BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of En
gineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
ECE/ICE/MEXE Department

Math 121 Probability and Statistics

Finals Examination

Submitted By:
Barrion, John Carlo B.
Marzo, Shintaro D.

Submitted to:
Engr. Ralph Gerard B. Sangalang

January 1, 2017

CHAPTER 1
1.1 The following measurements were recorded for the drying time, in hours, of
a certain brand of latex paint.
3.4
2.8
4.4
Assume that the measurements

2.5
3.3
4.0
are a

4.8 2.9 3.6

5.6 3.7 2.8
5.2 3.0 4.8
simple random sample.

(a) What is the sample size for the above sample?

15
(b) Calculate the sample mean for this data.

1
(3.4 +2.5+4.8+ 2.9+ 3.6+2.8+3.3+5.6+ 3.7+2.8+ 4.4+ 4.0+5.2+ 3.0+4.8)
15

3.787
(c) Calculate the sample median.
2.5 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0
3.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 4.0
4.4 4.8 4.8 5.2 5.6
th
The median is the 8 value from the data sorted above which is 3.6.
(d) Plot the data by way of a dot plot.

(e) Compute the 20% trimmed mean for the above data set.
Trimmed Data
2.9
3.7

Trimmed Mean =

3.0
4.0

3.3
4.4

3.4
4.8

3.6

1
(2.9+ 3.0+3.3+3.4+ 3.6+3.7+ 4.0+4.4 +4.8)
9
= 3.678

1.7 Consider the drying time data for Exercise 1.1 on page 13. Compute the
sample variance and sample standard deviation.

s 2=

1
[ ( 3.43.787 )2+ ( 2.53.787 )2 + ( 4.83.787 )2+ ( 2.93.787 )2 + ( 3.63.787 )2 + ( 2.83.787 )2+ ( 3.33.787
151
= 0.94284

s= s2= 0.94282
= 0.971
1.13 A manufacturer of electronic components is interested in determining the
lifetime of a certain type of battery. A sample, in hours of life, is as follows:
123, 116, 122, 110, 175, 126, 125, 111, 118, 117.
(a) Find the sample mean and median.

Mean=

123+116 +122+110+175+126 +125+111+ 118+117

10
=124.3
Arranged:
110, 111, 116, 117, 118, 122, 123, 125, 126, 175

Median=

118+122
2

= 120
(b) What feature in this data set is responsible for the substantial difference
between the two?
The value of 175 affect to this substantial difference because of being an
extreme observation.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 List the elements of each of the following sample spaces:
(a) The set of integers between 1 and 50 divisible by 8
S = {8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48}
(b) The set S = {x | x2 + 4x 5 = 0}
For x2 + 4x 5 = (x + 5)(x 1) = 0, the only solutions are x = 5 and x
= 1.
S = {5, 1}
(c) The set of outcomes when a coin is tossed until a tail or three heads appear
S = {T, HT, HHT, HHH}
(d) The set S = {x | x is a continent}
S = {N. America, S. America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia,
Antarctica}
(e) The set S = {x | 2x 4 0 and x < 1}
Solving 2x 4 0 gives x 2. Since we must also have x < 1, it follows
that S =.
2.21 Registrants at a large convention are offered 6 sightseeing tours on each of
3 days. In how many ways can a person arrange to go on a sightseeing tour
planned by this convention?
Let n1 = 6 sightseeing tours each available on n2 = 3 different days:
n1n2 = (6)(3) = 18 ways for a person to arrange a tour.
2.49 Find the errors in each of the following statements:
(a) The probabilities that an automobile salesperson will sell 0, 1, 2, or 3 cars on
any given day in February are, respectively, 0.19, 0.38, 0.29, and 0.15.
Sum of the probabilities exceeds 1.
(b) The probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.40, and the probability that it
will not rain tomorrow is 0.52.
Sum of the probabilities is less than 1.
(c) The probabilities that a printer will make 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more mistakes in
setting a document are, respectively, 0.19, 0.34,0.25, 0.43, and 0.29.

