1

THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Department of Mathematics
Exercise for MATH1010 University Mathematics
September 2015

Contents
1 Preliminaries

1.1

Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

Limits and Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3

Applications of Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4

Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Differentiation

2.1

Graphs of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2

Limits and Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3

Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4

Mean Value Theorem and Taylors Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.5

LHopitals Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 Integration

13

3.1

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2

Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.3

Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.4

Reduction Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.5

Trigonometric Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.6

Trigonometric Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.7

Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.8

t-method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.9

Piecewise Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4 Further Problems

18

5 Answers

23

Preliminaries

1.1

Functions

4
x
1. Graph the functions f (x) = and g(x) = 1 together, to identify values of x
2
x
for which
x
4
> 1.
2
x
Confirm your answer by solving the inequality algebraically.
2. Plot all points (x, y) on the plane that satisfy x2 + y 2 + 2x 4y 14 = 0. Explain
why it is not the graph of any function.
3. Find all real numbers x satisfying
2x + 21x = 3.
4. Determine whether each of the following statement is true or false.
(a) ex+y = ex + ey for all real numbers x and y
(b) ln(x + y) = (ln x)(ln y) for all x, y > 0
(c) exy = ex + ey for all real numbers x and y
(d) ln(xy ) = (ln x)y for all x, y > 0
(e) If h(x) = f (x)g(x), then h0 (x) = f 0 (x)g 0 (x).
d x
(2 ) = x2x1
(f)
dx
Z
1
(g)
ln x dx = + C
x

1.2

Limits and Derivatives

1. Evaluate the following limits

2 x
(a) lim
x4 4x x2
x928
(b) lim
x0
x928 + 4 2


1
1
(c) lim

t0
2t t2 + 2t
2. Use first principles to find
(a) y = x3 4x

(b) y = 3 2 x

ln(e + t) 1
t0
et
3
|x| 8
(e) lim 4
x2 x 16

(d) lim

dy
of the following functions.
dx
6
(c) y = 2
x
1
(d) y =
x

3
3. Find the first derivative of the following functions.
x
(d) u(x) = p

ex + x

(a) f (x) = ln(x + e )

1
(b) g(x) =
x
+ x4
ln(2x)
2
(c) h(x) = xe1/x +
x

(e) v(x) = ln

(1 + x2 )87
x2

dy
in terms of x only.
dx


dy
 .
5. Suppose f 0 (2) = 13, g(7) = 2 and g 0 (7) = 53. If y = f (g(x)), find
dx x=7
4. If t = (x + 1)(x + 2)2 (x + 3)3 and ln t = ey , find

6. Suppose y = f (x) is a smooth function. Determine whether each of the following

statements is true or false.
(a) If f is increasing, then f 00 (x) > 0 for all x.
(b) If f 0 (x) > 0 for all x, then f (x) > 0 for all x.
(c) If f 0 (x) > 0 for all x, then f 0 is increasing.
(d) If f (x) > 0 for all x, then f 0 (x) > 0 for all x.
(e) If f 0 (3) = 0, then f must have a maximum or a minimum at x = 3.

1.3

Applications of Derivatives

1. If L is a tangent line to the graph y = x2 + 3, and the x-intercept of L is 1, find all

possible points at which L touches the graph of y = x2 + 3.
2. The position x of a particle at time t is given by
x = t3 + at2 + bt + c
for some constants a, b, c. It is known that when t = 0, the particle is at position
x = 0; also, there is a certain time t0 such that the velocity and acceleration of the
particle are both zero at time t0 , and at time t0 the particle is at position x = 1.
Find the values of a, b and c.
3. Water is being drained, at a constant rate of 1/4 cubic meter per hour, from the
bottom of a container that takes the shape of an inverted regular cone. The radius
of the base of the cone is 3 meters, and the height of the cone is 2 meters. What is
the rate of change of the depth of the water, when the water is 1 meter deep?
1
4. Let C be the curve y = + x. Note that P = (1, 2) and Q = (0.5, 2.5) are two
x
points on C.
(a) Find equations of the tangent and normal to C at the point P .
(b) Show that the tangent to C at the point Q passes through the point A = (0, 4).

4
5. A water container is made in the shape of a right circular cone, with its axis perpendicular to the ground and its apex at the bottom of the container. The axis subtends
an angle of 30 with the (conical) surface of the container. Water is flowing out of
the cone through the apex at a constant rate of cm3 per second.
(a) Suppose that when the depth of water is h cm, the volume of water in the
container is V cm3 . Express V in terms of h.
(b) How fast is the water level falling when the depth of water is 4 cm?
4
x2
.
6. Let C be the curve given by the equation y =
1+x 3
(a) Find the x- and y-intercepts of the curve C.
d2 y
dy
a
and show that 2 =
, where a, b are integers whose respective
dx
dx
(1 + x)b
values you have to determine.

(b) Find

(c) Find the turning point(s) of the curve C.

For each turning point, determine whether it is a (relative) maximum or a
(relative) minimum point.
(d) What are the asymptotes of the curve C, if any?
(e) Sketch the curve C for 1 < x < 3.
7. The function f (x) =
at x = 3.

x2 + kx + 9
, where k is a constant, attains a stationary value
x2 + 1

Consider the curve C given by y = f (x).

(a) Determine the value of k.
(b)

i. Find the x- and y-intercepts of the curve y = f (x).

ii. Find the (relative) maximum and (relative) minimum points of the curve
C.
iii. What are the asymptotes of the curve C, if any?

(c) Sketch the curve C for 6 x 6.

8. Let be a sphere with (fixed) radius R.
(a) Suppose be a right circular cylinder inscribed in the sphere , with height
h, radius r, volume V and surface area A.
i. Express V in terms of r and R alone.
ii. Express A in terms of r and R alone.
(b) What is the largest possible value of V ?
(c) What is the largest possible value of A?
9. Let (1, +). Let f : (0, +) R be the function defined by f (x) =
x + 1 x for any x (0, +).

5
(a)

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Compute f 0 .
Show that f is strictly decreasing on (0, 1].
Show that f is strictly increasing on [1, +).
Determine whether f attains the maximum and/or the minimum on (0, +).

(b) Hence, or otherwise, show that (1 + r) 1 + r for any r (1, +).

