FLUID MECHANICS

AND MACHINERY
LABORATORY MANUAL

By
Dr. N. Kumara Swamy
Edition
ISBN
Size
Binding
Pages

:
:
:
:
:

1st Edition : 2008

978-93-80358-86-4
170 mm x 240 mm
Paper Back with four color jacket cover
272 + 16

About the book

The aim to prepare this manual to understand fundamental principles, concepts and
significance of various experiments as per existing laboratory experimental practice and
evaluation procedure in the subject fluid mechanics and fluid machinery.
The manual explains the procedure for various experiments including principle, apparatus,
experimental set up, handling of apparatus, range and accuracy of observations, model
calculation, engineering significance, practical applications for each experiment in fluid
mechanics and fluid machinery.
This manual also gives comprehensive view about how to perform various experiments, how
to presentation of experiment results in the form of laboratory report and how to evaluate
performance of a student in the laboratory and how to implement experiment results in field.
Also it provides to the students the essential information required to understand fundamental
concepts, to carry out the experiment and to implement the experiment results in the field.
It improves skills in experimentation, presentation and implement of experimental results in
the field.

` 125.00
CONTENT
1 : INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
2 : PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF FLUID
MECHANICS IN VARIOUS FIELDS
3 : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF FLUID
MECHANICS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
4 : MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS
5 : PERFORMANCE OF HYDRAULIC MACHINES
6 : EXPERIMENTS ON FLUID MECHANICS
7 : EXPERIMENTS ON FLUID MACHINERY
8 : VIVA QUESTIONS ON FLUID MECHANICS
9 : VIVA QUESTIONS ON FLUID MACHINERY
10 : PLANNING, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF
LABORATORY
Appendix : A to Appendix : I
bibliography
index

It will help to take accurate observations and analysis of experimental results. Question
bank given in separate chapter is useful to students for better understanding concepts and
answering viva questions.
This manual also provides necessary valuable information regarding planning and
maintenance of Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Laboratory, which helps to the faculty
members in setting their own fluid mechanics and machinery laboratory.
This book also contains some other useful information like, SI and conversion table, physical
properties units of water, air and common liquids, dimensionless number and various graphs
related to viscosity, friction factors and discharge.
Students performance evaluation procedure has also been discussed in a separate chapter,
which is very useful for teachers.
It is hoped that the book will satisfy the needs of the Engineering students preparing for the
Degree examinations of almost all the Indian Universities, Diploma examinations conducted
by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate courses as well as for the A.M.I.E.,
U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional Examinations. It
should also be of an immense help to the practicing Engineers.

Checklist
Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 India
Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LABORATORY MANUAL

Detailed Contents

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

1-1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
1-2. Technological developments in fluid mechanics
1-3. Objectives of Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Laboratory
1-4. Purpose and organization of laboratory manual
1-5. Guidelines for students
1-6. Guidelines for the preparation of laboratory observation
book
1-7. Guidelines for the preparation of a laboratory report

Organization and contents

Title or cover page of reports

Contents of Laboratory Reports
(1) Aim
(2) Principle or Concept
(3) Formulae
(4) Apparatus
(5) Experimental setup
(6) Procedure
(7) Observations and Calculations

(i) Observations

(ii) Sample Calculations
(8) Graphical presentation of the experimental results
(9) Results and Discussions

(10) Comments
1-8. Evaluation Procedure for students performance in
laboratory
1-9. Nomenclature of fluid mechanics and machinery
Chapter 2 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF FLUID
MECHANICS IN VARIOUS FIELDS
2-1. Introduction
2-2. Daily Life
2-3. Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Civil Engineering
2-4. Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Environmental
Engineering
2-5. Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Biomedical
Engineering
2-6. Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Automobile
engineering and Aero-space engineering

University Examination questions
Chapter 3 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF FLUID
MECHANICS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
3-1. Fluid properties and their significance in Engineering
practice
3-1-1. Specific weight and mass density
3-1-2. Specific gravity or Relative density
3-1-3. Viscosity

(1) Causes of viscosity

(2) Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity

(3) Effects of temperature and pressure on viscosity

(4) Effects of liquid constituents on viscosity

(5) Newtons law of viscosity

(6) Practical application of viscosity
3-1-4. Surface tension

(1) Effect of temperature

(2) Practical applications
3-1-5. Capillarity

Practical examples
3-1-6. Vapour pressure

(1) Cavitation and its impacts

(2) Remedial measures for cavitation
3-2. Buoyancy and flotation
3-2-1. Buoyancy and Buoyant force
3-2-2. Archimedes principle (287 B.C. 212 B.C)
3-2-3. Stability of submerged and floating bodies