A negative probability.
(d) On a single draw from a deck of playing cards, the probability of selecting a
heart is 1/4, the probability of selecting a black card is 1/2, and the probability of
selecting both a heart and a black card is 1/8.
Probability of both a heart and a black card is zero.

2.77 If R is the event that a convict committed armed robbery and D is the event
that the convict pushed dope, state in words what probabilities are expressed by
(a) P(R\D)
The probability that a convict who pushed dope, also committed
armed robbery.
(b) P(D'\R)
The probability that a convict who committed armed robbery, did
not push dope.
(c) P(R'\D')
The probability that a convict who did not push dope also did not
commit armed robbery.
2.101 In a certain region of the country it is known from (last, experience that
the: probability of selecting an adult over 40 years of age: with cancer is 0.05, If
the probability of a doctor correctly diagnosing a person with cancer as having
the disease is 0.78 and the: probability of incorrectly diagnosing a person
without cancer as having the disease is 0.1)6, what is the probability that, a
person is diagnosed as having cancer?
Consider the events:
C: an adult selected has cancer,
D: the adult is diagnosed as having cancer.
P(C) = 0.05, P(D|C) = 0.78, P(C) = 0.95 and P(D | C) = 0.06.
So, P(D) = P(CD) + P(CD) = (0.05)(0.78) + (0.95)(0.06) = 0.096.
2.109 A truth serum has the property that 90% of the guilty suspects are
properly judged while, of course, 10% of guilty suspects are improperly found
innocent. On the other hand, innocent suspects are misjudged 1% of the time. If
the suspect was selected from a group of suspects of which only 5% have ever
committed a crime, and the serum indicates that he is guilty, what is the
probability that he is innocent?

Consider the events:

G: guilty of committing a crime,
I: innocent of the crime,
i: judged innocent of the crime,
g: judged guilty of the crime.

P ( I|g ) =

P(g|I)P(I)
(0.01)(0.95)
=
=0.1743
P(g|G)P(G)+P(g|I)P(I) ( 0.05 ) ( 0.90 ) + ( 0.01 ) (0.95)

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous:
X: the number of automobile accidents per year in Virginia.
discrete
Y: the length of time to play 18 holes of golf.
continuous
M: the amount of milk produced yearly by a particular cow.
continuous
N: the number of eggs laid each month by a hen.
discrete
P: the number of building permits issued each month in a certain city.
discrete
Q: the weight of grain produced per acre.
continuous

3.37 Determine the values of c so that the following functions represent joint
probability distributions of the random variables A" and Y:
(a) f(x, y) cxy, for x = 1, 2, 3; y = 1, 2,3
3

1
f ( x , y )=c xy=36 c=1. Hence c= 36
x=0 y=0

x=0 y=0

(b) f(x, y) = c\x - y\, for a: = -2,0,2; y = - 2 , 3

f ( x , y )=c |x y|=15 c . Hence c= 15

x

3.63 A tobacco company produces blends of tobacco with each blend containing
various proportions of Turkish, domestic, and other tobaccos. The proportions of
Turkish and domestic in a blend are random variables with joint density function
(X = Turkish and Y = domestic).

f ( x , y ) = 24 xy , 0 x , y 1: x + y 1, elsewhere .
0,
(a) Find the probability that in a given box the Turkish tobacco accounts for over
half the blend.
1

P ( X 0.5 ) =12 x ( 1x )2 dx= ( 12 x24 x 2 +12 x 3 ) dx=

0.5

0.5

5
=0.3125
16

(b) Find the marginal density function for the proportion of the domestic
tobacco.
1 y

h ( y )=24

xydx =12 y ( 1 y )2 , for 0< y< 1

0

(c) Find the probability that the proportion of Turkish tobacco is less than 1/8 if it
is known that the blend contains 3/4 domestic tobacco.

f ( x| y )=

f (x , y )
24 xy
2x
=
=
, for 0< x <1 y
2
h( y ) 12 y ( 1 y ) ( 1 y )2

( |

1 /8

1 /8

1
3
2x
So , P X < Y = =
dx=32 0.25
8
4 0 1/16
0

CHAPTER 4

4.1 Assume that two random variables (X, V) arc uniformly distributed on a circle
with radius a. Then the joint probability density function is