1.4

Integration

1. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

Z
Z
x+1
2 3
dx
(a) (3 x ) dx
(c)
x
Z
(b)
x2 (5 x)4 dx


Z 
2
(d)
8t 1 dt
t4

2. Use a suitable substitution to evaluate the following integral.

Z
Z
Z x

dx
e dx
2 3

(d)
x 1 + x3 dx
(a)
(g)
2 + ex
2 5x
Z
Z
Z 3x
xdx
dx
e +1
(e)
(h)
dx
(b)
2
2
x
(1 + x )
1 + ex
e +1
Z
Z
x
2

(c)
dx
(f)
xex dx
2
1x
3. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
Z 3 3
Z 1
2x 5
5x
dx
dx
(a)
(c)
2
2 2
x
1
0 (4 + x )
Z 1
(b)
x 1 x2 dx

Z
(d)
1

dx
x(1 + x)2

4. Find the area of the regions bounded by the graphs of the given functions.
(a) y = 4 x2 ; x-axis
(b) y = 3 x2 ; y = x 3

(d) y = x2 ; y = x 2; x-axis

(e) y = x; y = x 2; x-axis

(c) y = x2 4; y = x2 2x

(f) x + y 2 = 4; x + y = 2

5. The slope at any point (x, y) of a curve C is given by

through the point (1, 0).

dy
= 4 2x and C passes
dx

(a) Find an equation of the curve C.

(b) Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve C and the x-axis.
6. The slope of the tangent to a curve C at any point (x, y) on C is x2 2. C passes
through the point (3, 4).

6
(a) Find an equation of the curve C.
(b) Find the coordinates of the point on C at which the slope of the tangent is 2.
7. The curve y = x3 x2 2x cuts the x-axis at the origin and the points (a, 0), (b, 0),
where a < 0 < b.
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Find the total area of the region bounded by the curve and the x-axis.
dy
1
= 6x + 2 , where x > 0.
dx
x
Suppose the curve C cuts the x-axis at the point (1, 0). Find its equation.

8. The slope at any point (x, y) of a curve C is given by

Differentiation

2.1

Graphs of Functions

1. Sketch the graphs of the following functions.

(a) f (x) = x2 4x 5
(b) f (x) = x3 4x
(c) f (x) = x3 + x2 5x + 3
1
(d) f (x) = x +
x
2x 9
(e) f (x) =
, x 6= 3
x+3
x2
(f) f (x) =
, x 6= 2
x2

(g) f (x) = 3 4 x2 , 2 x 2
x
(h) f (x) =
2
x +1
(i) f (x) = 3 ex

ex ex
2
(k) f (x) = 2 + ln(x + 1), x > 1
(j) f (x) =

(l) f (x) = 5 ln(x 2)2 , x 6= 2

(m) f (x) = 1 2 sin x
(n) f (x) = 2 + cos 2x
(o) f (x) = 3 cos x +

(p) f (x) = cos x sin x

(q) f (x) = 1 + sin2 x
(r) f (x) = 1 + cos x sin x
(s) f (x) = x cos x

2. Sketch the graphs of the following functions.

(a) f (x) = |x2 2x 3|

(d) f (x) = |3 |x2 1||

(b) f (x) = x2 4|x| + 3

(e) f (x) = |2 + 3 sin x|

(c) f (x) = ||x 2| 4|

(f) f (x) = 2 | sin x|

3. Sketch the graphs of the following piecewise defined functions.

(
(
2x + 5, x < 1
1 x2 , x < 1
(a) f (x) =
(c)
f
(x)
=
x2 1, x 1
ln x,
x1

x < 2
x,
1 |x + 3|, x < 2
(b) f (x) = x, 2 x < 2
(d) f (x) = 2 |x|,
2 x < 2

x,
x2
1 |x 3|, x 2

2.2

Limits and Continuity

1. Evaluate the following limits

x2
x0 1 cos x

sin2 x
(a) lim
x0 x2

(c) lim

sin 3x
(b) lim
x0 4x

sin2 x
(d) lim
x0 1 cos x

8
sin 9x sin 3x
x0
sin 2x
cos x cos 3x
(f) lim
x0
x2
tan x sin x
(g) lim
x0
sin3 x

1 + tan x 1 + sin x
(h) lim
x0
x3
(e) lim

(i) lim tan 2x tan

x 4

(j) lim
x 3

sin(x 3 )
1 2 cos x

ln(1 + t)
t0
t
h
e 1
(l) lim
h0
h

(k) lim

2. Evaluate the following limits.

2x + 5
8e9x + x2
(k)
lim
x x2 + 3
x+ 6e4x x2
3x + 1
lim
ex + x2
x 5x 4
(l) lim x
x+ e x2
6x2 + 2x 5
lim
ln(x2 + x 1)
x 2x2 4x + 1
(m) lim
x+ ln(x8 x + 1)
2x3 5x + 3
lim
x 3x3 x2 + 6
ln(x2 + e3x )

(n)
lim
4
9x 3x + 2
x+ ln(x3 + ex )
lim
2
x+ x 2x + 5

ln(1 + 8x )
(o) lim
lim
4x2 + 5x 2x
x+ ln(1 + 2x )
x+

lim x + x2 + 4x
ln(1 + 8x )
x
lim

(p) x
ln(1 + 2x )
lim
x2 + x + 1 x2 x + 1
x

sin x
(q) lim
9x4 3x + 2
x x
lim
x+ x2 2x + 5
cos x

(r) lim
lim x + x2 + 4x
x+
(ln x)2
x

(a) lim
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)

2.3

Derivatives

1. For each of the following functions, determine whether it is differentiable at x = 0.

Find f 0 (0) if it is.
4

(a) f (x) = x 3
(b) f (x) = | sin x|
(
5 2x,
when x < 0
(d) f (x) =
2
x 2x + 5, when x 0
(
1 + 3x x2 , when x < 0
(e) f (x) =
x2 + 3x + 2, when x 0
( 1
e x2 , when x 6= 0
(f) f (x) =
0,
when x = 0

(c) f (x) = x|x|

9
2. Find all values of a and b for which the function
(
sin x,
for x <
f (x) =
ax + b, for x
is differentiable at x = .
3. Let

1 cos x , for x < 0

f (x) =
x2
ax + b,
for x 0

Find the value of a and b if f (x) is differentiable at x = 0.

4. Find the first derivatives of the following functions.
(a) y = x3 4x + 3

1
(b) y = x +
x
2 5x
(c) y = x e
(d) y = cos x ln x
(e) y = sin x cos x
(f) y = 3 sec x tan x
(g) y = x cot x
3x 4
(h) y =
x+2
x2 + 1
(i) y =
x+1

(j) y
(k) y
(l) y
(m) y

sin x
=
x
tan x
=
x
2
= (x + 1)7

= x4 + 1
2

(n) y = cos(x )
(o) y = xex

(s) y = ln(x + 1 + x2 )
p

(t) y = x + x
(u) y = cosh2 x
(v) y =

sinh2 x
cosh x

3 +x

(p) y = ln(ln x)
(q) y = esin x
x
(r) y =
1 + x2

(w) y = ln(sinh x)
(x) y = sin1

(y) y = cos(tan1 x)

5. Find the first derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y = 3x
(b) y = 2cos x
6. Find

(c) y = xx

(d) y = x

(e) y = (cos x)sin x

x

(f) y = xx

dy
for the following implicit functions.
dx

(a) x2 + y 2 = 4

(c) x3 + y 3 = 2xy

(b) x3 y + xy 2 = 1

(d) xexy = 1

d2 y
for the following functions.
dx2
2
(a) y = xex
(d) y = sec x
x
(b) y =
(e) y = tan1 x
1 + x2
(c) y = (ln x)2
(f) x2 + y 3 = 1

