Review paper on

Artificial Intelligence and its

Application in Robotics, Problem
solving
AND
Perceptual processes
By
Vishal Sharma

Introduction & Motivation:Artificial intelligence refers to intelligent decisions made by machines and
softwares and is under domain of computer science. Applications of Artificial
Intelligence have led to an increase in the quality and efficiency. Involvement of
Artificial Intelligence can be seen in areas like Expert Systems, Natural
Language Processing, Speech Understanding, Robotics and Sensory Systems,

Computer Vision and Scene Recognition, Intelligent Computer- Aided

Instruction, Neural Computing . Artificial intelligence has many advantages like
permanent, consistent, less expensive, ease of duplication and dissemination,
over the natural intelligence and can be documented and can performs tasks
faster and better than their human counterparts.
Artificial intelligence stresses on computation, perception, reasoning and action
making smarter and more useful versions of existing technology.

AREAS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DISCUSSED:Problem solving: Ability to:1. Formulate a problem in a suitably.
2. To plan for solutions
3. To understand when new information is needed and methods to acquire it.
Perception (image): Ability to:1. Analyze a sensed scene by relating it to an internal model or "knowledge of the
world" interms of respective agents.
2. Results showing analysis of structured set of relationships between entities in
the scene.
Robots: A combination of abilities to:1. To perform particular set of tasks in an environment
2. To interact with, to analyze and to manipulate environment.
3. Exploration, Transportation/Navigation ,Industrial Automation ,Security are
some fields of employing applications of robotics currently .

Introduction and Implementation of Artificial

Intelligence: ROBOTICS:1. Heuristic based task allocation algorithm for
multiple robots using agents

High utilization in a multiple robots system is achieved using

task allocation. Currently task allocation schemes do not
consider environments dynamic and unpredictable nature. They
try to maximize the robots performance to achieve various
goals like cost effective processing, minimization of turnaround
time, make span. Here a set of static and mobile agents are
used that control a pool of multiple robots is presented and the
objective is to minimize the turnaround time. Robots make
autonomous task allocation decisions based on the changing
status of the robot system as the agents are capable of
autonomous decision making. The agents are used for delivering
and collecting the tasks and results respectively in two separate
trips thus avoiding the waiting time, and minimizing turnaround
time.
The algorithms performance is assessed by comparing with
other current task allocation methods. Using the numerical
simulation results we determine that the proposed algorithm
performs the best under different problem scales and
connectivity.

2.
The Impacts of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence On
Business and Economics

Economic Forum holds an important place on robotics and

artificial in intelligence impacts on economics and business.
Although its applications are criticized on the risks it may have.
Changing form of the business terms and work forces leads to
change in the way of doing business and
by using new
technologies we will have to witness serious impacts on the
daily business life that leads to change in countries and hence
on world economics. Many arguments and issues such as jobless
ratio, Philips Curve, performance management, CRM Analytics,
customer relationship management, sales, strategic planning,
mass production, Purchasing Power Parity, GDP, inflation,
money, Central Banks, Banking System, coaching, training,
accounting, taxes etc. regarding to business and economics will

arise and pose serious threats changing, exposures as well as

opportunities and gains with the improvements in Artificial
Intelligence and Robotics.

3.
Transferring synergies from neuroscience to
robotics. Integration of robotics and neuroscience for
understanding the control of biological and artificial
hands

In Robotics Systems organisms with multiple muscles and joints,

has had a profound and transformative impact and manipulation
on grasping. The algorithmic complexities that arise from the
combinatorial explosion associated with the similarly highdimensional problem of controlling robotic limbs was and is still
a struggle for robotics feild. Therefore to understand how
organisms produce physical behavior using their complex
anatomical limbs is critical. Research in neuroscience provides
evidence that organisms learn to identify and use
lowdimensional subspaces for neural control of limb motions and
forces hence a compact characterization of relevant, lowdimensional control subspaces will greatly facilitate the
replication of human manual capabilities in robotic limbs.

