Escolar Documentos
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Substations Committee
3124
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 11, November 1985
Dinkar Mukhedkar
Senior member
I.E.E.E.
Mansour Loeloeian
R. Velazquez
R. P. Nagar
Member.) I.E.E.E.
Instituto de Investigaciones
Elec tricas, Cuernavaca,
Mexico
Y. Gervdis
Member, I.E.E.E.
83 SM 427-2 A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Substations Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society for presenta-
grounding system
The main objective of the
analysis is to compute the expected performance of the
ground electrodes which may form the basis of their
The basic performance of grounding electrodes
design.
is defined by:
impedance/resistance
of the electrode,
(1)
Ground
(2)
and
layout of
electrode
the
ground
(i)
Shape, size
electrodes,
(ii)
the
force
BASIC APPROACH.
The grounding electrodes can be of any shape and
Most of themn are comprised of linear conductors
size.
and are buried close to the ground surface. Test electrodes used in grounding measurements are installed at
the ground surface and have relatively small physical
They are therefore assuimed to be small
dimensions.
hemisphere or point electrodes. As such, the studies
on these two basic types of electrodes covers almost
all general grounding problems of practical importance.
The earth is represented as a semi-infinite, isotropic, uniform/stratified medium, characterized by its
electrical conductivity (or resistivity). The conduction of currents in the earth is governed by the elecThe spatial
tromagnetic laws applicable to metals.
extent of grounding electrodes is generally very small
as compared to the skin depth at 50-60 Hz power
frequency current flows. As stuch, the propagation time
can be neglected and the performance of the grounding
electrodes during dc and ac power frequency current
flows can be determined by the electromagnetic field
analysis techniques for stationary fields.
0018-9510/85/1100-3124$01.00(1985 IEEE
3125
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EQUATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
The current flow and the potential gradient in the
earth in response to an impressed electromotive force
must satisfy the basic electromagnetic field equations
and various boundary conditions imposed upon by the
The electromagnetic
medium and grounding electrodes.
field equations define basic relationships among the
and
electric potential gradient, current density,
electric field intensity as follows.
The potential gradient at any point P(x,y,z) is:
V)=La
ax
a) + k f
ay
The electric
equation (5).
'V o
(2)
(3).
4f
by
r +
= -
given
is
(5)
the
(6).
az
intensity
PI
EPJ
Vp =
field
(3)
J=aE
f
r
E dr
IP
or
47
1
+
[.
r'"
(6)
1r
I'S
ip
I
=
47f
I
[ 2r +
r
r'
2. ...
iS
(4)
By assuming that a linear conductor is a succeof point current sources arranged along the path
described by the linear conductor, the potential Vp
induced at any point P due to the current I dissipated
into the earth by the linear conductor I and its image
may be obtained by either summatiolisor by integrating the potentials produced by the succession of point
current sources. By summation method we have,
ssion
-I-w
Vp= 4 PX j=i;
n
I = z
j=1
I.
r.
I.
r'
ri p
I.
Figure 1:
in
homogeneous
(7)
(8)
the earth by
point Jcurrent sources j (j=l,2,....,n) and their
images, located at distances r. and r'
respectively
JP
jP
from the point P.
3126
By assuming a uniform linear leakage current
density over the conductor surface and by considering
that each point current source is a linear element of
length ax, the equation (7) can be written as:
P Iax
V.
__
4irL s
j=l
-I
Jp
r.
Jp
di(x)
r.
vp =
Jp
r'
JP
dx
[-l
4irL s
Vp
+ -1 ]
dx .
(11)
r'
The potential on the surface of a metallic lossless conductor must be constant. As it is difficult to
determine the distribution of linear leakage current
density which can satisfy this boundary condition, the
method of average potential is used for determining a
reasonably accurate value of the potential on the
conductor surface.
Ls
(12)
sav
(13)
Vka = L--k f
The
is
possible
Vsav
(15)
(10)
dx
Vkav
Rk,s
(14)
method,
step voltages,
C,OMPUTER-AIDED METHODS
Several computer-aided methods have been developed
during the last decade to simulate the grounding
performance as well as to obtain economic designs of
large grounding grids on the basis of realistic
modelling techniques [4,5,6,7,8,9]. The computer-aided
methods can compute potential gradients at any point on
the electrode surface or in the earth surface, thanks
to
its ability to calculate non-uniform flow of
currents from different parts of complex grounding
electrodes. They can be applied to grounding grids and
electrodes of all types of geometric configurations,
buried in either homogeneous or two-layer earth models.
Basic Concepts
V,
ffrG(P,Q)
s
J(Q) ds,
surface
such
that
dissipated by this electrode is
I =
ffJ(Q)
s
ds,
at a
the
(16)
point Q on
total
the
cuirrent
(17)
case
3127
may be viewed as the potential induced at point P by
unit current flowing away trom the electrode surface at
point Q.
total current,
Il
j=1
n
S
R.