(e) sin(xy) = (x + y)2

y
(f) cos
= ln(x + y)
x

7. Find

(g) x4 y 3x2 y 3 = 5
(h) y = 3x

(i) y = xln x

10
8. Prove that the Chebyshev polynomials
Tm (x) =

1
2m1

cos(m cos1 x), m = 0, 1, 2,

satisfy
(1 x2 )Tm00 (x) xTm0 (x) + m2 Tm (x) = 0
9. Prove that the Legendre polynomials
Pm (x) =

1 dm 2
(x 1)m m = 0, 1, 2,
2m m! dxm

satisfy
(1 x2 )Pm00 (x) 2xPm0 (x) + m(m + 1)Pm (x) = 0
10. Show that the function

x sin 1 , when x 6= 0
f (x) =
x
0,
when x = 0
is not differentiable at x = 0.
11. Show that the function

x2 sin 1 , when x 6= 0
f (x) =
x
0,
when x = 0
is differentiable at x = 0 but f 0 (x) is not continuous at x = 0.

2.4

Mean Value Theorem and Taylors Theorem

1. Using the mean value theorem to prove for 0 < y < x and p > 1,
py p1 (x y) < xp y p < pxp1 (x y).
2. Using the mean value theorem to prove that for 0 x1 < x2 < x3 ,
sin x2 sin x1
sin x3 sin x2
>
.
x2 x1
x3 x2
3. Using the mean value theorem to prove that for x > 0,
x
< ln(1 + x) < x.
1+x
Hence, deduce that for x > 0,


1
1
1
< ln 1 +
< .
1+x
x
x

11
4. By applying the mean value theorem, prove that the equation
a1 x + a2 x 2 + + an x n =

a1 a2
an
+
+ +
2
3
n+1

has a root between 0 and 1.

5. Let f (x) be a function defined on [0, ) such that
f (0) = 0,
f 0 (x) exists and is monotonic increasing on (0, ).
Prove that
f (a + b) f (a) + f (b)
for 0 a b a + b.
6. Let A be a subset of R and f : A R be a function. Suppose that there exists
L > 0 such that
|f (x) f (y)| L|x y|
for any x, y A, then f is said to be satisfying the Lipschitz condition on A.
Prove that sin x satisfies the Lipschitz condition on R.
7. Let f (x) be a function such that f 0 (x) is strictly decreasing for x > 0.
(a) Using the mean value theorem, show that
f 0 (k + 1) < f (k + 1) f (k) < f 0 (k) and k 1.
(b) Using (a), prove that for any integer n 2,
f 0 (2) + f 0 (3) + + f 0 (n) < f (n) f (1) < f 0 (1) + f 0 (2) + + f 0 (n 1).
8. Find the Taylor polynomials of the given orders for the following functions at x = 0.
(a) ln(1 + x), order = 4
(b) cosh x =

ex +ex
,
2

(c) sinh x =

ex ex
2

order = 6

, order = 5

9. Find the Taylor Series for the following functions at the given points.
(a)

1
1+x

at x = 0

(b) sin x at x =

.
2

(c) ex at x = 1.
10. (a) Write down the Taylor polynomial P3 (x) of degree 3 generated by f (x) =
ln(1 x) at 0
(b) Hence approximate ln 0.99.

12
11. Suppose that f : R R is a function that can be differentiated infinitely many
times and the Taylor series expansion of f at x = 0 is
a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + .
(a) If f is an odd function, show that a0 = a2 = a4 = = 0.
(b) If f is an even function, show that a1 = a3 = a5 = = 0.

2.5

LHopitals Rule

1. Use LHopitals rule to evaluate the following limits.



sin 3x
1
1
(a) lim

(g) lim
x0 sin 5x
x0
x ex 1


sin2 x
1
1
(b) lim
(h) lim

x0 1 cos x
x1
ln x x 1
2 sin x sin 2x
ex x 1
(c) lim
(i)
lim
x0
x sin x
x0 cosh x 1
1
1 x cot x
e (1 + x) x
(d) lim
x0
(j) lim
x sin x
x0
x
sinh x sin x
x
2

1
(e) lim
x0 x(cosh x cos x) (k) lim
x0
x
1
ln cos 2x
(l) lim+ x 1+ln x
(f) lim
x0 ln cos x
x0

(m) lim x 1x
x1

(n)
(o)
(p)
(q)

ln(2x3 5x2 + 3)
lim
x+ ln(4x2 + x 7)
 
1
lim x sin
x+
x


lim x
tan1 x
x+
2


3
lim x ln 1 +
x+
x
1

(r) lim (ex + x) x

x+

13

Integration

3.1

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

1. Find F 0 (x) for the following functions.

Z x
cos y
(a) F (x) =
dy
y

Z x
esin 2t dt
(b) F (x) =

Z
(c) F (x) =

(d) F (x) =

sin x
2x

(ln t)2 dt

(f) F (x) =
x

1 + t2 dt

x3

(g) F (x) =
x2

x3

u2

e du
0

3.2

cos(y 2 ) dy

(e) F (x) =

Z
(h) F (x) =

ecos u du
ln x

ln x

sin t
dt
t

Substitution

Use a suitable substitution to evaluate the following integral.

Z
Z
dx

11.
tan xdx
1.
2 5x
Z
Z 3x
dx
e +1
12.
2.
dx
1 + ex
ex + 1
Z
Z
x
13.
x(x2 + 2)99 dx

3.
dx
2
1x
Z
Z
x

2 3

14.
dx
4.
x 1 + x3 dx
25 x2
Z
Z
x
xdx

15.
dx
5.
2
2
3x2 + 1
(1 + x )
Z
Z
x2
dx

16.
dx

6.
x(1 + x)
9 x3
Z
Z
1
1
17.
x(x + 2)99 dx
sin dx
7.
x2
x
Z
Z
xdx
x2

18.
8.
xe dx
4x + 5
Z x
Z

e dx
9.
19.
x
x 1dx
2 + ex
Z
Z

dx
10.
20. (x + 2) x 1dx
x
x
e +e

14
Z
21.

3.3

xdx

x+9

Z
22.

x3 (1 + 3x2 ) 2 dx

Integration by Parts
Z

1.

Z
ln xdx

Z
2.
3.
4.
Z
5.

ln x
x

x sin(4x)dx
Z

x2 ln xdx

Z 

13.

x cos(5 x)dx

14.

2
dx

cos1 (x)dx

x cos1 (x)dx

tan1 (x)dx

x tan1 (x)dx

15.

xex dx

16.

x2 e2x dx
17.

Z
6.

x cos xdx
18.
Z

7.

x2 sin 2xdx
Z

Z
8.