4.Principles and experimentations of self-organizing

embedded
agents
allowing
learning
from
demonstration in ambient robotics:Systems that are populated by many heterogeneous devices to provide required
services to the user are Ambient systems. The adaptation according to the
specific needs of users interacting is a challenging task for Ambient systems. To
make humansystem interaction as natural as possible, we propose an approach

based on Learning from Demonstration (LfD) which is an interesting approach

to generalize what has been observed during the demonstration to similar
situations, based on adaptivity of the learning technique used. For this we need
a multi-agent system able to dynamically learn and reuse contexts from
demonstrations that we call ALEX.

5. Metrics and benchmarks in human-robot interaction:

Recent advances in cognitive robotics:Robots role in human social life, requires them to be able to behave respective to
the context so as to create a successful and reliable human-robot relationship.
Defining clear metrics and benchmarks is a major challenge in developing
intelligent systems, that enhance the interactive abilities of robots, like human
and robot skills and performances, facilitating comparison between systems and
avoiding evaluation-bias based on particular measures. Hence presenting a
subjective evaluation for metrics, benchmarks, and frameworks through a Likert
scale questionnaire.

6. Intelligent Manufacturing System Configuration and

Optimization Considering Mobile Robots, MultiFunctional Machines and Human Operators: New
Facilities and Challenge for Industrial Engineering:To support the implementation of highly flexible intelligent manufacturing
systems (IMS) we need the combination of multi-functional machines and
mobile robots. We encounter two types of machines in such kind of
manufacturing the first being heavy equipment that stay fixed at previously
established positions, second being multi-functional machines that are small
flexible equipment and mobile robots which can stay in one position for one or
several periods and change their position for others periods. This kind of
production system is more sophisticated than conventional manufacturing chain
thus decreases the reactivity time and enales new products to be quickly
introduced. Localization is a key issue in the highly flexible intelligent
manufacturing and in this work, we present and discuss the highly flexible
intelligent manufacturing system and the indoor localization.

7. The optimization of intelligent control interfaces using

Versatile Intelligent Portable Robot Platform:Here we present a VIPRO versatile, intelligent and mobile platform for robots,
using an original virtual projection method which involves the representation of
modern mobile robots in a 3D virtual environment using a strong robotic
simulator, an open architecture system and adaptive networks over the classical
control system of the robot, developing intelligent control interfaces . Advanced
control technologies such as neutrosophic control, robot Extenics control and
robot haptic control are adapted to the robot environment. The obtained results
state that the VIPRO platform is to be integrated on the IT market as a new
component alongside the existing ones, that will allow a correct evaluation of
robot behaviours in hazardous or challenging environments and high level realtime simulation in order to correctly model interactions among the robots and
between the robots and the environment.

8. Intelligent
systems:-

state

changing

applied

to

multi-robot

Situations where a formation of multi-robot systems is set to search for a target

and converge towards it once it is found is a target searching problem. The
problem arises due to the fact that the target is initially absent and the formation
must search for it in the environment, however during the target search, false
targets may appear dragging the formation towards it. In order to avoid the
formation following a false target, we presents a new methodology using the
TSTFA which stands for TakagiSugeno type fuzzy automaton in the area of
formation control to solve the target searching problem. This approach is used to
change the formation through the modifications in the states of the automaton
hence this change not only switches the rules also the state of each robot, and the
controllers and cost functions. This results in amplifing the versatility of the
formation of mobile robots in the target searching problem.

9. Autonomous intelligent decision-making system based on

Bayesian SOM neural network for robot soccer:The complex confrontation in robot soccer faces two learning issues that are
usually addressed in two phases: off-line learning and on-line learning. It
requires the decision-making system to learn the priori-knowledge given by

humans and learn from its own experience. Lots of methods existing for
intelligent decision-making systems focus on only one of the two phases
consequently. The Bayesian SOM neural network here is based on a fully
autonomous intelligent decision-making system for robot soccer, providing a
knowledge structure that can be shared by the off-line learning and on-line
learning algorithms. Firstly by integrating the Bayesian classifier into each
neuron, the whole neural network is equivalent to a multi-agent decision-making
system. In the on-line learning phase, the Bayesian method is used to update each
neuron's beliefs and the whole network's estimation of the state space. Bayesian
SOM intelligent decision-making system showed outstanding learning ability and
great adaptivity in matches with different opponents.