Vi
i.
or
,i=l
VP
-=
l=
j=1
n
j=l
(21)
(22)
i. = i S.
I
I
current density
L =For an electrode
equations (16) and (17)
and
(23)
divided
into
can be written as
G(P,C.)
I.
distribution
1
3s
Ij
[9],
Z R.
j= 1
I.
1,
(24)
can
(28)
i=1,2,...,n
where
(26)
= 0 , i *j
n
1
lV.
(29)
i=1,2,...,n
j= 11,
(20)
Vi
(19)
=-
(i-)
V.
R
(18)
I.
I
j=-
the
Segmentation of Electrodes
segments,
(24)
(25)
[VI
[VI
= 1v1,
[I]
[R][I]
(30)
v2, ...
[II , I
*..
I.]T
Vg
Vi =
therefore
(31)
i=1,2,...,n
-1
[I] - Vg [RI
(32)
(33)
g
The grounding resistance R
of the electrode,
for determining the exact magnitudes of
required
currents I., can be calculated by one of the two
following Jmethods:
1.
Calculation
currents
Ij(p.u.)
voltage rise, that is Vg=l,
The
by
solving
equation (32).
grounding
resistance of the electrode is then given by:
corres ponding
of
segment
to unit
3128
R
2.
j=l
3.
Mathematical expressions corresponding to equations (12) and (13) are used in Giao-Sarma's,
Dawalibi-Mukhedkar's, and Meliopoulos' methods to
In the
determine Vj,j and R-,1 respectively.
method developed by Heppe, the self resistance
Rj,j is calculated as a special case of mutual
resistance given by basic equation (15).
4.
the
grounding
In Kouteynikoff's method [8],
electrode is divided into segments, some of which
are further sub-divided into microsegments in such
a way that the self resistance of a segment may be
By
calculated by using the point source concept.
considering that equation (6) does hot provide an
pu
j(p.u.)
nxn
reducing
of
Garrett-Holley method [11]
resistance matrix into an input resistance of the
electrode.
V(x,
y,
0)
n
V.(x,
y,
0)
1,2,...,n (35)
j=1
=V
V(x, y
(36)
0),
Es(x
,y,
O)
V(x,
y,
O)
V(x1,
Y1,
(37)
2.
CONCLUSIONS
classical
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Tihe authors would like to express their appreciato Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
concil of Canada for their financial assistance.
tion
REFERENCES
[1]
3129
r,r :
s,'S :
1
,r
G(P,Q):
[3]
i .:
[4]
V(x,a):
R:
g
R. :
[2]
[5]
16]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Grounding",
Substation
"Numerical Computation
Grounding Resistance of Substations and
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Vol. PAS-99, No. 3, pp. 957-965, May/June
of
the
Towers",
Systems,
Mesh
i (x) :
L.:
P., I':
sav
(v),
potential induced at point P (V),
electric potential gradient (V),
electric soil resistivity (Q2.m).
reflexion factor.
Vp:
P=K(-):
K-
APPENDIX
Point Electrode in a two Layer Soil Model
1980.
Factors
x,y,z:
F. Dawalibi,
P. Kouteynikoff,
P
I
4f
1
co
n=l
K
Kn [(
n-
~ 1r
r
+
r'f n-
r'
+
rn+
\
+
-)J J
(38)
r' n+
January/February 1980.
rn+
Grounding
Electrodes",
IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-95, No. 1, pp. 113-119, January/February 1976.
[12]
H. J. Holly,
"Calculation
of
Substation
Grounding
System Resistance Using
Matrix Techniques", IEEE Transactions on Power
Apparatus
and
Systems, Vol.
PAS-99, No.
[131
2nH _ _
D. L. Garrett,
5, pp.
HP
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS
a:
d:
h:
H:
i:
I:
J:
L Lk
L:s'
P:
r,,r':
P2
point of
2nfH
observation
3130
Considering the different options available due to
the location of the source and the point P, the following cases must be analyzed.
1.
x+y(hz
rUnI
+
n=l
|x +y +(2nH+h-z)
+2+(2nHhz)2
P]H
2+y2 +(2nH+h+z)2
+x +y
y2 +(2nH-h+z)
J
2J2
P,
P2
(39)
VP
x2+y2+(2H-h-z)2
+(1-K 2 )
n=0 |
Kn
'2+ (2H
2+) J
x2+y2+(2nH+h+z)2
~~~+
Figure 5:
(40)
(ii)
in the
layer
top
layer
and
point in the
Figure 4:
2.
P I
the
Vp
V = ~ 2_(-K)
(4 1K
n=0
+
2
2
2
x+y
+(2nH+h+z)
2 2
n+z 2
+(2nH+h-z)
4X-+y
,)
3131
Discussion
J. Nahman (University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia): The authors
are to be congratulated for a very thorough and readable comparative
review of different computer oriented methods in grounding system (GS)
analysis, being a necessary step in further improvement and development
of these methods. The discusser would like to supply some information
on another computer approach for handling GS in nonuniform soils [D1]
being used for GS design of several (sub) stations in the discusser's country. This method is concepted for modeling GS composed of straightline conductors in an arbitrary configuration, buried in a two-layer soil,
with conductors, generally, lying in both layers. The conductors are subdivided into segments, each segment lying entirely in a soil layer. The
basic expressions are same as (25) and (31) to (33) but used in a slightly
different form [D2].