19.
sin1 xdx
Z

Z
9.

ln(x +
Z

11.

20.

x tan1 xdx

Z
10.

Z
1+

21.

x2 )dx

Z
22.

x sin2 xdx

Z
12.

3.4

ln2 (x)dx

Z
sin(ln x)dx

23.

x99 ln(x)dx
ln(x)
dx
x101
x sec2 (x)dx
e2x cos(3x)dx

Reduction Formula

Prove the following reduction formulas.

Z
1. In =
Z
2. In =

xn eax dx; In =

xn eax n
In1 , n 1
a
a

cos x sinn1 x n 1
sin xdx; In =
+
In2 , n 2
n
n
n

15
Z
3. In =
Z
4. In =
Z
5. In =

cosn xdx; In =

sin x cosn1 x n 1
+
In2 , n 2
n
n

n2
1
cos x
dx; In =
+
In2 , n 2
n
n1
sin x
(n 1) sin
x n1
xn cos xdx; In = xn sin x + nxn1 cos x n(n 1)In2 , n 2

dx
x
2n 3
In1 , n 1
; In = 2
+ 2
2
n
2
2
n1
a )
2a (n 1)(x a )
2a (n 1)

Z
xn dx
2an
2xn x + a

In1 , n 1
7. In =
; In =
2n + 1
2n + 1
x+a
Z
8. In = (ln x)n dx; In = x(ln x)n nIn1 , n 1.
Z

6. In =

(x2

Z
9. In =

xn 1 xdx; In =

3.5

2n
In1 , n 2.
2n 3

Trigonometric Integrals

Evaluate
Z
dx
1.
1 cos x
Z
2.
sin5 x cos xdx

Z
9.
Z
10.

tan5 xdx
dx
, dx
sin x cos4 x
4

Z
3.

sin 3x sin 5xdx

Z
11.

Z
4.

cos
Z

5.

x
x
cos dx
2
3

sin 5x cos xdx

Z

12.

cos x cos 2x cos 3xdx

cos xdx
Z
Z

6.

3.6

13.

cos5 x sin3 xdx

sin xdx
Z

dx
cos x sin2 x

sin x cos3 x
, dx
1 + cos2 x

7.
8.

Z
14.
Z
15.

cos5 x sin4 xdx

sin2 x cos4 xdx

Trigonometric Substitution

Evaluate the following integrals by trigonometric substitution.

16
Z

x2
dx
1 + x2

dx

1.
2.

6.
Z

3
2

(1 x2 )
Z r
1+x
3.
dx
1x
Z
dx
4.
3
(1 + x2 ) 2
Z
x2 dx

5.
9 x2

3.7

7.

dx
4 + x2

x2 16 x2 dx

Z
8.

x2

dx

x2 + 4

Z
9.

dx
(4x2

Z
10.

+ 1)3/2
1

(2x x2 )3/2

Rational Functions

Evaluate the following integrals of rational functions.

Z 2
Z
x + 5x + 4
x2 dx
8.
, dx
1.
2
1x
x4 + 5x2 + 4
Z
Z
dx
x3
9.
2.
dx
(x + 1)(x2 + 1)
3+x
Z
Z
2x3 4x2 x 3
(1 + x)2
10.
dx
3.
dx
x2 2x 3
1 + x2
Z
Z
4 2x
dx
11.
dx
4.
2
2
(x + 1)(x 1)2
x + 2x 3
Z
Z
dx
dx
5.
12.
2
2
2
(x 2)(x + 3)
x(x + 1)2
Z
Z
x2 + 1
x2 dx
,
dx
6.
13.
(x + 1)2 (x 1)
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
Z
Z
xdx
x2
7.
, dx
14.
2
2
2
2
(x 3x + 2)
x (x 2x + 2)

3.8

t-method

Use t-substitution to evaluate the following integrals.

Z
Z
dx
dx
3.
1.
3
sin x cos4 x
sin x

Z
2.

dx
1 + sin x

Z
4.

dx
2 + sin x

17
Z
5.

3.9

1 cos x
dx
3 + cos x

Z
6.

cos x + 1
dx
sin x + cos x

Piecewise Functions
Z

Find

f (x)dx for the following functions f (x).

4x 1, x < 1
3. f (x) = |x 3|
3
1. f (x) =
,
x1
1
x
4. f (x) =
1 + |x|
(
e2x ,
x<0
2. f (x) =
2
cos x, x 0

5. f (x) = 3|x2 4|
6. f (x) = | ln x|

18

Further Problems
1. (a) Evaluate lim

x0

x sin x
.
1 cos x
1

(b) Using (a), evaluate lim+ (1 cos x) ln x .

x0

2. Let f and g be differentiable functions defined on R satisfying the following conditions:

f 0 (x) = g(x) for x R;
g 0 (x) = f (x) for x R;
f (0) = 0 and g(0) = 1.
By differentiating h(x) = [f (x) sin x]2 + [g(x) cos x]2 , show that f (x) = sin x
and g(x) = cos x for x R.
3. Let a > b > 0 and define
 x
1/x
a + bx

for x > 0,
2
f (x) =

ab
for x = 0.
(a) (i) Evaluate lim+ f (x).
x0

Hence show that f is continuous at x = 0.

(ii) Show that lim = a.
x

(b) Let h(t) = (1 + t) ln(1 + t) + (1 t) ln(1 t) for 0 t < 1 and g(x) = ln f (x)
for x 0.
(i) Show that h(t) > h(0) for 0 < t < 1.
ax b x
. Show that 0 < t < 1 and
(ii) For x > 0, let t = x
a + bx
 x


a ln ax + bx ln bx
2
h(t) = 2
+ ln
.
ax + b x
ax + b x
(iii) Show that for x > 0,
ax ln ax + bx ln bx
+ ln
x g (x) =
ax + b x
2 0

2
x
a + bx


.

Hence deduce that f (x) is strictly increasing on [0, ).

4. Let f be real-valued function on [0, 1] and differentiable in (0, 1). Suppose f satisfies
f (0) = 0;
f (1) = 1/2;
0 < f 0 (t) < 1 for t (0, 1).

19
Z
Define F (x) = 2

f (t) dt [f (x)]2 for x [0, 1].

(a) Show that F 0 (x) > 0 for x (0, 1).