1
, x 2+ y2 a2
f ( x , g ) = a2
0,otherwise

Find the expected value of X, f(x)

a 2 y 2

a y
2

x dx dy =
2

1
a2

[( ) ( ) ]
2

a y
a y

2
2

dy=0

1
E ( X )= 2
a a
4.33 Use Definition 4.3 on page 116 to find the variance of the random variable
X of Exercise 4.7 on page 113.
4.7 By investing in a particular stock, a person can make a profit in one
year of $4000 with probability 0.3 or take a loss of $1000 with probability
0.7. What is this person's expected gain?
= E(X) = (4000)(0.3) + (1000)(0.7) = $500.
So

2=E [ ( X )2 ] = ( x )2 f ( x )=(1500 )2 ( 0.7 )+ (3500 )2 ( 0.3 ) =$ 5 250 000

x

4.51 Referring to Exercise 4.35 on page 122, find the mean and variance of the
discrete random variable Z = 3X 2, when X represents the number of errors
per 100 lines of code.

4.35 The random variable X, representing the number of errors per 100
lines of software code, has the following probability distribution:
x
f(x
)

2
0.0
1

3
0.2
5

0.4 0.3

6
0.0
4

= (2)(0.01) + (3)(0.25) + (4)(0.4) + (5)(0.3) + (6)(0.04) = 4.11,

E(X2) = (2)2(0.01) + (3)2(0.25) + (4)2(0.4) + (5)2(0.3) + (6)2(0.04) =
17.63.

So, 2 = 17.63 4.112 = 0.74

g(X) = E(3X 2) = 3 2 = (3)(4.11) 2 = 10.33
g(X) = 92 = 6.66.

4.81 Prove Chebyshev's theorem when X is a discrete random variable.

Define I1 = {xi| |xi | < k} and I2 = {xi| |xi | k}. Then

f ( x i )= k 2 2 P(| X| k )
2=E [ ( X ) ] = ( x ) f ( x )= ( x i ) f ( xi ) + ( x i ) f ( x i ) ( x i ) f ( x i ) k 2 2
2

x i I 1

P(|X | k )

x i I 2

x i I 2

x i I 2

1
k2

P (|X | k ) 1

1
k2

CHAPTER 5
5.1 An employee is selected from a staff of 10 to supervise a certain project by
selecting a tag at random from a box containing 10 tags numbered from 1 to 10.
Find the formula for the probability distribution of X representing the number on
the tag that is drawn. What is the probability that the number drawn is less than
4?
This is a uniform distribution:

f ( x )=

1
10 , for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
3

Therefore

P ( X <4 )= f ( x )=
x=1

3
10

5.29 If 7 cards are dealt from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards, what is the
probability that
(a) exactly 2 of them will be face cards?

( 122)( 405) = (12 C 2) ( 40 C 5 ) =0.3246

( 52C 7 )
( 527)
(b) at least 1 of them will be a queen?

48
(
7)
48 C 7
1
=1
=0.4496
52C 7
52
(7)
5.51 The probability that a person, living in a certain city, owns a dog is
estimated to be 0.3. Find the probability that the tenth person randomly
interviewed in that city is the fifth one to own a dog.
5
5
5
5
b( 10 ;5,0.3 )= 9 ( 0.3 ) ( 0.7 ) =( 9C 4 )( 0.3 ) ( 0.7 ) =0.0515
4

()

5.81 During a manufacturing process 15 units are randomly selected each day
from the production line to check the percent defective. From historical
information it is known that the probability of a defective unit is 0.05. Any time
that two or more defectives are found in the sample of 15, the process is
stopped. This procedure is used to provide a signal in case the probability of a
defective has increased.
(a) What is the probability that on any given day the production process will be
stopped? (Assume 5% defective.)
n = 15 and p = 0.05
1