(1) Submerged bodies
3-2-4. Stability of floating bodies, metacentre and metacentric
height

Significance of metacentric height
3-2-5. Stability criteria for floating bodies

(1) Stable equilibrium

(2) Unstable equilibrium

(3) Neutral equilibrium
3-3. Different types of fluids

Classification of fluids

(1) Viscosity

(i) Ideal fluids

(ii) Real fluids (Practical fluids)

(2) Newtons law of viscosity

(i) Newtonian fluids

(ii) Non-Newtonian fluids

(3) Angle of contact and forces among molecules

(i) Wetting fluids

(ii) Non-wetting fluids

(4) Compressibility

(i) Compressible fluids

(ii) Incompressible fluids

(5) Various types of non-Newtonian fluids and their
properties
3-4. Different types of flow

(1) Steady and unsteady flow

(2) Uniform and non-uniform flow

(3) Laminar flow and turbulent flow

(4) Compressible flow and incompressible flow

(5) Ideal fluid flow and real fluid flow

(6) Rotational flow and Irrotational flow

(7) Pressure flow and gravity flow

(8) Free vortex flow and forced vortex flow
3-5. Basic laws of fluid mechanics and their applications
3-5-1. Conservation of mass
3-5-2. Newtons second law of motion

Application of Newtons second law of motion in fluid
mechanics
3-5-3. Principle of conservation of angular momentum:

(law of conservation of moment of momentum)
3-5-4. First law of thermodynamics

Conservation of energy principle
3-5-5. Second law of thermodynamics
3-5-6. Pascals Law for pressure at rest
3-5-7. Pascals law of hydrostatic fluid pressure distribution
3-6. Fundamental equations of fluid mechanics
3-6-1. Continuity equation
3-6-2. Energy equation

(1) Bernoullis theorem

(2) Bernoullis equation for real fluid flow

(3) Bernoullis equation for fluid machinery

(i) Turbines

(ii) Pumps

(iii) Pumps and turbine

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Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LABORATORY MANUAL

Detailed Contents

(4) Limitations of Bernoullis equation

(5) Application of Bernoullis equation
3-6-3. Linear Momentum equation

(1) Statement

(2) Application of momentum equation
3-6-4. Angular momentum equation

Application
Chapter 4 MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC
PARAMETERS
4-1. Introduction
4-2. Measurement of fluid properties
4-2-1. Specific gravity and specific weight of a fluid
4-2-2. Capillarity and surface tension
4-2-3. Viscosity
4-3. Measurement of water surface level
4-3-1. Pointer gauge
4-3-2. Float gauge
4-4. Measurement of Pressure, pressure head and pressure
gradient
4-4-1. Pressure at a point

(1) Absolute pressure

(2) Gauge pressure

(3) Atmospheric pressure
4-4-2. Pressure head of a fluid

(1) Piezometric head of a fluid

(2) Pressure gradient
4-4-3. Measurement of pressure intensity
4-4-4. Manometer

(1) Manometric liquid

(2) Limitations of manometer
4-4-5. Mechanical Gauges

(1) Bourdon tube pressure gauge

(2) Diaphragm pressure gauge

(3) Dead weight pressure gauge

(4) Pressure transducer
4-4-6. Precautions in pressure measurement
4-5. Velocity measurement
4-5-1. Floats
4-5-2. Pitot Tube

Principle
4-5-3. Pitot static tube
4-5-4. Current meter
4-5-5. Hot-wire anemometer and Hot film anemometer
4-5-6. Laser Doppler Anemometer
4-5-7. The salt velocity method
4-6. Measurement of discharge
4-6-1. Gravity flow

(1) Tanks and reservoirs

(2) Gravimetric method (weight measurement)

(3) Volumetric method

(4) Open channel
4-6-2. Pressure Flow

(1) Bernoulli type devices
4-7. Measurement of head losses
4-7-1. Major energy losses

(1) Darcy-Weisbach equation

(2) Evaluation of friction factor

Moodys diagram
4-7-2. Minor loss of energy
Chapter 5 PERFORMANCE OF HYDRAULIC
MACHINES
5-1. Hydraulic Machines
5-2. Turbines