Z 1
1
f (t) dt > .
(b) Show that
8
0
5. Let u : R R be a twice differentiable function satisfying the following conditions:
u00 (x) = u(x) for all x R;
u(0) = 0;
u0 (0) = 1.
Define v(x) = u(x) sin x for all x R.
By differentiating w(x) = [v(x)]2 + [v 0 (x)]2 , prove that u(x) = sin x for all x R.
6. (a) Let f be real-valued function defined on an open interval I and f 00 (x) 0 for
x I.
(i) Let a, b, c I with a < c < b. Using Mean Value Theorem, show that
f (b) f (c)
f (c) f (a)

.
ca
bc
Hence shwow that
f (c)

ca
bc
f (a) +
f (b).
ba
ba

(ii) Let a, b I with a < b and (0, 1), show that

a < a + (1 )b < b.
Hence show that f (a + (1 )b) f (a) + (1 )f (b).
(b) Let 0 < a < b. Using (a)(ii), show that
(i) if p > 1 and 0 < < 1, then
[a + (1 )b]p ap + (1 )bp ;
(ii) if 0 < < 1, then a + (1 )b a b1 .
7. For any real number x, let [x] denote the greatest integer not greater than x. Let
f : R R be defined by

when x is an integer,

2
f (x) =

x [x]
when x is not an integer.
2
(a) (i) Prove that f is a periodic function with period 1.
(ii) Sketch the graph of f (x), where 2 x 3.

20
(iii) Write down all the real number(s) x at which f is discontinuous.
Z x
f (t) dt for all real numbers x.
(b) Define F (x) =
0

x2 x
.
2
(ii) Is F a periodic function? Explain your answer.
Z
(iii) Evaluate
F (x) dx.
(i) If 0 x 1, prove that F (x) =

8. (a) Let f : R R be a twice differentiable function. Assume that a and b are two
distinct real numbers.
(i) Find a constant k (independent of x) such that the function
h(x) = f (x) f (b) f 0 (x)(x b) k(x b)2
satisfies h(a) = 0. Also find h(b).
(ii) Let I be the open interval with end points a and b. Using Mean Value
Theorem and (a)(i), prove that there exists a real number c I such that
f (b) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(b a) +

f 00 (c)
(b a)2 .
2

(b) Let gR R be a twice differentiable function. Assume that there exists a real
number (0, 1) such that g(x) g() = 1 for all x (0, 1).
(i) Using (a)(ii), prove that there exists a real number (0, 1) such that
g 00 ()
g(1) = 1 +
(1 )2 .
2
(ii) If g 00 (x) 2 for all x (0, 1), prove that g(0) + g(1) 1.
9. Let f : R R be a function satisfying the following conditions:
f (x + y) = ex f (y) + ey f (x) for all x, y R;
f (h)
lim
= 2005.
h0 h
(a) Find f (0).
(b) Find lim f (h). Hence prove that f is a continuous function.
h0

(c) (i) Prove that f is differentiable everywhere and that

f 0 (x) = 2005ex + f (x)
for all x R.
(ii) Let n be a positive integer. Using (c)(i), find f (n) (0).
f (x)
(d) By considering the derivative of the function x , find f (x).
e
Z /2
10. Let Im =
cosm t dt where m = 0, 1, 2, . . ..
0

21
(a) (i) Evaluate I0 and I1 .
m1
Im2 for m 2.
(ii) Show that Im =
m
Hence, evaluate I2n and I2n+1 for n 1.
(b) Show that I2n1 I2n I2n+1 for n 1.

2
1
2 4 6 (2n)
(c) Let An =
where n = 0, 1, 2, . . ..
2n + 1 1 3 5 (2n 1)

2n + 1
An An .
(i) Using (a) and (b), show that
2n
2
(ii) Show that {An } is monotonic increasing.

2
1
2 4 6 (2n)
(iii) Evaluate lim
.
n 2n + 1 1 3 5 (2n 1)
11. (a) Let f be a non-negative continuous function on [a, b]. Define
Z x
f (t) dt
F (x) =
a

for x [a, b].

Show that F is an increasing function on [a, b].
Z b
Hence deduce that if
f (t) dt = 0, then f (x) = 0 for all x [a, b].
a

Z
(b) Let g be a continuous function on [a, b]. If

g(x)u(x) dx = 0 for any contina

uous function u on [a, b], show that g(x) = 0 for all x [a, b].
(c) Let h be a continuous function on [a, b]. Define
1
A=
ba

h(t) dt.
a

(i) If v(x) = h(x) A for all x [a, b], show that

v(x) dx = 0.
a
Z b
(ii) If
h(x)w(x) dx = 0 for any continuous function w on [a, b] satisfying
a
Z b
w(x) dx = 0, show that h(x) = A for all x [a, b].
a

12. Let n be a positive integer.

1
t2n
2
2n2
=
(1
+
t
+
t
+

+
t
)
+
for t2 6= 1.
1 t2
1 t2
(b) For 1 < x < 1, show that
Z x
t
1

dt
=
ln
.
(i)
2
1 x2 
0 1t

Z x 2n+1
t
1
x2 x4
x2n
(ii)
dt = ln

+
+ +
.
2
2
4
2n
1 x2
0 1t
(a) Show that

22
 k
 n+1
n
X
1 8
8
9
(c) Show that 0 ln 3

.
2k
9
2n
+
2
9
k=1

X
1
.
Hence evaluate
2k
k=1
13. (a) Let f : (1, 1) R be a function with derivatives of any order. For each
m = 1, 2, 3, . . . and x (1, 1), define
Z x
1
Im =
(x t)m1 f (m) (t) dt.
(m 1)! 0
(i) Prove that Im+1 = Im

f (m) (0) m
x .
m!

(ii) Using (a)(i), prove that

f (x) =

m1
X
k=0

f (k) (0) k
x + Im ,
k!

where f (0) = f .
1
(b) Define g(x) =
for all x (1, 1). Let n be a positive integer.
1 x2
(i) Prove that
(1 x2 )g 0 (x) xg(x) = 0.
Hence deduce that
(1 x2 )g (n+1) (x) (2n + 1)xg (n) (x) n2 g (n1) (x) = 0,
where g (0) (x) = g(x).
(ii) Prove that g

(2n1)

(0) = 0 and g

(2n)


(0) =

(2n)!
(2n )(n!)

2
.

(iii) Using (a), prove that

g(x) =

n1
X
C 2k
k=0

k
2k
2

2k

1
+
(2n 1)!

Z
0

(x t)2n1 g (2n) (t) dt.

23

Answers

1. Preliminaries
Section 1.1: Functions
1. x < 4 or x > 2
2. Not a graph of a function, because there are values of x that correspond to more
than one value of y.
3. x = 0 or x = 1
4. (a) False
(b) False
(c) False
(d) False
(e) False
(f) False
(g) False
Section 1.2: Limits and Derivatives
1. (a)

1
24

1
4
1
e2

(c)

(b) 4

(d)

1
8

(c) x33

2. (a) 3x2 4
(b)

(e)

(d)

1
x

1
3

2x 2

x1
x + e
x ln + 4x3
(b) g 0 (x) =
2( x + x4 )3/2

3. (a) f 0 (x) =

2e1/x
1 ln(2x)
(c) h (x) = e

+
2
x
2x3/2

4ex 2xex + 5 x

(d) u0 (x) =
4(ex + x)3/2
174x
2
(e) v 0 (x) =

1 + x2 x


dy
1
1
2
3
4.
=
+
+
dx
ln[(x + 1)(x + 2)2 (x + 3)3 ] x + 1 x + 2 x + 3
0

5. 689
6. (a) False

1/x2

24
(b) False
(c) False
(d) False
(e) False
Section 1.3: Applications of Derivatives
1. (1, 4) or (3, 12)
2. a = 3, b = 3, c = 0
3.