(a)

x
15x
P ( X 2 )=1P ( X 3 ) =1 15 ( 0.05 ) (10.05 ) =10.8290=0.1710
x=0 x

(b) p = 0.07. So,

CHAPTER 6

( )

x
15x
P ( X 1 )= 15 ( 0.07 ) ( 10.07 ) =10.7168=0.2832
x=0 x

( )

6.1 Given a standard normal distribution, find the normal curve area under the
curve which lies
(a) to the left of a = 1.43
Area=0.9236
(b) to the right of z = -0.89
Area=1 0.1867 = 0.8133
(c) between z = 2.16 and z = 0.65
Area=0.2578 0.0154 = 0.2424
(d) to the left of; = -1.39
Area=0.0823
(e) to the: right of z = 1.90
Area=1 0.9750 = 0.0250
(f) between z = -0.48 and z = 1.74
Area=0.9591 0.3156 = 0.6435

6.23 Evaluate P ( l < X < 4) for a binomial variable with n = 15 and p = 0.2 by
using
(a) Table A.l in the Appendix
From Table A.1 with n = 15 and p = 0.2 we have
4

P (1 X 4 ) = b ( x ;15,0.2 ) b ( 0 ; 15,0.2 )=0.83580.0352=0.8006

x=0

(b) the normal-curve approximation.

By the normal-curve approximation we first find
2

=npq= (15 )( 0.2 ) ( 0.8 ) =2.4 . Then

z 2=

=1.549 . Now,

4.53
=0.97 . Therefore,
1.549

P (1 X 4 ) =P (1.61 Z 0.97 )=0.83400.0537=0.7803

=np=3

and then

z 1=(0.53)/1.549 =-1.61 and

6.39 If a random variable X has the gamma distribution with a = 2 and 0 = 1,

find P(1.8 < X < 2.4).
2.4

1.8< X ( 2.4 )= x ex dx=[x ex ex ] 2.4 =2.8 e1.8 3.4 e 2.4 =0.1545

1.8
1.8
P
6.59 According to a study published by a group of sociologists at the University
of Massachusetts, approximately 49% of the Valium users in the state of
Massachusetts are white-collar workers. What is the probability that between
482 and 510, inclusive, of the next 1000 randomly selected Valium users from
this state would be white-collar workers?

=np=( 1000 ) ( 0.49 )=490, = npq= (1000 )( 0.49 ) ( 0.51 )=15.508

z 1=

481.5490
510.5490
=0.54, z 2=
=1.3
15.508
15.808

P ( 481.5< X <510.5 )=P (0.54 <Z <1.3 ) =0.90320.2946=0.6086

CHAPTER 7
7.1 Let X be a random variable with probability

1
, x=1, 2,3
3
0,elsewhere

Find the probability distribution of the random variable Y = 2X 1.

From y = 2x 1 we obtain x = (y + 1)/2, and given x = 1, 2, and 3, then
g(y) = f[(y + 1)/2] = 1/3, for y = 1, 3, 5.

Chapter 8
8.1. Define suitable populations from which the following samples are selected:
(a) Persons in 200 homes are called by telephone in the city of Richmond and
asked to name the candidate that they favour for election to the school board.
Answer: Responses of all people in Richmond who have
telephones.

(b) A coin is tossed 100 times and 34 trails are recorded.

Answer: Outcomes for a large or infinite number of tosses of a
coin.
(c) Two hundred pairs of a new type of tennis shoe were tested on the
professional tour and, on the average, lasted 4 months.
Answer: Length of life of such tennis shoes when worn on the
professional tour.
(d) On five different occasions it took a lawyer 21, 26, 24, 22, and 21 minutes to
drive from her suburban home to her midtown office.
Answer: All possible time intervals for this lawyer to drive from
her home to her office.
8.17 If all possible samples of size 16 are dawn from a normal population with
mean equal to 50 and standard deviation equal to 5, what is the probability that
a sample mean will fall in the interval from - 1.9 to - 0.4 ? Assume that
the sample means can be measured to any degree of accuracy.
Solution:
z1=-1.9, z2 = -0.4. Hence,
P( - 1.9 < mean < - 0.4 ) = P(-1.9 < Z < -0.4) = 0.3446 0.0287 =
0.3159
8.39 For a chi-squared distribution find
(a)

X 20.0.25 when v = 15:

Answer: 27.488
(b)

X 20.01 when v = 7:

Answer: 18.475
(c)

X 0.05

when v = 24:

Answer: 36.415
8.56 Consider the data displayed in Exercise 1.20 on page 29. Construct a boxand-whisker plot and comment on the nature of the sample. Compute the
sample mean and sample standard deviation.
Solution:
The box-and-whisker plot is shown below.

