IP and MPLS Tunnel Introduction ISSUE 1.00 PDF

IP and MPLS Tunnel
Technology
Introduction
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
z
With the development of the mobile network from 2G to 3G

and LTE as well, the data packet becomes the main service
in the transmission network.
The packet transmission solution can encapsulate the

various services in MPLS tunnel by PWE3 technology and
transmit them in packet mode uniformly.
The course is the basics for the further study of OptiX RTN
910/950.
Page1
Objectives
z
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the classification of IP addresses
Describe the basic principle of IP routing
Describe the basic concepts of MPLS
Describe the MPLS tunnel (LSP) creation procedure
Outline the MPLS OAM functions
Page2
Contents
1. IP Overview
2. MPLS Tunnel Technology
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Page3
Contents
1. IP Overview
1.1 TCP/IP Protocol Overview
1.2 IP Address Introduction and Configuration
1.3 IP Routing Overview
Page4
TCP/IP and OSI Model

Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Conversation Layer
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
OSI Model
TCP/IP Model
Page5
TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Application
Layer
HTTP, Telnet, FTP,

TFTP, Ping, etc.
Transport
Layer
TCP/UDP
ICMP
ARP/RARP
Network
Layer
IP
Data Link
Layer
Ethernet, 802.3, PPP,

HDLC, FR, etc.
Physical
Layer
Interfaces and
wires/cables
Provide application program

network interfaces
Establish terminal to
terminal connection
Addressing and route
selecting
Physical media access
Binary data flow

transmission
Page6
IP Header Format
32bits
8
Version
Header
Type of Service
Total Length
(4bits)
Length
(8bits)
(16bits)
Identifier
Flags
(16bits)
(3bits)
Fragmented Offset
Time to Live
Protocol
Header Checksum
(8bits)
(8bits)
(16bits)
Source IP Address
(32bits)
Destination IP Address
(32bits)
Options
(Variable Length)
Page7
IP Address
z
IP address is 32 bits long
Including network portion and a host portion.
Network portion
Host portion
Uniquely identifies a physical or logical link and is common to all

devices attached to that link.
Uniquely identifies a particular device attached to the link.
Generally, use dotted-decimal to represent it
For example: 10.1.1.1, 192.168.1.1, etc.
Page8
Classification of IP Address
z
First Octet Rule
1.0.0.0~
126.255.255.255 0
Network
(7bits)
128.0.0.0~
191.255.255.255 1 0
Network(14bits)
192.0.0.0~
223.255.255.255 1 1 0
224.0.0.0~
239.255.255.255 1 1 1 0
Class A
Host(24bits)
Host(16bits)
Host(8bits) Class C
Network(21bits)
Multicast Address
240.0.0.0~
255.255.255.255 1 1 1 1 0
Class B
Reserved
Page9
Class D
Class E
Private IP Address
z
Private IP Address
10.0.0.0~10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255
Page10
Subnet Mask
z
Distinguish network portion and host portion
32-bit string, represented by dotted-decimal format
Mask for class A: 255.0.0.0
Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0
Mask for class C: 255.255.255.0

IP address
192
168
IP subnet segment
And
192 168
Subnet mask
255
255
255
Page11
Subnets and Subnet Masks

IP address: 192.168.1.17
11000000
10101000
00000001
00010001
11111111
11110000
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.240
11111111
11111111
Network Part
Subnet Part
(n bits)
Host Part
(m bits)
IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.240 or 192.168.1.16/28
Subnet numbers: 2n ( n=4, 24=16)
Host numbers: 2m-2 ( m=4, 24 2 = 14)
Page12
IP Address Configuration
z
Interconnection address planning
P2P link, just 2 hosts necessary
Mask length: 30, For example: 10.1.1.0/30
Broadcast network
According to the number of hosts in this network
For example:
60 hosts in the network: 192.168.1.0/28
120 hosts in one network: 192.168.2.128/25
Device Identifier
32 bit mask length
For example: 1.1.1.1/32
Page13
IP Routing
z
Route is the path information that guides packet forwarding
Routing table is the set of route information
Destination
Network N
R1
N, R1, M
Other Networks
Page14
Routing Protocol
LS
A
z
IS-IS (Intermediate
B
LS
System to Intermediate
System)
LS
Hell
o
LS
LS
E
llo
e
H
B
He
ll
D
LS
o
Hell
Flood link state information