1
meters per hour
9

4. (a) The equation of the tangent TP to C at P is y = 2.

The equation of the normal NP to C at P is x = 1.
(b) The equation of the tangent TQ to C at Q is y = 3x + 4.
(x, y) = (0, 4) satisfies the equation of TQ .
5. (a) V =

h3
9

3
(b) The water level is falling at a rate of
cm per secondwhen the depth of water
16
is 4 cm.
4
6. (a) The y-intercept of C is .
3
2
The x-intercepts of C are , 2.
3
dy
1
(b)
=1
.
dx
(1 + x)2
d2 y
2
=
.
2
dx
(1 + x)3




16
4
(c) The turning points of C are 2,
and 0, .
3
3


16
2,
is a relative maximum.
3


4
0,
is a relative minimum.
3
(d) The asymptotes of the curve C are the lines x = 1, y = x

7
3

(e)
7. The function f (x) =
at x = 3.

x2 + kx + 9
, where k is a constant, attains a stationary value
x2 + 1

25
(a) k = 6.
(b)

i. The x-intercept is 3. The y-intercept is 9.



1
ii. The turning points of the curve C are , 10 , (3, 0).
3


1
, 10 is a relative maximum. (3, 0) is a relative minimum.
3
iii. The only asymptote of C is y = 1.

(c)
8. Let be a sphere with (fixed) radius R.
(a) Suppose be a right circular cylinder inscribed in the sphere , with height
h, radius r, volume V and surface area A.

i. V = 2r2 R2 r2 .

ii. A = 2r2 + 4r R2 r2 .
4R3
(b) The largest possible value of V is .
3 3
(c) The largest possible value of A is 3R2 .
9. Let (1, +). Let f : (0, +) R be the function defined by f (x) =
x + 1 x for any x (0, +).
(a)

i. f 0 (x) = x1 for any x (0, +).

ii. Suppose 0 < x < 1. Then 0 < x1 < 1. Therefore f 0 (x) = (x1 1) <
0.
Hence f is strictly decreasing on (0, 1].
iii. Suppose x > 1. Then x1 > 1. Therefore f 0 (x) = (x1 1) > 0.
Hence f is strictly increasing on [1, +).
iv. f attains the the minimum at 1 on (0, +), with f (1) = 0.

(b) Let r (1, +). 1+r (0, +). Then f (1+r) = (1+r) + 1(1+r)
0.
Therefore (1 + r) 1 + r.
Section 1.4: Integration
1. (a) 27x 9x3 + 59 x5 17 x7 + C
(b)

625 3
x 125x4 +30x5 10
x6 + 17 x7 +C
3
3

2. (a) 25 2 5x + C
(b)

1 2x
e
2

ex + x + C

(c) 1 x2 + C
(d)
3.

1
(1
4

+ x3 ) 3 + C

(c)

2 32
x
3

+2 x+C
3

(d) 4t2 83 t 4 + C
1
(e) 2(1+x
2) + C
2

(f) 21 ex + C
(g) ln(2 + ex ) + C
(h) x ln(1 + ex ) + C

26
(a)
(b)
4. (a)
(b)

14
3
1
3

(c)
(d)

32
3
125
6

(c) 9

(e)

5
6

(f)

(d)

1
8
1
3
10
3
9
2

5. (a) An equation of the curve C is given by y = x2 + 4x 3.

4
(b)
3
6. (a) An equation of the curve C is given by y =
(b) (0, 1)
7. (a) a = 1, b = 2.
37
(b)
12
8. An equation of the curve C is y = 3x2

1
2.
x

x3
2x + 1.
3

27
2. Differentiation
Section 2.2: Limits and Continuity
1. (a) 1

(e) 3

(i)

3
4

(f) 4

(j)

(b)

(c) 2

(g)

(d) 2

(h)

1
2
1
4

1
2
1
3

(k) 1
(l) 1
1
3

2. (a) 0

(g) 2

(m)

3
5

(h) 1

(n) 3

(i) 3

(o) 3

(j) 2

(p) 0

(e) 3

(k) 0

(q) 0

5
4

(l) 1

(r) 0

(c) 0

(e) not differentiable

(d) 2

(f) 0

(b)

(c) 3
(d)
(f)

2
3

Section 2.3: Derivatives

1. (a) 0
(b) not differentiable
2. a = 1, b =
3. a = 0, b =

1
2

4. (a) 3x2 4

(n) 2x sin(x2 )
(o) (3x3 + x2 + 1)ex

(c) (5x2 + 2x)e5x

(p) 1/(x ln x)

(d) sin x ln x + cos x/x

(q) cos(x)esin x

(e) cos 2x

(r) 1/(x2 + 1)3/2

(s) 1/ x2 + 1

(t) (1 + 2 x)/(4 x x + x)

(f) (3 sin x 1)/ cos2 x

(g) cot x x csc2 x
(h) 10/(x + 2)2

(u) sinh 2x

(i) 1 2/(x + 1)2

2

(j) (x cos(x) sin x)/x

(k) (2x tan2 x tan x + 2x)/2x3/2

(l) 14x(x2 + 1)6

(m) 2x3 / x4 + 1
5.

3 +x

(b) (x 1)/2x3/2

(v)

sinh x
cosh2 x

+ sinh x

(w) coth x

 p
(x) 1/ 2 x(1 x)
(y) x/(x2 + 1)3/2

28

(a) 3x ln 3

(d) x

(b) ln 2 sin(x)2cos(x)

(e) (cos x)sin x1 (cos2 x + ln(cos x) cos2 x 1)

(c) (ln(x) + 1)xx

(f) xx xx (x(ln x)2 + x ln x + 1)/x

6. (a)

(d)

y 2 + 3x2 y
(b) 3
x + 2xy
3x2 2y
(c)
2x 3y 2
1

(ln(x)/2 + 1)

x
y

x1/2

7. (a) x 2 ex + x 2 ex + 4x 2 ex

(e)

2x + 2y
x cos(xy) 2y 2x

(f)

y sin(y/x)
1
x+y
x2
1
+ sin(y/x)
x+y
x

(f)

(b) 3x(1 + x2 ) 2
2
2
(c) 2 ln x + 2
x
x
3
cos x + 2 sin2 x cos x
(d)
cos4 x
2x
(e)
(1 + x2 )2

1
x2

(g)

8x2 + 6y 3
9y 5

10(2x6 y + 3x4 y 3 81y 7 )

x2 (x2 9y 2 )3
2

(h) 2 3x ln 3 + 4 x2 3x (ln 3)2

(i)