Data:
17 20 10 9 23 13 12 19 18 24
12 14

6 9 13 6

16 18

8 13 3 32 9

13 7 18
7

7 10 13
7 10

7
II

7 10 4 27 19 16 8

10 5 14 15 10 9

7 15

Total = 616
Sample mean = 616/50 = 12.32
The sample mean = 12.32 and the sample standard deviation = 6.08.

Chapter 9
9.1. A UCLA researcher claims that the life span of mice can be extended by as
much as 25% when the calories in their diet are reduced by approximately 40%
from the time they are
weaned. The restricted
diet is enriched to
normal levels by
vitamins and protein.
Assuming that it is
known from previous
studies that =5.8
months, how many
included in our sample
confident that the
sample will be within 2
population mean for all
reduced diet?
Solution:

E ( S 2 )= 2

mice should be
if we wish to be 99%
mean life span of the
months of the
mice subjected to this

E ( S 2 )=E

n1 2
S
n

n1
E ( S2 )
n

n1 2

9.35. A random sample of size n1 = 25, taken from a normal population with a
standard deviation 1 = 5, has a mean x1 = 80. A second random sample of
size n2 = 36, taken from a different normal population with a standard deviation
2 = 3, has a mean x2 = 75. Find a 94% confidence interval for 1 2.
Solution:
n1 = 25, n2 = 36, x1 = 80, x2 = 75, 1 = 5, 2 = 3, and z0.03 = 1.88.
So, a 94% confident interval for 1 2

( 8075 )( 1.88 )

25 9
25 9
+ < 12 < ( 8075 )+ (1.88 )
+
25 36
25 36

2.9< 12 <7.1
9.51 In a random sample of 1000 homes in a certain city, it is found that 228 are
heated by oil. Find 99% confidence intervals for the proportion of homes in this
city that are heated by oil using both methods presented on page 297.
Solution:
a. n=200, p=0.57, q=0.43,z0.02=2.05

0.57 ( 2.05 )

(0.57)(0.43)
=0.57 0.072
200
0.498 < p < 0.642

b. Error (2.05)

(0.57)(0.43)
200

= 0.072

9.71 A manufacturer of car batteries claims that the batteries will last, on
average, 3 years with a variance of 1 year. If 5 of these batteries have lifetimes
of 1.9, 2.4, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.2 years, construct a 95% confidence interval for 2
and decide if the manufacturers claim that 2 = 1 is valid. Assume the
population of battery lives to be approximately normally distributed.

s2 = 0.815
v=4
x 20.025=11.143

x 20.975=0.484
(4 )(0.815) 2 (4)( 0.815)
<o <
11.143
0.484
0.293<o 2< 6.736
Since this interval contains 1, the claim that 2 seems valid.
9.81 Suppose that there are n trials x1, x2, . . . , xn from a Bernoulli process with
parameter p, the probability of a success. That is, the probability of r successes
(nr )
is given by
pr(1p)nr. Work out the maximum likelihood estimator for
the parameter p.
Solution:
n(1x)

1 p

1 p 1x 1=nnx
p x1
L(x1,...,xn) =

f ( x 1 ; p )=
i 1

i=1

Hence, lnL = n[ xln(p) + (1 x)ln(1 p)]. Taking derivative with respect to p

ln( L)
x 1x
=n
=0 which
and setting the derivative to zero, we obtain
p
p 1 p

yields x p 1 x 1p = 0. Therefore, p=x

9.89 Consider two estimators of 2 for a sample x1, x2, . . . , xn, which is drawn
from a normal distribution with mean and variance 2. The estimators are the

unbiased estimator

x 1x ' 2

n
and the maximum likelihood estimator
1
2
s=

n1 i=0

x 1x ' .