D
Hello
He
ll
C
A
llo
He
E
F
Adjacency relationship
establishment
SPF calculation
Page15
Questions
z
There are 28 sets of RTN 910/950 in the network, and one of

them are the gateway which connected to the NMS, please give
them a private IP subnet in the class C IP address.
Page16
Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Page17
Traditional IP Forwarding
Parse IP header
mapped to next hop
Parse IP header
mapped to next hop
Parse IP header
mapped to next hop
IP header is parse at each hop, resulting in low efficiency.
It is difficult to deploy QoS and the efficiency is rather low.
All routers are expected to know all routes in the entire network.
Page18
ATM Switching Process

Virtual Channel Connection
(VCC)
Virtual Path Connection(VPC)
UNI
UNI
NNI
VC
switching
VPI = 1
VCI = 1
NNI
VP
switching
VPI = 18
VCI = 44
VC
switching
VPI = 26
VCI = 44
VPI = 20
VCI = 30
Connection-oriented
Routing depends on link layer, based on VPI/VCI or label
Ensure QoS and real-time service
Page19
Technology Combination
+
Router
ATM switch
MPLS Router
Layer 3 routing-scalable and flexible
Layer 2 switching-high reliability and traffic engineering

management
MPLS-Multi-Protocol Label Switching

Page20
MPLS Introduction
z
MPLSMulti-Protocol Label Switching
Multi-Protocol
Support various layer 3 protocols, such as IP, IPv6, IPX, SNA
Label Switching
Label the packet, forward packets by label switching instead of IP

forwarding
Page21
MPLS Basic Concepts

LER
IP
Non-MPLS
device
LER
LSR
MPLS domain
LSR
LER
LSP
MPLS
LSR
Non-MPLS
device
LER
z
LSR: Label Switch

Router
LER: Label Edge Router
LSP: Label Switch Path
Page22
MPLS Basic Concepts (Cont.)

z
FEC----Forwarding Equivalent Class
Set of data flows with the same attributes. These data flows
are processed in the same way by LSRs during transmission.
FECs are identified by the address, service type, and QoS.
During IP forwarding through the longest match algorithm,

packets with the same destination belong to an FEC.
Page23
MPLS Packet
z
MPLS packet header locates between layer2 and layer3
L2 Header MPLS Label
Exp
Label
0
L3 Payload
L3 Header
19
22
TTL
31
23
Page24
MPLS Label Stacking

Layer2
header
MPLS
header
MPLS
header
IP header
Data
MPLS nested Domain
IP
L1 IP
L2 IP
L3 L2 IP
L2 IP
L4 L2 IP
MPLS Domain
Page25
IP
Tunnel Technology
z
The point to point tunnel provides the path for data

transparently transmission.
OptiX RTN 910/950 can form the tunnel by
MPLS LSP
QinQ
Tunnel
Page26
MPLS tunnel technology

z
LSP includes the static LSP and dynamic LSP.
MPLS domain
Ingress
Transit
Transit
Egress
IP network
IP network
LER
Core LSR
Core LSR
LER
LSP
Page27
MPLS Label Operations

z
Label operations include push, swap and pop.