10. Robotics software frameworks for multi-agent

robotic systems development:Paradigm of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) can prove to be highly useful in an
area like robotics. Co-operative robots in a team, sensor networks based on
mobile robots, and robots in Intelligent Environments are all forms of MultiAgent Systems. However, major challenges include the development of MultiAgent Robotic Systems or MARS. Some of the Robotics Software Frameworks
(RSFs) have proposed some solutions to the most recurrent problems in robotics
like ROS, YARP, OROCOS, ORCA, Open-RTM, and Open-RDK, that possess
certain characteristics and provide the basic infrastructure necessary for the
development of MARS.

 TABLE OF COMPARISON:AIM

Task
allocation
algorithm

The Impacts
of Robotics,
Artificial
Intelligence
On
Business
and
Economics

Integration of self-organizing
robotics and embedded
neuroscience agents allowing

learning from
demonstration
in
ambient
robotics

ADVANTAGE

High
utilizati
on

Increase
in
opportunities
and gains with
the
improvements
in
Artificial
Intelligence and
Robotics.

greatly facilitate
the replication
of
human
manual
capabilities in
robotic limbs

approach
to
observing
demonstration
to
situations,
based
on
adaptivity of the
learning
technique

TECHNQUE

static
and performance
management,
mobile
agents
are CRM Analytics,
used
that customer
control
a relationship
pool
of management
multiple
robots

a
compact
characterization
of
relevant,
lowdimensional
control
subspaces

Ambient
systems
interaction
using approach
based
on
Learning from
Demonstration
(LfD)

Metrics
and
benchmarks in
human-robot
interaction

optimization
of intelligent
control
interfaces
using
Versatile
Intelligent
Portable
Robot
Platform

Intelligent
Manufacturing
System
Configuration
and
Optimization
using
new
techniques and
its challenges

Intelligent
state
changing
applied to
multi-robot
systems

Autonomous
intelligent
decisionmaking
system based
on Bayesian
SOM neural
network for
robot soccer

Robotics
software
frameworks for
multi-agen
robotic system
development

Defining
metrics
and
benchmarks to
develop
intelligent
systems,enhanci
ng
the
interactive
abilities
of
robots
and
avoiding
evaluation-bias

will allow a
correct
evaluation of
robot
behaviours in
hazardous or
challenging
environments
and high level
real-time
simulation in
order
to
correctly model
interactions
among
the
robots and the
environment.

sophisticated
production
system
than
conventional
manufacturing
and decreases
the reactivity
time and enales
new products
to be quickly
introduced.

amplifing
the
versatility
of
the
formation
of mobile
robots in
the target
searching
problem

outstanding
learning
ability and
great
adaptivity in
matches
with
different
opponents.

Provide the

subjective
evaluation for
metrics,
benchmarks,
and frameworks
through a Likert
scale
questionnaire.

Using
VIPRO
versatile,
intelligent
and mobile
platform for
robots, using
an original
virtual
projection
method
involving
representation of modern
mobile
robots in a
3D
virtual
environment

combination of
multifunctional
machines and
mobile robots
for
highly
flexible
intelligent
manufacturing
system and the
indoor
localization.

change the
formation
through the
modification
s in the states
of
the
automaton
hence
this
change not
only switches
the rules also
the state of
each robot,
and
the
controllers
and
cost
functions.

Bayesian
method is
used
to
update each
neuron's
beliefs and
the whole
network's
estimation
of the state
space

Use of
Paradigm of
Multi-Agen
Systems
(MAS)

basi
infrastructure
necessary for
th
development
of MARS.

Conclusion:From the above 10 research paper

summaries we can identify scope and new
domains that are now in current use or of
importance in agreement to feild of robotics
and hence are important in betterment of
existing applications and introduction in new
feilds to channel resources and perform
tasks effectively using robotics.

