G. H.

RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated by R. T. M. Nagpur University under UGC Act 1956)
Department of Information Technology
SESSION 2016 2017

P U L S E M O D U L AT I O N
1. PULSE MODULATION is a process of transmitting
signals in the
form of pulses by using special
techniques.
There are two types of pulse modulation
a.

ANALOG MODULATION, and

b. DIGITIL MODULATION
2.

a.

Analog modulation can be done by three methods

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

The signal is sampled at regular intervals such

that each sample is proportional to the
amplitude of the signal at that sampling instant.
This technique is called sampling. For
minimum distortion, the sampling rate should be
more than twice the signal frequency.

b.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

In this type, the amplitude is maintained
constant but the duration or length or width of
each pulse is varied in accordance with
instantaneous value of the analog signal. The -v
side of the signal is brought to the +ve side by
adding a DC. voltage.

c.

edge of a PWM pulse and negative thin pulses corresponding to the

ending edge of a pulse.

3.
Digital Modulation can be done using Pulse
Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation
(DM)
Analog signal is converted into digital signal by using a digital
code. Analog to digital converter employs two techniques:
a. Sampling: The process of generating pulses of zero width
and of amplitude equal to the instantaneous amplitude of the
analog signal. The no. of pulses per second is called sampling
rate.
b. Quantization: The process of dividing the maximum
value of the analog signal into a fixed no. of levels in order to
convert the PAM into a Binary Code.

MERITS OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

The sampled waveform has fixed amplitude and width whereas the
position of each pulse is varied as per instantaneous value of the analog
signal. PPM signal is further modification of a PWM signal. It has
positive thin pulses (zero time or width) corresponding to the starting

Digital signals are very easy to receive. The receiver has

to just detect whether the pulse is low or high.
AM FM signals become corrupted over much short
distances as compared to digital signals. In digital signals,
the original signal can be reproduced accurately.
The signals lose power as they travel, which is called
attenuation. When AM and FM signals are amplified, the
noise also get amplified. But the digital signals can be
cleaned up to restore the quality and amplified by the
regenerators.
The noise may change
the shape
of the pulses
but not the
NAME:
SWAPNIL
LADKHEDKAR
pattern of the pulses.

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