Pus
h
IP
Swap
LER
L2 IP
L1 IP
L3 IP
IP
LER
Pop
Swap
Page28
Creating the Static LSP

z
Static LSPs are manually created by users to assign labels

for each forwarding equivalence class (FEC) .
The principle followed in manually assigning labels:
The value of the OUT label on a node is the value of the IN

label on the next node.
Ingress
Transit
Egress
Page29
3.3.3.3/32
Creating the Dynamic LSP

z
Dynamic LSP is set up automatically by the signaling

protocol.
In OptiX RTN 910/950, RSVP allocates LSP tunnel labels.
Create LSP
IGP routing
LSP selection
Link State
database
TE
database
Signaling
module
Message diffuse
Create LSP
Message diffuse
IS-IS routing
Frame
Frame
Packet forwarding module
Page30
MPLS Label Forwarding

z
In the MPLS domain, there is a static LSP to the IP host

3.3.3.3/32
H
I
200
300
Eth0
A
(ingress)
Eth2
Eth0
B
(transit 1)
100
Eth1
Eth2
C
(transit 2)
Eth3
Eth0
D
(egress)
F
Page31
3.3.3.3/32
MPLS Label Forwarding Table

z
For the former static LSP to the IP host 3.3.3.3/32, the

MPLS label forwarding table in A, B, C, D are:
Node
A (Ingress)
IN interface
FEC
IN label
OUT interface
OUT label (next hop)
push
Eth0
300
Eth0
300
Eth2
200
C (Transit2) Eth1
200
Eth2
100
D (Egress)
100
Eth3
pop
3.3.3.3/32
B (Transit1)
Eth0
Page32
MPLS Label Forwarding

z
The MPLS forwarding for the former FEC
Swap
Push
300
Eth0
Ingress
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
200
Eth2
Eth0
Transit1
3.3.3.3/32
Pop
Swap
100
Eth2
Eth1
Transit2
Eth0
Egress
Label:300
Label:200
Label:100
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
Eth3
Page33
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
MPLS Tunnel Application

z
The MPLS tunnel application in OptiX RTN 910/950:
Node B
RNC
Page34
MPLS TTL Processing

z
Uniform Mode
CE
PE
PE
CE
MPLS Domain
MPLS
TTL254
IP TTL
255
MPLS
TTL254
MPLS
TTL253
IP TTL
254
IP TTL
254
IP TTL
252
Page35
MPLS TTL Processing (Cont.)

z
Pipe Mode
CE
PE
IP TTL
255
PE
MPLS
TTL100
MPLS
TTL 99
MPLS
TTL100
MPLS
TTL100
IP TTL
254
IP TTL
254
CE
IP TTL
253
Page36
Summary
z
Background of the MPLS
MPLS concepts: LER, LSR, LSP, FEC
MPLS label structure and label stacking
MPLS tunnel technology: ingress, transit, egress, push,

swap, pop, static LSP, dynamic LSP, MPLS Label
Forwarding
MPLS TTL processing
Page37
Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Page38
Contents
3. MPLS OAM
3.1 MPLS Tunnel Failure Detection
3.2 MPLS OAM
Page39
MPLS Ping
z
MPLS ping is used for LSP failure detection

4.4.4.4/32
5.5.5.5/32
MPLS Echo Request message (TTL:255)

1.1.1.0/30
2.2.2.0/30
3.3.3.0/30
Tunnel (LSP)
MPLS Echo Request reply
Page40
MPLS Traceroute
z
MPLS traceroute is used for LSP failure locating
5.5.5.5/32
Echo reply
4.4.4.4/32
Echo reply
Echo reply
2.2.2.0/30
1.1.1.0/30
3.3.3.0/30
Tunnel (LSP)
Echo Request (TTL:1)
Page41
Functions of MPLS OAM

z
MPLS OAM must realize the following functions:
MPLS OAM provides on-demand and continuous connectivity

verification of LSPs to confirm that faults do not exist on the monitored
LSPs.
If a fault occurs, MPLS OAM must detect, diagnose, and locate the
fault, notify the NMS of the fault, and take actions appropriate to the
fault type.
MPLS OAM functions must be backward compatible.