PROBLEM SOLVING
INTRODUCTION

Real-world problems frequently don't loan themselves to an algorithmic

arrangement. People, be that as it may, adapt to these issues regardless
of their frail critical thinking strategies. Rather than attempting to build
calculations to tackle issues AI scientists have focused on utilizing the
more fruitful strategies utilized by people. This paper surveys the range of
critical thinking in the field of Artificial Intelligence. This incorporates
issue representation for computation, "weak" strategies for hunting down
an issues arrangement, learning representations that encourage more
productive pursuit procedures and arranging - a propelled critical thinking
method
Contribution to Incomplete and Noisy Information Problem Solving by Artificial Intelligence
Principles :

Designing or assembling area learning is once in a while in the frame

required by these frameworks. Besides, we need to tackle an absence of
data, nearness of inadequate and boisterous information about explained
complex analytic framework from unwavering quality, ideal and prescient
assembling perspective. Choice bolster purposes require for the learning
supplier to think about essential "cause-impact" connections however not
be in a position to declare that different connections are nonexistent. The
utilization of most extreme entropy surmising in prevailing upon
unverifiable data is usually legitimized by a data theoretic contention.
This commitment manages a conceivable protest to this data theoretic
support, introduces a probabilistic thinking strategy and a most extreme
entropy application, which can gauge missing data by making some kind
of worldwide supposition and give guidance in light of the information
accessible. Some indicative issues could be worked in a disorderly
manner. Accomplished results demonstrating how the fractal
measurement and entropy portraying the tumultuous movement rely on
upon the working attributes of the gadget. Symptomatic recurrence
waves could likewise prompt disorganized variances in the time
development of the transmitted forces.
Global Research on Artifi cial Intelligence : Spatially-Explicit Bibliometric Analysis

In this article, we led the assessment of artificial insight inquire about

from 19902014 by utilizing bibliometric examination. We presented
spatial investigation and interpersonal organization examination as

geographic data recovery techniques for spatially-express bibliometric

examination. This study depends on the examination of information
acquired from database of the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIExpanded) and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (CPCI-S).
Our outcomes uncovered scientific yields, subject classifications and
fundamental diaries, creator profitability and geographic appropriation,
global efficiency and joint effort, and hot issues and research patterns.
The development of article yields in artificial knowledge inquire about has
detonated since the 1990s, alongside expanding joint effort, reference,
and references. Software engineering and building were the most much of
the time utilized subject classes as a part of artificial insight concentrates
on. The United States has the most astounding number of top research
establishments in artificial knowledge, creating most single-nation and
community oriented articles. In spite of the fact that there is increasingly
coordinated effort among foundations, collaboration, particularly
worldwide ones, are not exceedingly common in artificial insight
investigate not surprisingly. The watchword examination uncovered
intriguing exploration inclinations, confirmed that strategies, models, and
application are in the focal position of artificial insight. Facilitate, we
discovered intriguing related watchwords with high co-event frequencies,
which have recognized new models and application regions lately.
Bibliometric examination comes about because of our study will
enormously encourage the comprehension of the advance and patterns in
artificial insight, specifically, for those scientists intrigued by area specific
AI-driven critical thinking. This will be of extraordinary help for the uses of
AI in option fields all in all and geographic data science, specifically.

Problem-solving method with semantic net based on DNA computing in artificial intelligence

Semantic Net is among the critical thinking frameworks in computerized

reasoning fields. In this paper, we show how to outline DNA-wrote
Semantic Net so as to apply DNA processing to counterfeit consciousness.
In addition, we propose a critical thinking strategy with DNA-wrote
Semantic Net. In this technique, it is conceivable to reason out a
reference question by utilizing DNA processing calculation. Proposed DNAwrote Semantic Net is utilized as an atomic learning based framework.
Vertexes and edges of the DNA-wrote Semantic Net are encoded to four
sorts of nucleotide, Single-stranded DNAs are hybridized and ligated to let
them the twofold stranded DNAs with the reciprocal groupings of
information atoms and learning based ones. For the sub-atomic

information based framework, we appraise the computational

multifaceted nature by utilizing a reenactment. Proposed critical thinking
technique is performed by DNA-based PC for a future era of computerized
reasoning.