2y
4y
(ln x)2 + 2 (1 ln x)
2
x
x

8. Prove that the Chebyshev polynomials

Tm (x) =

1
2m1

cos(m cos1 x), m = 0, 1, 2,

satisfy
(1 x2 )Tm00 (x) xTm0 (x) + m2 Tm (x) = 0
Proof. By direct computations,
Tm0 (x) =

m sin(m cos1 x)

2m1 1 x2

and
Tm00 (x) =

x sin(m cos1 x)

2m1

(1 x2 ) 2

!
m

cos(m cos1 x) .
1 x2

Hence,
(1 x2 )Tm00 (x) xTm0 (x) + m2 Tm (x)
= (1 x2 )
x
= 0.

m
2m1

x sin(m cos
(1

x2 ) 2

x)

m
cos(m cos1 x)
2
1x

1
m sin(m cos1 x)

+ m2 m1 cos(m cos1 x)
m1
2
2
2
1x

29
9. Prove that the Legendre polynomials
Pm (x) =

1 dm 2
(x 1)m m = 0, 1, 2,
2m m! dxm

satisfy
(1 x2 )Pm00 (x) 2xPm0 (x) + m(m + 1)Pm (x) = 0
Proof. Let g(x) = (x2 1)m , then Pm (x) =
Because

1
dm
g(x).
2m m! dxm

d 2
(x 1)m = 2mx(x2 1)m1 ,
dx

therfore,

d(x2 1)m 2
(x 1) + 2mx(x2 1)m = 0.
dx

We get

g 0 (x)(x2 1) + 2mxg(x) = 0


dm+1
0
2
g
(x)(x

1)
+
2mxg(x)
= 0.
dxm+1

Apply Leibnizs rule,

g (m+2) (x)(x2 1) + C1m+1 g (m+1) (x) 2x + C2m+1 g (m) (x) 2

+2m g (m+1) (x) x + C1m+1 g (m) (x) = 0

(1 x2 )g (m+2) (x) 2xg (m+1) (x) + m(m + 1)g (m) (x) = 0

1
(1 x2 )g (m+2) (x) 2xg (m+1) (x) + m(m + 1)g (m) (x) = 0

m
2 m!
(1 x2 )Pm00 (x) 2xPm0 (x) + m(m + 1)Pm (x) = 0.

10.
11.
Section 2.4: Mean Value Theorem and Taylors Theorem
1. Let f (x) = xp and apply the mean value theorem on [x, y], there exists c (x, y)
such that
xp y p
= pcp1 .
xy
Note that y < c < x and p > 1, so y p1 < cp1 < xp1 . Therefore,
py

p1

xp y p
<
< pxp1 .
xy

The result follows by multiplying (x y).

30
2. Applying mean value theorem, there exist a and b such that x1 < a < x2 < b < x3
and
sin x2 sin x1
sin x3 sin x2
= cos a
and
= cos b.
x2 x1
x3 x2
Since cos x is strictly decreasing on [0, ], cos a > cos b and the result follows.
3. Let f (x) = ln(1 + x), for x > 0, then f 0 (x) =
exists c (0, x) such that

1
. By mean value theorem, there
1+x

ln(1 + x) ln 1
1
=
(1 + x) 1
1+c
x
ln(1 + x) =
1+c
Since 0 < c < x, we have

x
x
<
< x. Hence
1+x
1+c
x
< ln(1 + x) < x.
1+x

Since the above inequality



1
1/x
< ln 1 +
<
1 + (1/x)
x

holds for all x > 0, we can replace x by

1
. Therefore,
x


1
1
1
< ln 1 +
< .
1+x
x
x

1
to obtain
x

an n+1
4. Let f (x) = a22 x2 + a33 x3 + + n+1
x . Applying mean value theorem, there exists
c (0, 1) such that

f (1) f (0)
= f 0 (c)
10
a1 a2
an
+
+ +
= a1 c + a2 c 2 + + an c n .
2
3
n+1
Therefore, the equation has a root c in (0, 1).
5. Applying the mean value theorem on [0, a] and [b, a + b], there exist p (0, a) and
q (b, a + b) such that
f (a) f (0)
= f 0 (p)
a0

and

f (a + b) f (b)
= f 0 (q).
(a + b) b

Since f 0 (x) is monotonic increasing on (0, ), f 0 (p) f 0 (q). Therefore,

f (a + b) f (b)
f (a)

a
a
f (a) f (a + b) f (b)
f (a) + f (b) f (a + b)

31
6. Let x, y R. The inequality is automatically satisfied if x = y, so we only need to
consider x 6= y. Now, suppose x > y. Applying the mean value theorem on [y, x],
there exists c (y, x) such that
sin x sin y
= cos c 1.
xy
Therefore, | sin x sin y| |x y|. Similarly, it holds for the case y < x. Thus,
sin x satisfies the Lipschitz condition on R by taking L = 1.
7. (a) Applying the mean value theorem on [k, k + 1], there exists c (k, k + 1) such
that
f (k + 1) f (k)
= f 0 (c).
(k + 1) k
Note that, k < c < k+1 and f 0 (x) is strictly decreasing for x > 0, so f 0 (k+1) <
f 0 (c) < f 0 (k). Therefore,
f 0 (k + 1) < f (k + 1) f (k) < f 0 (k).
(b) By the result in (a), for k = 1, 2, . . . , n,
f 0 (k + 1) < f (k + 1) f (k) < f 0 (k).
Therefore,

n
X

f (k + 1) <

n
X

(f (k + 1) f (k)) <

k=1

k=1

n
X

f 0 (k). Simplify this

k=1

inequality, we have the result

f 0 (2) + f 0 (3) + + f 0 (n) < f (n) f (1) < f 0 (1) + f 0 (2) + + f 0 (n 1).
x2 x3
8. (a) x
+
2
3
2
x4
x6
x
(b) 1 +
+
+
2
24 720
x3
x5
(c) x +
+
6
120
9. (a)

(1)n xn = 1 x + x2 x3 +

n=0

(b)
(c)

X
(1)2n
n=0

X
n=0

n!

(x

2n
1

) = 1 (x )2 + (x )4
2
2!
2
4!
2

e
e
(x 1)n = e + e(x 1) + (x 1)2 +
n!
2!

x2 x3
+
2
3
(b) ln 0.99 = f (0.01) P3 (0.01) = 0.01005033

10. (a) P3 (x) = x +

32
11. (a) Firstly, since f is odd, f (0) = f (0). Therefore, f (0) = 0. Then we have,
f (x)
f 0 (x)
f 0 (x)
f 00 (x)
f 00 (x)

=
=
=
=
=

f (x)
f 0 (x)
f 0 (x)
f 00 (x)
f 00 (x)

As we can see, f 0 is an even function and f 00 is an odd function again. By

repeating the above, it can be shown that f (2n) is an odd function and so
f (2n) (0)
f (2n) (0) = 0 for all positive integers n. The result follows as a2n =
= 0.
(2n)!
(b) Similar to (a), what we have to show is f (2n1) (0) = 0 for all positive integers
n.
Section 2.5: LHopitals Rule
3
5

(g)

(b) 2

(h)

(c) 6

(i) 1

(o) 1

e
2

(p) 1

1. (a)

(d)
(e)

1
3
1
3

(f) 4

(j)

1
2
1
2

(m)
(n)

1
e
3
2

(k) ln 2

(q) 3

(l) e

(r) e

33
3. Integration
Section 3.1: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
cos x
x
sin 2x
(b) e

(c) 1 + x2

1. (a)

(d) 3x2 ex

1 2x
e
2

ex + x + C

1
(1
4

+ x3 ) 3 + C

1
5. 2(1+x
2) + C

12. x ln(1 + ex ) + C
13.

