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Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
Part I
Discrete Models
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
q k T
heat flux proportional to temperature differences
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
A Wiremesh Model
consider rectangular plate as fine mesh of wires
compute temperature xi,j at nodes of the mesh
x i,j+1
x i1,j x i,j x i+1,j
x i,j1
hy
hx
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
from the left: k xi1,j xi,j
from the right: k xi+1,j xi,j
from below: k xi,j1 xi,j
from above: k xi,j+1 xi,j
xi,j =
1
xi1,j + xi+1,j + xi,j1 + xi,j+1
4
x0,j = Tj
models a heated/cooled wall with constant temperature Tj at the left
boundary.
temperature flux known at (part of) the boundary; for example
xi,0 = xi,1
xi,1 xi,0 = 0
xi,j = Ts .
task: solve Linear System of Equations
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
hy
hx
examine the heat flux across the cell edges
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
(left)
qi,j
= kx Ti,j Ti1,j hy
note: heat flux out of the cell (and kx > 0)
heat flux across all edges determines change of heat energy:
qij
= kx Tij Ti1,j hy + kx Tij Ti+1,j hy
+ ky Tij Ti,j1 hx + ky Tij Ti,j+1 hx
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
A Steady-State Model
external heating
radiation
fi,j hx hy
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
10
c qi,j (t)
x
2Tij (t) + Ti1,j (t) + Ti+1,j (t)
hx
y
2Tij (t) + Ti,j1 (t) + Ti,j+1 (t)
hy
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
11
Boundary Conditions
(Finite Volume Models)
(left)
q1,j
= kx T1,j T0,j hy = kx T1,j T (x0,j ) hy
with T0,j = T (x0,j ) not an unknown!
(models a heated/cooled wall with constant temperature T (x0,j ) at the left
boundary)
(left)
temperature flux known in boundary layer cells; e.g. q1,j
= 0:
f1,j hx hy
= kx hy T1,j T2,j
12
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
13
Part II
A Continuous Model The Heat
Equation
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
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fi,j
kx
2Ti,j Ti1,j Ti+1,j
hx
ky
difference
(left)
qi,j
= kx Ti,j Ti1,j hy
Ti,j Ti1,j
hx
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
15
k
2Ti,j Ti1,j Ti+1,j
2
hx
k
2 2Ti,j Ti,j1 Ti,j+1
hy
fi,j
fi,j = k
2T
x 2
k
i,j
2T
y 2
i,j
k
2 T (x, y ) 2 T (x, y )
+
x 2
y 2
= f (x, y )
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
16
Z
cT dV =
Z
q dV +
kT ~n dS
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
17
k T ~n dS =
Z
kT dV
D
Z
cTt q k T dV = 0
D
Tt = T +
q
,
c
:=
k
c
18
Tt = T
alternative notation
T
=
t
2T
2T
2T
+
+
x 2
y 2
z 2
equilibrium solution, Tt = 0:
0 = T +
q
c
T =
q
c
Poissons Equation
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
19
Boundary Conditions
Dirichlet boundary conditions:
fix T on (part of) the boundary
T (x, y , z) = (x, y , z)
Neumann boundary conditions:
fix T s normal derivative on (part of) the boundary:
T
(x, y , z) = (x, y , z)
n
special case: insulation
T
(x, y , z) = 0
n
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
20
Part III
Discretization: Finite Difference and
Finite Volume Methods
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
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Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
22
Discretisation methods:
Finite Differences:
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
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2D Poisson Equation:
2
2
u(x,
y
)
+
u(x, y) = f (x, y )
x 2
y 2
on the unit square = (0, 1)2
with Dirichlet boundary conditions:
u(x, y) = g(x, y )
on
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
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x i,j+1
hy
hy
hx
hz
hx
uij u(xij )
uijk u(xijk )
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
25
2u
(xi,j )
x 2
2u
(xi,j )
y 2
u(xi,j )
g(xi,j ) xi,j
+ui,j1 + ui1,j
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
26
Ah xh = fh
xh a vector of all unknowns uij
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
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Ah =
1
h2
Bh
I
..
.
..
..
..
I
Bh
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
28
1D:
1
1 2
h2
2D:
1
1
h2
1
4
1
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
29
hy
hx
consider cell averages uij for each cell ij , i.e., u(x, y ) uij
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
30
2u
2u
(x,
y)
+
(x, y ) dx dy =
x 2
y 2
Z
ij
Z
f (x, y ) dx dy
ij
|
integration by parts:
2u
(x, y ) dx dy
x 2
yj+ 1
ij
Z
=
x 1
i+ 2
u
dy
(x, y)
x
x 1
i
yj 1
ij
{z
}
:= fij hx hy
2u
(x, y ) dx dy
y 2
xi+ 1
2
Z
=
xi 1
2
y 1
j+ 2
u
dx
(x, y)
y
y 1
j
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
31
ui+1,j uij
u
x x 1
hx
i+
2
ui,j+1 uij
u
y y 1
hy
j+
uij ui1,j
u
x x 1
hx
i
2
uij ui,j1
u
y y 1
hy
j
ui+1,j 2ui,j + ui1,j hy +
1
hy
ui,j+1 2ui,j + ui,j1 hx = fij hx hy
Zj+ 2
j 1
2
x 1
Zj+ 2
i+ 2
ui+1,j uij
uij ui1,j
hy
u
(x, y)
dy =
dy =
ui+1,j 2uij + ui1,j
x
h
h
h
x
x
x
x 1
i
j 1
2
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
32
u
F (u(x, y)) G(u(x, y))
+
+
dx dy =
t
x
y
...
ij
and analogously:
yj+ 1
F (u(x, y))
dx dy =
x
xi 1
yj 1
ij
xi+ 1
G(u(x, y))
dx dy =
y
xi 1
ij
Z
2
x u,
x 1
i+ 2
F (u(x, y ))
dy
y 1
j+ 2
G(u(x, y))
dx
yj 1
2
etc.
Michael Bader | Scientific Computing I | Heat Transfer Discr. & Cont. Models | Winter 2016/2017
33