Distributed artificial intelligence for multi-agent problem solving and group learning

The advances in data innovation have made PC systems pervasive. The

expanding employments of dispersed preparing and electronic meeting
frameworks that include numerous clients require the improvement of
some new standards of data framework plan that consider the conveyed,
facilitated nature of gathering critical thinking. This paper portrays a
structure for outlining bunch critical thinking frameworks based on
circulated manmade brainpower. Among the plan issues, the creators
discover the coordination components and the learning plans utilized to
be of specific significance. An execution case of a system of master
frameworks is utilized to delineate the appropriated counterfeit insight
approach.
Parallelism in Artificial Intelligence Problem Solving: A Case Study of Hearsay II

The Hearsay II discourse understanding framework (HSII) (Lesser et al

[11], Fennell [9], and Erman and Lesser [6]) is an execution of a learning
based multiprocessing counterfeit consciousness (AI) critical thinking
association. HSII is expected to speak to a critical thinking association
which is material for execution in a parallel equipment environment, for
example, C.mmp (Bell et al [2]). The essential attributes of this
association include: 1) different, various, free and nonconcurrently
executing learning sources (KS's), 2) collaborating (as far as control) by
means of a summed up type of the estimate and-test worldview including
the information coordinated summon of KS procedures, and 3) imparting
(regarding information) through a mutual writing board like information
base in which the present information state is held in a homogeneous,
multidimensional, coordinated diagram structure. The question of this
paper is to investigate a few of the consequences of such a critical
thinking association by inspecting the instruments and approaches basic
HSII which are essential for supporting its association as a
multiprocessing framework. Likewise, a multiprocessor recreation study is
introduced which subtle elements the impacts of really actualizing such a
parallel association for use in a specific application range, that of
discourse comprehension.
A KNOWLEDGE-BASED RESTRICTED PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD IN GIS APPLICATIONS

What this paper tends to address are followings. (1) A prominent normal
for some GIS applications we ever may overlook is that the capacity of
examination is not basically gave by GIS itself, GIS for the most part
assumes parts of information administration and virtual environment
development, and it is the clients of GIS programming that accomplish
that insight required procedure of critical thinking. That is to say the force
of investigation is similar powerless in established GIS. The principle
capacity of established GIS was limited in information combination or
information combination through items' positional connections. (2) Why
not give GIS a chance to execute more undertakings requiring muddled
breaking down like a dynamic counsel instead of a detached
demonstrator? Alternately how to make conventional GIS more power in
confused critical thinking? After this is a critical and testing issue both in
GIS and Artificial Intelligence. (3) The point of this paper is to build up an
efficient technique to join GIS and AI together, hence make an upgraded
GIS and empower it shows insight as more as often as possible and all the
more consequently as could be expected under the circumstances. The
key trouble this thought concerning is the utilization of multi-space
learning and meta information. So modules of thinking, arranging and
basic leadership are exceptionally vital in a genuine GIS-based
application. (4) Many GIS-based applications appear to be basic at first
look, yet in the event that what you need to look for is an exhibit for
guideline as well as a similar practicable framework, then a troublesome
issue is put advances. Since from the perspective of Artificial Intelligence
this critical thinking procedure is area cross, space open and judgment
skills required, every one of them are the examination fronts of Artificial
Intelligence. As a rule a profound mediation of Artificial Intelligence into
GIS will incredibly advance the improvement both in the uses of GIS
furthermore in the hypotheses of Artificial Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence Perspectives on Granular Computing

Granular registering concerns a specific human-driven worldview of

critical thinking by method for numerous levels of granularity what's
more, its applications in machines. It is firmly identified with Artificial
Intelligence (AI) that goes for comprehension human knowledge what's
more, its executions in machines. Essential thoughts of granular
registering have showed up in AI under different names, including
deliberation and reformulation, granularity, unpleasant set hypothesis,
remainder space hypothesis of critical thinking, various leveled issue
fathoming, progressive arranging, learning, and so forth. Be that as it
may, computerized reasoning viewpoints on granular figuring have not

been completely investigated. This part will effectively fill in such a hole.
The outcomes will have bidirectional advantages. A blend of results from
counterfeit consciousness will enhance granular figuring; granular
registering reasoning, strategy, what's more, instruments may help in
confronting the great test of figuring out the mind, which has critical
ramifications to fake machine knowledge.
An Artificial Intelligence Approach towards Investigating Corporate Bankruptcy