MPLS OAM has the capability to measure the availability and network
performance of an LSP and provide information for user accounting.
Page42
MPLS OAM Packets

z
MPLS OAM packets can be classified into three types:
Connectivity verification packets
CVConnectivity Verification
FFDFast Failure Detection
FDI (Forward Defect Indication) packets
BDI (Backward Defect Indication) packets
Page43
Connectivity Verification Packets

z
CV Detection
For the CV detection on the egress, the egress sets a sliding

window to 3 seconds and judges the LSP status according to
the CV packet received in the sliding window.
FFD Detection
For the FFD detection on the egress, the egress sets a sliding
window as three times as the interval for sending the FFD
packet and judges the LSP status according to the FFD packet
received in the sliding window.
Page44
Backward Defect Indication

Packets
z
MPLS OAM BDI Detection Case
LSP Out-label
Transit LSR
14:OAM Alert
CV/FFD
Source LSR
Sink LSR
LSP Out-label
14:OAM Alert
backwar
d tunnels
BDI
Transit LSR
Page45
Questions
z
Whats the difference between CV packet and FFD packet?
Page46
Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Page47
Ethernet Frame Structure

46---1500 bytes
DMAC
SMAC
Length/T
DATA/PAD
FCS
64---1518 bytes
Length/Type
Ethernet_II
802.3
Mean
Length/T > 1500
Type of the frame
Length/T <= 1500
Length of the frame
Page48
VLAN Application
DA
SA
TPID (8100)
VLAN
Ethernet Data
VLAN Frame
VLAN 2
Ethernet frame
with VLAN tag 1
VLAN 1
Ethernet frame
without VLAN flag
Ethernet frame
with VLAN tag 2
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
Page49
QinQ Overview
z
QinQ is the VLAN (IEEE 802.1Q) stacking technology
DA
SA
TPID (8100)
VLAN
Ethernet Data
VLAN Frame
DA
SA
TPID (8100)
S-VLAN
TPID (8100)
C-VLAN
Ethernet data
QinQ Frame
Page50
Application Scenario of QinQ
Page51
Summary
z
IP address classification and application
MPLS basic concepts and tunnel technologies
MPLS failure detection and OAM functions
QinQ application
Page52
Thank you
www.huawei.com

IP and MPLS Tunnel Introduction ISSUE 1.00 PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

IP and MPLS Tunnel Introduction ISSUE 1.00 PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

IP and MPLS Tunnel

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

With the development of the mobile network from 2G to 3G

The packet transmission solution can encapsulate the

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe the classification of IP addresses

Describe the basic principle of IP routing

Describe the basic concepts of MPLS

Describe the MPLS tunnel (LSP) creation procedure

Outline the MPLS OAM functions

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

TCP/IP and OSI Model

Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

HTTP, Telnet, FTP,

Ethernet, 802.3, PPP,

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Provide application program

Binary data flow

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

IP address is 32 bits long

Including network portion and a host portion.

Uniquely identifies a physical or logical link and is common to all

Uniquely identifies a particular device attached to the link.

Generally, use dotted-decimal to represent it

For example: 10.1.1.1, 192.168.1.1, etc.

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

First Octet Rule

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distinguish network portion and host portion

32-bit string, represented by dotted-decimal format

Mask for class A: 255.0.0.0

Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0

Mask for class C: 255.255.255.0

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Subnets and Subnet Masks

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.240

IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.240 or 192.168.1.16/28

Subnet numbers: 2n ( n=4, 24=16)

Host numbers: 2m-2 ( m=4, 24 2 = 14)

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interconnection address planning

P2P link, just 2 hosts necessary

Mask length: 30, For example: 10.1.1.0/30

According to the number of hosts in this network

32 bit mask length

For example: 1.1.1.1/32

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Route is the path information that guides packet forwarding

Routing table is the set of route information

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flood link state information

There are 28 sets of RTN 910/950 in the network, and one of

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

IP header is parse at each hop, resulting in low efficiency.

It is difficult to deploy QoS and the efficiency is rather low.

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.