Classification of turbines

5-2-1. Pelton wheel

Working of Pelton wheel
5-2-2. Francis turbine

Operation of Francis turbine
5-2-3. Kaplan Turbine

Working of Kaplan turbine
5-2-4. Turbines performance and selection

(1) Specific speed

(2) Significance of specific speed

(3) Unit quantities and characteristics curves

(4) Main or constant head or variable speed
characteristics curves

(5) Operating or constant speed curves

(6) Constant efficiency curves
5-2-5. Selection of Turbine
5-3. Hydraulic pumps
5-3-1. Reciprocating pump

(1) Working principle of reciprocating pump

(2) Performance of reciprocating pumps

(i) Operating characteristic curves

(ii) Variable speed characteristics curves
5-3-2. Centrifugal pump

(1) Working of a centrifugal pump

(2) Characteristics curves of centrifugal pump

(i) Main characteristics

(ii) Operating speed performance

(iii) Constant efficiency curves
5-3-3. Multi-stage centrifugal pump
Chapter 6 EXPERIMENTS ON FLUID MECHANICS
6-1. Specific weight and specific gravity
6-2. Metacentric height of floating bodies
6-3. Viscosity of liquid
6-4. Verification of bernoullis equation
6-5. Coefficients of orifice
6-6. Coefficients of external mouthpiece
6-7. Coefficient of discharge of rectangular notch
6-8. Coefficient of discharge of triangular notch
6-9. Coefficient of discharge of trapezoidal notch
6-10. Coefficient of discharge of cippoletti notch
6-11. Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter
6-12. Coefficient of discharge of orificemeter
6-13. Reynolds number and critical velocity
6-14. Major losses (Friction factor)
6-15. Minor losses I
6-16. Minor losses II
6-17. Components of hydraulic jump
Chapter 7 EXPERIMENTS ON FLUID MACHINERY
7-1. Impact of jet on vanes
7-2. Performance studies of pelton wheel
7-3. Performance studies of francis turbine
7-4. Performance studies of kaplan turbine
7-5. Performance studies of centrifugal pump
7-6. Performance studies of reciprocating pump
7-7. Performance of submersible pump test rig
7-8. Performance studies of multistage centrifugal pump
Chapter 8 Viva Questions on FLUID
MECHANICS
8-1. Specific Gravity and Specific Weight
8-2. Metacentric height and Buoyancy
8-3. Viscosity
8-4. Pressure measurement
8-5. Bernoullis Equation
8-6. Pitot tube

Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 India
Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LABORATORY MANUAL

Detailed Contents

8-7.
8-8.
8-9.
8-10.
8-11.
8-12.
8-13.
8-14.
8-15.
8-16.
8-17.
8-18.
8-19.
8-20.

Mouth piece
Orifice
Triangular and Rectangular Notch
Trapezoidal and Cippoletti notch
Venturimeter
Nozzle meter
Elbow meter
Rotameter
Venturi flume and Standing wave flume
Orifice meter
Major Losses (Friction Factor)
Minor losses
Reynolds number and critical velocity
Hydraulic jump in rectangular open channel

Chapter 9 VIVA QUESTIONS ON FLUID MACHINERY

9-1. Impact of Jet
9-2. Pelton turbine (impulse turbine)
9-3. Francis turbine
9-4. Kaplan trubine
9-5. Centrifugal pump
9-6. Reciprocating pump
9-7. Jet pump
9-8. Hydraulic ram and hydraulic press
Chapter 10 P L A N N I N G ,
O P E R AT I O N
AND
MAINTENANCE OF LABORATORY
10-1. Basic Equipment and their specifications for undergraduate
courses in Engineering programme
10-2. Grouping of experiments

10-3. Planning aspects of fluid mechanics and machinery

laboratory

(1) Location

(2) Size

(3) Spacing between equipment

(4) Door and window

(5) Display boards

(6) Safety measures
10-4. Operation and Maintenance code
10-5. Precautions to be taken in the laboratory
10-6. Relevant IS codes
10-7. Reputed Laboratory Equipment and models suppliers
and their details
Appendix A to Appendix I
Appendix A Unit conversion ratios
Appendix B Properties of water at standerd atmospheric
pressure
Appendix C Physical Properties of Fluids
Appendix D Variation of dynamic viscosity of various fluids
with temperature
Appendix E Variation of kinematic viscosity of various
fluids with temperature
Appendix F Moodys diagram for friction factors
Appendix G Determination of pipe diameter for given
discharge
Appendix H Dimensionless numbers
Appendix I Properties of some common liquids at 20C
and atmospheric pressure

Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 India
Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com