Corporate insolvency investigation is imperative for speculators, banks,

obtaining organizations, and additionally governments. The appraisal of
business disappointment gives huge data to governments, speculators,
shareholders, and the administration in view of which money related
choices are taken towards forestalling potential misfortunes. Similarly, by
looking into corporate destruction there could be assembled an early
cautioning signal, together uncovering the fields experiencing issues.
Additionally, these days the organizations are confronting the ranking
staff retirement, therefore being gone up against by the loss of
information. Manmade brainpower (AI) looks for the advancement of
frameworks related with human knowledge, involving thinking, learning,
and critical thinking. The most capable connected field of AI is the range
of master frameworks (ES). Notwithstanding, the ES are applications that
could duplicate the information and experience of a human master. This
paper goes for planning and executing an ES model towards corporate
liquidation examination. In this way, we have considered two or three
generation rules in light of obligation proportions (e.g. General
Indebtedness Ratio, Global Financial Autonomy Ratio, Financial Leverage
Ratio), and in addition dissolvability proportions (e.g. General Solvency
Ratio, Patrimonial Solvency Ratio). For this reason, Exsys Corvid was
utilized since it changes master learning into a structure that empowers
rendering of direction and remedy to refine execution, capacity, and
proficiency, close by bringing down preparing and expensive mistakes.
COMPUTER MANIPULABLE REPRESENTATIONS IN PROBLEM SOLVING USING AI

This part talks about PC manipulable representations in critical thinking.

In computerized reasoning, the term critical thinking is utilized as a part
of a fairly confined way. An issue exists if there is a disparity between the
apparent and the coveted condition of the world. The issue is unraveled
by adjusting the world so that this error vanishes. This suggests the issue
solver has the capacity of taking activities which can influence the
required changes. Making these activities indiscriminately does not
qualify as critical thinking, as there ought to be some kind of choice

process by which suitable activities are picked. Scholars don't manage

issues specifically; they manage representations of issues. This reality is
commonplace to the point that one doesn't understand its significance
until one endeavor to build a critical thinking program. The program does
not manage the physical world. It manages a typical representation of the
world, on the suspicion that there is an interpretation amongst images
and operations on images in the PC and states and activities in the outer
world. The entire of connected arithmetic can be appeared to be identical
way. Numbers and operations on numbers are utilized to speak to the
physical world and activities in it.
Theory Formation in Artificial Intelligence

Hypotheses regarding causal systems and causal connections are a basic

part of critical thinking in manmade brainpower. A hypothesis for
clarifying a given perception ought to fulfill limitations in light of causal
information. In this paper, we introduce another way to deal with
hypothesis development. Under this approach, a hypothesis is shaped by
prevailing upon causal limitations. The thinking technique is limitation
fulfillment. Each cognizant arrangement of causal systems found by the
strategy instantiates the space causal model to produce a causal theory.
On the off chance that the space causal model is valid, then it can be
demonstrated that one of the causal theories created is valid. On account
of utilizing multi-level imperatives, a hypothesis is refined into more
subtle elements by thinking top-down through the levels of requirements.

INCOMPLETE
AND NOISY
PROBLEM
SOLVING

SPATIALLY
EXPLICIT
BIBILOMETRIC
ANALYSIS

SEMANTIC NET
BASED DNA
COMPUTING
MULTI-AGENT
PROBLEM
SOLVING AND
GROUP
LEARNING

PARALLELISM

GIS
APPLICATIONS

technique
Complex
analytic
framework

examination
of information
acquired from
database of
the Science
Citation Index
Expanded
apply DNA
processing to
counterfeit
consciousness
include
numerous
clients require
the
improvement
of some new
standards of
data
framework
execution of a
learning based
multiprocessin
g counterfeit
consciousness

critical
thinking
procedure is
area cross,

advantage
fractal
measurement
and entropy
portraying the
tumultuous
movement
advance and
patterns in
artificial
insight

disadvantage
Protest to data
theoretic
support

accuracy
85-87%

Lots of
feedback
reaction
should be
acquired to be
accurate

65-80%

atomic
learning based
framework

Lots of
precision
Is required in
handling.
delineates the
appropriated
counterfeit
insight
approach

97-99%

Multi
processer
reaction study
shows heavy
reaction goals.