[1]
Vg
Vp
(DI)
(D2)
(D3)
[RI [I]
[l]T[I]
=
=
[Rp]T[IJ],
[1] denoting n-dimensional column vector of units and entries of ndimensional column vector [Rp] being mutual ground resistances of GS
segments and point P.
By solving (DI) to (D3) the following expressions are obtained [D2]
Rg = ([1]T[R]-l[lJ)-l
Vg = Rg I
[If = AR]-1 Il]Vg
(D4)
(D5)
(D6)
As evident from (D4), Rg can be determined as inverse of the conductance obtained by summing all the entries of [Ri-1. This is another way
to obtain Rg, similar to (35). Since [Rl is a symmetrical matrix with
dominating diagonal entries, its inversion is easily performable for a rationally selected n.
The major difference between the method being reported in this discussion and the methods reviewed are in the approaches used for evaluating
the mutual resistances of GS segments with a point P and the self and
mutual resistances of the segments. Each segment is modeled with a thin
ellipsoid of revolution about the segment axis, end-points of the segment
being the foci of the ellipsoid and the shorter axis of the ellipsoid being
equal to the conductor diameter d. Such a model corresponds to the
assumption of uniform leakage current density along the segment axis.
Using this model, mutual ground resistance of a segment j and a point
P is
jp
V j (s)
(D7)
Ij
D
4
VIy
I-
ln
-J
1
-D
+ e
-
()d
4 Xt;Jd
tj
D>
+
D-j +
tj
X2m
t~f"
d2
(q)
.-___________
_______
~.
(2)
-.
(1)
(3)
Fig. DI Points on segment k used at succeeding
iteration steps: . = points from previous steps,
x = points introduced as new at the step (2)
(q)
(q)
Rj,k = (m
(q-1)
(q-l)
(q)
Rj,k + AR
)/m
(q)
(D9)
AR(q) being the summ of mutual resistances of segment j with the points
of segment k introduced as new at step q. The iteration procedure stops
(q)
(q-1) (q)
J. G. Sverak (Gibbs & Hill, New York): One appreciates the authors'
effort toward a better understanding of the computer-based analytical
methods. Yet, what they have done hardly qualifies as an impartial review
of the state of art of computerized grounding analysis (Part I), or as
a reasonably complete summary of principal computer algorithms and
their performance characteristics (Part II), which probably many a reader
has hoped to find. However, I feel that this paper can stimulate a useful
discussion, to which I would like to contribute the following points:
1 . The idea to review the analytical methods for calculating large grounding electrodes on computer is generally plausible; its execution by
the authors leaves a lot to be desired. It appears that, short of sending a sample problem to those parties whose methods have been selected as the potential candidates for such a review, it is genuinely difficult to obtain a meaningful and truly unbiased comparison. The fact
is that the authors have ended with comparing the DawalibiMukhedkar's method to two other methods and neglected a number
of other equally viable methods known from the literature; [15, 16,
171.
3132
REFERENCES
vvis: We are grateful to Professors Nahman and Salamon for their discus-
[16]
[17]
pp.
1980.
R. P. Keil,
[18] Subs
sion. Their discussion has enhanced the quality of our paper. Their
method of calculating the mutual resistance by modeling each segment
by a thin ellipsoid of revolution about the segment axis completes the
review of the different methods (equation D7 of the discussion). The
authors have also provided detail algorithm for calculation of the mutual
resistances (Rj,k) by their method which is very useful.
The authors would like to thank Mr. E. P. Dick for his discussion.
We do not think that it is necessary to introduce Green's function. The
following assumptions were made for the different computer programs:
a) The conductors are considered filamentary in Heppe's and
Dawalibi-Mukhedkar's methods, where as in Kouteynikoff's
method they are considered as cylindrical.
b)Ove rive
a
egmen
n
nt the currentdensityconsidered constant
in Heppe's and Dawalibi-Mukhedkar's methods, while in Kouteynikoff's method it is considered constant on the surface of the
individual microsegment.
g
is
3133
c) In Dawalibi-Mukhedkar's method the potential of a segment was
considered at the center of the segment. In Heppe's method the
potential of a segment was derived from a uniform average potential from the Neumann integral, whereas in our case we used a
direct analytical integration as shown below:
fin(m+nu+.u)4du
2.k2 - (u-mn1 ) ln(m+nu.7+kk2 )-u
+ .-l.incu+$u2ok2)
2+in
) k-m tan (I+n)(u+u+k2
l-n
1-n
L2( 1-n2)k2_mk2
)+M