor Korchnoi for 1112 position among the fourteen GMs.[122] However, in the European Teams Championship in Batumi, Georgia, also in January, she won the
gold medal playing Board 2, scoring 62.[123]
2.4
2.4
Making history
Making history
7
ternational Tournament in France, scoring 53, behind Evgeny Bareev who won the tournament and GM
Michael Adams.[151] In August 2003, Polgr played an
eight-game rapid chess match in Mainz, Germany against
Viswanathan Anand, billed as the Battle of the Sexes.
After six games each player had won three games. Anand
won the nal two games to win the match.[152][153] In October 2003, Polgr won the 4grandmaster Essent tournament in Hoogeveen, Netherlands. In one of her games
against Karpov, he blundered, allowing Polgr to utilize a famous double bishop sacrice rst employed by
Emanuel Lasker against Bauer in 1889.[154][155][156][157]
In 2004, Polgr took some time o from chess to give
birth to her son, Olivr. She was consequently considered
inactive and not listed on the January 2005 FIDE rating
list. Her sister Susan reactivated her playing status during
this period, and temporarily became the worlds No. 1
ranked womens player again.[158]
Polgr returned to chess at the prestigious Corus chess
tournament on 15 January 2005. The tournament, which
was now considered by some as the most important in Europe, was won by fellow Hungarian Pter Lk while Polgr scored 7/13 to tie for fourth with Alexander Grischuk,
Michael Adams and Kramnik.[159] She was therefore
relisted in the April 2005 FIDE rating list, gaining a
few rating points for her better-than-par performance at
Corus. In May she also had a better-than-par performance at a strong tournament in Soa, Bulgaria, nishing third.[160] This brought her to her highest ever rating,
2735, in the July 2005 FIDE list and enabled her to retain
her spot as the eighth ranked player in the world.[161][162]
In September 2005, Polgr once again made history
as she became the rst woman to play for a World
Championship, at the FIDE World Chess Championship
2005. However, she had a rare disappointing performance, coming last out of the eight competitors. Polgr was unrecognizable in her rst-round encounter with
Viswanathan Anand, wrote GM Robert Byrne in his
New York Times column, making more errors than she
normally would in a dozen games.[163] However, in her
game against Veselin Topalov, Polgr pushed the eventual
tournament winner and world champion to a seven-hour
marathon before succumbing.[164]
She did not play at the 2006 Linares tournament because
she was pregnant again. On 6 July 2006, she gave birth
to a girl, Hanna.
Polgr participitated in the FIDE world blitz championship on 57 September 2006 in Rishon Le Zion, Israel. Blitz chess is played with each player having only
5 minutes for all moves. The round-robin tournament of
16 of some of the strongest players in the world, concluded with Alexander Grischuk nally edging out Peter Svidler in a tie-break to win the tournament. Polgr nished tied for fth/sixth place, winning $5,625 for
the three-day tournament.[165][166] Polgr tied with Boris
Gelfand with 9 points and won her individual game
8
against Viswanathan Anand, at the time the worlds No.
2 player.[167] In October 2006, Polgr scored another excellent result: tied for rst place in the Essent Chess Tournament, Hoogeveen, the Netherlands.[168] She scored 4
out of 6 in a double round-robin tournament that included
two wins against the worlds top-rated player, Veselin
Topalov. In December 2006, Polgr played a six-game
match of blindfold rapid chess against former FIDE world
champion Veselin Topalov. Topalov won the match 3
2 with two wins to Polgrs one.[169] Nearly 1,000 spectators attended the event.[170]
CAREER
9
g6. The game continued: 36...Rg8 37.Rd7 Rg7 38.Bf7
10.[194][195]
On 2 April 2011, Polgr nished in a four-way tie for
rst in the European Individual Chess Championship in
Aix-les-Bains, France.[196] The tournament, of 393 players of which 167 were Grandmasters, was won by Russian Vladimir Potkin on tie-break, GM Radosaw Wojtaszek won the silver, while Polgr placed third, winning the bronze.[197] Polgr was praised for her creative
attacks and endgame technique.[198] Polgr became the
rst woman ever to nish in the top three of the male
championship.[199] Continuing Polgrs return to competitive chess, in July 2011 she participated in the 39th
Greek Team National Championship scoring 3 out of
4 games. Also in July 2011, Polgr played Board 3 for
Hungary in the World Team Championships. Hungary
nished in fth place of the ten teams and individually
Polgr sixteenth of the fty players.[200]
In September 2011, Polgr competed in the Chess World
Cup, a 128-player tournament with a large prize fund
and qualication to the top three for the World Championship cycle. Polgr made it to the nal 8 players before she was eliminated by Peter Svidler. A highlight for
Polgr was her elimination of the tournaments No. 1
seed and worlds fth highest rated player, Sergey Karjakin.[201][202][203] In October 2011, Polgr took part in
the Unive 2011 competition. She nished last in the
elite four-player Crown group, losing games to Vladimir
Kramnik and Anish Giri.[204]
In September 2011, Polgr nally returned to Super
GM status with a FIDE rating of 2701 and by November she had raised it to 2710 and ranked 35 in the
world.[205][206]
To begin 2012, in January Polgr competed in the Tradewise Gibraltar tournament nishing with 7 points in 10
games. For the rst time in 22 years since she lost to
Nona Gaprindashvili on the 1990 Chess Olympiad, Polgr lost her rst classical game to a female player[207] as
Womens World champion Hou Yifan won their individual game and tied for rst before losing the playo to
Nigel Short.[208][209]
3 Playing style
While having a solid understanding of positional play,
Polgr excels in tactics and is known for an aggressive playing style, striving to maximize the initiative and
actively pursuing complications.[213] The former World
Champion Garry Kasparov wrote that, based upon her
games, if to 'play like a girl' meant anything in chess, it
