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in 2004. Additionally, the situation where fish were then held for 21 days with daily from moribund sea bass and cultured at the
the only fish vaccines available were for monitoring for mortality. Veterinary Medical Aquatic Animal Research
salmonids is now changing. New vaccines Centre of the Faculty of Veterinary Science
are being registered in Asia for Asian spe- Monitoring water quality at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
cies, such as yellowtail in Japan, grass carp in As with all 840 fish involved in the Bacteria were identified using API® 20E
China and a recently launched commercial study, these grouper
vaccine for use in Asian sea bass, tilapia and had been purchased
other species in some south-east Asian from a private farm
countries (Komar et al., 2005). in Thailand when they
Asian vaccine protects grouper Various studies have been carried out
into the efficacy of various Vibrio vaccine
types on the survival of different grouper
were approximately
5.75g in weight and
approximately 4.31 cm
V
orange-spotted grouper which had been Thailand) was used to monitor water qual- To establish virulence, doses ranging
accinating juvenile fish by as grouper as well as the snapper and Also, by their very nature, they act mainly separated into four groups of 60 fish ity parameters of pH, hardness, ammonia, from 103 to 1010 CFU of bacteria per fish
injection has given a high pompano. on bacterial pathogens; they have no direct each. Sub-groups of 20 fish within each nitrite and alkalinity. Salinity was measured were injected intra-peritoneally into 540
level of protection against effect on viruses and other pathogens. group either were injected with 0.05 ml each week with a refractometer. orange-spotted juveniles. Each dose had
bacteria causing vibriosis, in A most common disease Vaccines, by contrast, can act against or 0.10 ml of vaccine, or given a 0.10 ml The experimental bacterial challenge 3 replicates with 20 fish in each replicate.
a study involving cultured Vibriosis is the most common disease both bacteria and viruses and there is saline injection as a positive control, or for the vaccine assessment consisted of Control groups were challenged with sterile
orange-spotted grouper in Thailand. The affecting the culture of marine finfish in even experimental evidence that they can left uninjected. Immunised and control Vibrio cholerae that had been isolated
bivalent Vibrio vaccine was administered the Asian region and many epizootics have be active against parasitic infections. But
intraperitoneally to each fish. Although been attributed
this method of administration is difficult in particular
Table 1: Means of water quality parameters.
to apply in routine farm management, to Vibrio
Parameters Mean level and S.D. Parameters Mean level and S.D.
the evidence from the study strongly cholerae.
suggests it should be a good prophylactic
measure against mortalities due to Vibrio
Conventional
treatments Temperature 27.5±0.5°C Alkalinity 60±19.27 ppm
Reach a global digital
pathogens.
Vibriosis | Aquaculture Health & Disease Management Aquaculture Health & Disease Management | Vibriosis
Aquaculture Health & Disease Management | Vibriosis
were significantly lower than for all infected production, development and sustainable fry, quarantine measures, optimized feeding
groups. Although not significantly different Authors expansion of marine fish aquaculture in and good husbandry techniques. Monitoring
from the 0.10 ml vaccinated fish for per- Dr John S Clark obtained his Ph.D. the Asian region. Most Asian aquaculture diseases by surveillance and reporting is
centage mortality, the 0.05 ml vaccine group in micro-encapsulation at Heriot-Watt is operated on a small scale. Added to the essential, as is good sanitation and an
registered a lower RPS of 45.76%. University in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1983. other factors mentioned and the diversity emphasis on being responsible in the use
He currently works on formulation of of organisms in tropical waters, this contrib- of chemicals and antibiotics when diseases
Higher survival and anti-parasitics, vaccines, nutritional/ utes to a truly challenging disease situation occur.
lower mortality health products for a variety of clients. in which pathogens have various opportuni- There will certainly be a role for vac-
Clearly, therefore, injecting 0.10 ml of Email: aquavax2003@yahoo.co.uk ties for entry points. Only now are moves cination as the overall emphasis changes
the bivalent vaccine gave a higher rela- Dr Nantarika Chansue is the being made to correct the failure to collect, to preventing diseases rather than treating
tive survival and the lowest mortality rate Associate Professor and Director report and analyse epidemiological data in or curing them. Vaccination on its own is
of any group in the test. The test also of the Veterinary Medicine Aquatic the event of a disease outbreak. not sufficient on its own to guarantee high
demonstrated that the European model of Animal Research Centre (VMAARC) at On a more positive note, more attention survival and profitability (see box), but it is
using vaccination as a primary prophylactic Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. has been given in past few years to the iden- one of the tools to employ in good health
tool could be applied successfully in Asia to She specializes in disease identifica- tification of aetiological agents involved in management strategies.
reduce losses in spotted grouper juveniles tion and control methods for shrimp, fish disease epidemics. The following studies
Acute peritonitis from a Vibrio infection. marine and freshwater fish, turtles and give a solid indication of the diversity of
This points to a new direction in Asian aquatic mammals. Aquatic immunoto- major pathogens affecting the fish farming
grouper culture for health management. So xicology has been her major research industry in Asia (Bondad-Reantaso et al., Acknowledgements
0.9 % (v/v) saline. The aim was to find lated by the Reed and Muench procedure as far, the development of effective strategies in interest for some 20 years. 2005; Komar et al., 2005; Labrie et al., 2005; The authors would like to convey their
pathogen doses that would kill 50% and the basis for deciding the optimal challenge Asia for disease prevention and control has Professor Jirasak Tangtrongpiros Leong et al., 2005, 2006 and Tan et al., 2003). thanks to all the staff of VMAARC in
100% of injected fish within three days, so dose to be used during testing of vaccine been hampered by a lack of data on the wide is the head of the Veterinary Medicine Meanwhile, significant progress has been Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
that the mean lethal dose could be calcu- efficacy. variety of disease-causing agents present and Aquatic Animal Research Centre made in the field of vaccine research and Thailand, and to the supporting staff of
Figure 1 illustrates the clear dose the immune systems of Asian fish species. (VMAARC) at Chulalongkorn development (Grisez and Tan, 2005). the Research Institute at Rayong, Rayong
response curve found from the virulence Technical support in such matters as disease University in Bangkok, Thailand. He But as Asian aquaculture continues to Province, Thailand, and finally to Drs. Gee,
Measures to sustain a assays. The LD100 dose (killing 100% of diagnosis is often lacking at farm level. specialises in aquatic animal disease grow, inevitably its problems with disease Na, Lin and Jim for their endless patience.
successful aquaculture fish within three days) for this particular There is also a stark contrast between and his primary interest is in methods will worsen unless key steps are taken. New References are available on request.
(Tan et al., 2006) isolate of Vibrio cholerae was 1x1010 CFU/ the Asian situation and modern salmonid for disease prevention and control. disease control concepts must be imple-
ml, with the LD50 established as 1x108 aquaculture in countries such as Norway. mented. This includes the use of healthy
Recommended CFU/ml. Intensified salmon production has brought
1. Use healthy (not necessarily At 21 days after immunization, the vacci- a separation between the hatchery sites
cheap) fry nated and control fish were challenged with producing fry and those for grow-out,
2. Quarantine incoming animals the LD100 as a 0.10 ml injection adminis- together with optimized feed strategies and
3. Use formulated pelleted feed tered intraperitoneally while the positive virtually disease-free fingerlings. However,
4. Grade fish periodically controls received 0.10 ml of sterile saline. the segregation in year classes that is
5. Monitor water quality Monitored for three days post-challenge, obligatory for salmon in Europe does not