1
(x2
200

+ 2)100 + C

14. 25 x2 + C

15. 13 3x2 + 1 + C

16. 23 9 x3 + C
17.

(x+2)101
101

18.

1
(2x
12

8. 12 ex + C

19.

2
(x
15

9. ln(2 + ex ) + C

20.

2
(x
5

10. tan1 ex + C

1)3/2 (x + 4)

21. 23 (x 18) x + 9

11. ln | cos x| + C

22.

1
135

6. 2 tan1

x+C

7. cos x1 + C
2

2)

sin x
(h)
x ln x

(f) 2(ln 2x)2 (ln x)2

3. 1 x2 + C
4.

(g) 3x2 ecos(x ) 2xecos(x

(e) cos x cos(sin2 x)

Section 3.2: Substitution

1. 25 2 5x + C
2.

(x+2)100
50

+ C.

5) 4x + 5

1)3/2 (3x + 2)

(3x2 + 1)

3/2

(9x2 2)

Section 3.3: Integration by Parts

1. x ln x x + C

10. x ln(x +

13 ) + C

11.

x2
4

3. x1 ((ln x)2 + 2 ln x + 2) + C

12.

x
(sin(ln x)
2

4. (x + 1)ex + C

13.

1
16

2.

x3
(ln x
3

2x

5. e 4 (2x2 + 2x + 1) + C
6. x sin x + cos x + C
2

7. 2x 41 cos 2x + x2 sin 2x + C

8. x sin1 x + 1 x2 + C
9. x2 +

1+x2
2

tan1 x + C

1 + x2 )

1 + x2 + C

x4 sin 2x 18 cos 2x + C
cos(ln x)) + C

sin(4x) 14 x cos(4x) + C

14. cos(5 x) x sin(5 x) + C

15. x cos1 (x) 1 x2 + C

16. 14 x 1 x2 + 2x2 cos1 (x) + sin1 (x) +
C
17. x tan1 (x) 21 log(x2 + 1) + C
18.

1 2
x
2

tan1 (x)

x
2

+ 12 tan1 (x) + C

34
19. 2x + x ln2 (x) 2x ln(x) + C
20.

1
x100
100

log(x)

1
21. 10000x
100

x100
10000

log(x)
100x100

22. x tan(x) + ln(cos(x)) + C

+C

+C

23.

1 2x
e (3 sin(3x)
13

+ 2 cos(3x)) + C.

Section 3.5: Trigonometric Integrals

1. cot x2 + C
2.

1
6

sin6 x + C

3.

1
4

sin 2x

1
16

9.

tan4
4

tan2 x
2

ln | cos x| + C

10. 8 cot 2x 83 cot3 2x + C

11. 81 cos 4x

sin 8x + C

1
12

cos 6x + C

4. 3 sin x6 + 53 sin 5x
+C
6

12.

x
4

5. sin x 13 sin3 x + C

13.

cos8 (x)
8

cos6 (x)
6

+C

14.

sin9 (x)
9

2 sin7 (x)
7

6.

3
x
8

1
4

sin 2x +

1
32

sin 4x + C

x
7. sin1 x + 21 ln 1+sin
+C
1sin x

8.

12

1
2

cos2 x + ln(1 + cos2 x) + C

sin 2x
8

sin 4x
16

sin 6x
24

+C

sin5 (x)
5

+C

1
cos3 x sin x +
15. 16 cos5 x sin x + 24
1
1
cos x sin x + 16 x + C.
16

Section 3.6: Trigonometric Substitution

1. x tan1 x + C
x
2.
+C
1 x2

3. 1 x2 + sin1 x + C
x
4.
+C
1 + x2
9
x x
5. sin1
9 x2 + C
2
3 2

6. ln |x + 4 + x2 | + C

7.


16 x2


 
x3
1 x
2x +32 sin
+
4
4

8.

x2 + 4
+C
4x

9.

x
4x2 + 1

10.

x1
2x x2

Section 3.7: Rational Functions

1. x + 12 ln | 1+x
|+C
1x

x1
7. x25x6
+ 4 ln | x2
|+C
3x+2

2. 9x 32 x2 + 13 x3 27 ln |3 + x| + C

8. tan1 x + 65 ln xx2 +1
+C
+4

3. x + ln(1 + x2 ) + C

9.

4.

1
4

ln | x1
|+C
x+3

5.

1
10 2

6.

1
x+1

2 |
ln | x
x+ 2

1
2

tan1 x + 14 ln (x+1)
+C
x2 +1

10. x2 + 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x 3| + C
1

5 3

tan1

+ 12 ln |x2 1| + C

x
3

+C

11. tan1 x
12.

1
2(x2 +1)

1
x1

x +1
+ ln (x1)
2 + C

+ ln |x| 21 ln(x2 + 1) + C

35
13.

9
2

ln(x3)4 ln(x2)+ 21 ln(x1)+C

14.

1
4

ln

x2
x2 2x+2

Section 3.8: t-method

x
1. 2cos
+ 12 ln | tan x2 | + C
sin2 x

2. tan x sec x + C
+ ln | tan x2 | + C


2 tan( x2 )+1
2
1

4. 3 tan
+C
3
3.

1
cos x

1
3 cos3 x

5. 2 2 tan1
6.

1
(x
2

tan( x2 )


x+C

+ ln(sin x + cos x + 3))

1
7

tan

2 tan( x2 )+1


+C

Section 3.9: Piecewise Functions

(
2x2 x + 5, x < 1
1. F (x) + C where F (x) =

x1
6 x,
( 2x
e
,
x<0
2
2. F (x) + C where F (x) = 2x+sin
2x+2
, x0
4
3.

|x3|(x3)
2

+C

(
ln(1 x), x < 0
4. F (x) + C where F (x) =
ln(1 + x),
x0

x < 2
x 12x,
3
5. F (x) + C where F (x) = x + 12x + 32, 2 x < 2

3
x 12x + 64,
x2
(
x(1 ln x),
0<x<1
6. F (x) + C where F (x) =
x(ln x 1) + 2, x 1

12 tan1 (1 x) + C