n
Discuss the variance properties of these two estimators.
1
2
o =
n i1
Solution:
n = 75, x = 28, hence p =

28
75 = 0.3733. Since

z 0.025 = 1.96, a 95%

confidence interval for p can be calculate as

0.3733 ( 1.96 )

(0.3733)(0.6267)
=0.3733 0.1095
75

CHAPTER 10
10.1 Suppose that an allergist wishes to test the hypothesis that at least 30% of
the public is allergic to some cheese products. Explain how the allergist could
commit
(a) a type I error;
Conclude that fewer than 30% of the public are allergic to some cheese
products when, in fact, 30% or more are allergic.
(b) a type II error.
Conclude that at least 30% of the public are allergic to some cheese
products when, in fact, fewer than 30% are allergic.
10.19 An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a lifetime that is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 800 hours and a standard
deviation of 40 hours. Test the hypothesis that p = 800 hours against the
alternative p 800 hours if a random sample of 30 bulbs has an average life
of 788 hours. Use a P-value in your answers.
The hypotheses are

H 0 : =800,
H 1 : 800.

Now,

z=

788800
=1.64
40
, and P-value =
30

2 P ( Z<1.64 )=( 2 ) ( 0.0505 )=0.1010 .

Hence, the mean is not significantly different from 800 for

<0.101.

10.55 A marketing expert for a pasta-making company believes that 40% of

pasta lovers prefer lasagna. If 9 out of 20 pasta lovers choose lasagna over
other pastas, what can be concluded about the experts claim? Use a 0.05 level
of significance.
The hypotheses are

H 0 : p=0.40,
H 1 : p>0.40 .
Denote by X for those who choose lasagna.
P-value =

P ( X 9| p=0.40 ) =0.4044 .

The claim that p = 0.40 is not refuted.

10.67 The volume of containers of a particular lubricant is known to be normally
distributed with a variance of 0.03 liter. Test the hypothesis that
against the alternative that

a2

= 0.03

0.03 for the random sample of 10 containers

in Exercise 10.25 on page 357. Use a P-value in your conclusion.

The hypotheses are

H 0 : 2=0.03,
H 1 : 2 0.03 .
Computation:

x 2=

(9)(0.24585)
=18.13.
0.03

degrees of freedom,
Decision: Fail to reject

Since 0.025 P( x >18.13)<0.05

with 9

0.05< Pvalue=2 P(x 2 >18.13)< 0.10 .

H 0 ; the sample of 10 containers is not

sufficient to show that

is not equal to 0.03.

10.79 A die is tossed 180 times with the following results:

X
1
2
3
4
5
f
28
36
36
30
27
Is this a balanced die? Use a 0.01 level of significance.

6
23

The hypotheses are

H 0 : dieis balanced ,
H 1 : dieis unbalanced .
=0.01 .
2

x >15.086

Critical region:

Computation: Since
2

with 5 degrees of freedom.

e i=30,

for i =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, then

(2830) (3630) (3630) (3030) (2730) (2330)

x=
+
+
+
+
+
=4.47
30
30
30
30
30
30
2

Decision: Fail to reject

H 0;

the die is balanced.

10.101 A geneticist is interested in the proportion of males and females in a

population that have a certain minor blood disorder. In a random sample of 100
males, 31 are found to be afflicted, whereas only 24 of 100 females tested
appear to have the disorder. Can we conclude at the 0.01 level of significance
that the proportion of men in the population afflicted with this blood disorder is
significantly greater than the proportion of women afflicted?
The hypotheses are

H 0 : p1 =p 2 ,
H 1 : p1 > p2 .
=0.01 .
Critical region:
Computation:

z> 2.33 .

p' 1=0.31, p ' 2=0.24, p ' =0.275,

and

100+ 1/ 100
1/

( 0.275 ) ( 0.725 )

0.310.24
z=

Decision: Fail to reject

H0;

proportions are the same.