would mean relentless aggression.[214] In her youth, she
was especially popular with the fans due to her willingness
to employ wild gambits and attacks.[215] As a teenager,
Polgr has been credited with contributing to the popularity of the opening variation Kings Bishops Gambit.[216]
Polgr prefers aggressive openings, playing 1.e4 as White
and the Sicilian or Kings Indian Defence with black, but
she has also said her opening choices will also depend
upon her trainer.[20][213][217] Jennifer Shahade, writer and
two-time U.S. womens chess champion, suggested that
the inuence of Polgr as a role model may be one of the
reasons women play more aggressive chess than men.[218]
Describing an individual encounter with Polgr, former
U.S. Champion Joel Benjamin said, It was all-out war
for ve hours. I was totally exhausted. She is a tiger at
the chessboard. She absolutely has a killer instinct. You
make one mistake and she goes right for the throat.[219]
Polgr is especially adept at faster time controls. When
she was still a youth, Der Spiegel wrote of her, her tactical
thunderstorms during blitz games have confounded many
opponents, who are rated higher.[44]
Polgr has spoken of appreciating the psychological aspect of chess. She has stated preferring to learn an opponents style so she can play intentionally against him
or her rather than playing objective chess.[220] In her
2002 victory (at 25 minutes time control) over Kasparov,
she deliberately chose a line Kasparov had used against
Vladimir Kramnik, employing the strategy of forcing the
opponent to play against himself. Kasparovs response
was inadequate and he soon found himself in an inferior
position.[139] In an interview regarding playing against
computers she said, Chess is 30 to 40% psychology. You
don't have this when you play a computer. I can't confuse
it.[221]
10
6 PERSONAL LIFE
Chess professional
win the world championship she said, Chess is my profession and of course I hope to improve. But I'm not going
to give up everything to become world champion; I have
my life.[52]
Polgr has said she does not have a permanent coach although she does have help from GM Lev Psakhis or GM
Mihail Marin.[24][223] She said she rarely uses a second
and when she travels to tournaments it is usually her husband who accompanies her.[224][225] Polgr said she has
changed how she prepares for tournaments. I make
more use of my experience now and try to work more
eciently so that my eorts aren't wasted, she said in
2008.[226]
Concentrating on her two children left Polgr with little time to train and play competitively and her ranking
dropped from eighth in 2005 to the mid-50s in 2009.
However, as of September 2010 Polgr remained the
only woman in the top 100 and still the only woman to
have ever made the top 10.[227] Comparing motherhood
to playing chess, Polgr has said that a chess tournament
now feels like a vacation.[24] When asked why she came
back to chess after taking time o to care for her children,
she said, I cannot live without chess! It is an integral part
of my life. I enjoy the game!"[223]
Despite being the highest-rated woman for twenty years,
Polgr has never competed for the womens world championship and in a 2011 interview was asked about this
possibility. Polgr said that in the past she has never been
interested in competing for it, but in recent years the
mentality of a couple of the women players has changed.
Polgr said that for her to consider competing it would
have to be a challenge and if I get an extremely nice offer just to play for the title.[224][225]
Polgr authored a childrens book on chess, Chess Playground. Her sister Soa provided illustrations.[228] In
recent years, Polgr designed a chess programme for
the older students of a kindergarten school in Budapest,
Hungary.[229]
In March 2013 she was awarded the Order of Merit of
the Republic of Hungary Commanders Cross with Star,
one of Hungarys highest awards, for her worldwide acknowledged life achievement as an athlete, for promoting the game of chess and for her eorts to promote the
educational benets of chess.[230][231] In August 2015,
she received the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, the
highest State Order that can be made to a Hungarian
civilian.[232]
6 Personal life
Members of Polgrs family perished in the Holocaust and
her grandmother was a survivor of an Auschwitz concentration camp.[233]
In August 2000, Polgr married Hungarian veterinary
11
surgeon Gusztv Font.[136][234] They have two children,
a boy named Olivr and a girl named Hanna.[235] While
Judit remained in Hungary, the rest of her family eventually emigrated: Soa and her parents to Israel and later
to Canada, and Susan to the United States.[52]
Illustrative games
J. PolgrV. Anand, Dos Hermanas 1999 Sicilian Defense: Scheveningen Variation. Delayed
Keres Attack Perenyi Gambit (B90) 10 Former
trainer for the Polgrs, IM Tibor Krolyi, called
this the most beautiful game ever played by a
woman.[236][237]
Judit PolgrFerenc Berkes, Hunguest Hotels Super
Chess Tournament 2003 French Defense: Classical. Burn Variation Main Line (C11) 10 Polgrs
opponent falls for a clever trap, expecting her to play
14.Bxa8 and he would reply with 14...g4!, but she
springs 14.g4!![238]
Alexey ShirovJudit Polgar, Buenos Aires ARG
1994 Sicilian Defense: Paulsen. Normal Variation
(B45) 01 Polgr uses a novelty to break up Shirovs pawn front. She used only 48 minutes to win
this game.
PolgrGarry Kasparov, Russia vs. The Rest of the
World match, Moscow 2002 Spanish Game: Berlin
Defense. l'Hermet Variation (C67) 10 Polgr
makes history when, for the rst time ever, a woman
defeats the worlds No. 1 chess player in a game.
References
12
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[28] Desjarlais, Robert R. (2011). Counterplay: An Anthropologist at the Chessboard. University of California Press. p.
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Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781596913875.
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15
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