80-90%

Very costly
and consumes
a lot of
space ,data &

82-85%

discover the
coordination
components
and the
learning plans
utilized to be
of specific
significance
inspecting the
instruments
and
approaches
basic HSII
which are
essential for
supporting its
association as
a
multiprocessin
g framework
efficient
technique to
join GIS and AI
together

75-80%

PERSPECTIVES
ON GRANULAR
COMPUTING

APPROACH
TOWARDS
INVESTIGATIN
G CORPORATE
BANKRUPTCY
COMPUTER
MANIPULABLE
REPRESENTATI
ON

THEORY
FORMATION IN
AI
CONCLUSION

space open
and judgment
skills required
Fathoming,
progressive
arranging,
learning

Thinking,
learning and
critical
thinking,
Building ES
model
Critical
thinking

Hypothesis
with casual
limitations

time

counterfeit
consciousness
enhances
granular
figuring;
granular
registering
reasoning
Gives a very
accurate
result

Fake machine
language

87-89%

24 hr. system
updatation is
required

92-95%

Gives a
definite result
if sudden
changes do
not occur in
physical world
Thinking
technique

Sudden
changes can
create havoc

75-80%

Sometimes
gives false
predictions

65-70%

By utilizing the strategy for bibliometric examination, an unmistakable

comprehension of the worldwide patterns in AI inquire about examples
amid 19902014 was created in this study. The measure of AI production
gave a strong development an expanding number of articles. This can be
viewed as another exploration upsurge in AI after the fast improvement
from the 1990s. "Software engineering" and "building" were the two
noteworthy subject classes. Artificial Intelligence is the most vital diary
with the most astounding number of references per article. The main 20
beneficial creators are identified. We saw a theme that collaboration was
not pervasive in AI inquire about. The geographic data representation
approach is utilized to speak to the overall geographic dissemination of
creators in AI. Comes about demonstrate the creators are for the most
part circulated in USA, West Europe, and East Asia, exceptionally
associated with the venture of R and D and populace thickness. From the
nation/region and organization level, we examined the global efficiency
and joint effort. USA and Chinese Academy of Sciences delivered the
biggest number of single-nation and globally worked together articles.
NetworkanalysissuggestedthatUSAwasinthecentralpositionofinternationalc
ollaborationnetwork. In any case, in light of the investigation on the

reference, MIT is the top establishment in the exploration of artificial

insight. Additionally,
bothnationalandinternationalcollaborationarenotprevalentinAIresearch.
With the catchphrases examination, we investigated the exploration
designs by arranged the watchwords into two gatherings: technique and
model, application, and the pervasive research point examples were
likewise determined in these two fields. As far as co-word investigation,
we found a few fascinating watchwords withhighcooccurrencefrequencies. Basedontherecentresearchinartificialintelligence,
weanalyzed the future research drifts in the field of AI, and more
techniques and models can be connected to explain the application later
on. Our study uncovers designs in scientific yields and scholastic
coordinated efforts identified with AI, and serves as an option and
creative method for uncovering worldwide research patterns. The
strategy and aftereffect of this article may serve for future research as an
option exhibit of research headways. In this study, we meant to uncover
the exploration example and patterns of AI studies from alternate points
of view.
Forfuturestudy,wewillfocusontheimprovementofbibliometricanalysis.
First,wewill
usemorebibliometricindicatorstofurtherstrengthenthebibliometricanalysis.
Second,moremethods in spatial examination, geovisualization, and
informal community investigation will be acquainted with bibliometric
examination inside a spatially-express setting. In this study, we utilized
geocoding and KDE as geospatial ways to deal with support the spatiallyunequivocal bibliometric examination of AI studies. In future work, we will
use, for instance, spatial autocorrelation ways to deal with investigate
spatially-subordinate attributes in bibliometric information at option levels
(e.g., nation, state/territory). Promote, point design investigation can be
enlisted to recognize the spatial plan of bibliometric information (e.g.,
bunched, arbitrary, or standard). These future headings, as we accept,
will assist propel the investigation of bibliometric examination inside
spatially-unequivocal settings. This need is opportune, with the expanding
accessibility of bibliometric information and the fast and constant
improvement of GIS and spatial investigation.

Perception (image):-

SummaryGeneral Purpose Face Recognition

We describe an eigenspace manifold for the representation and recognition of pose-varying
faces. The distribution of faces in this manifold allows us to determine theoretical recognition
characteristics which are then verified experimentally. Using this manifold a framework is
proposed which can be used for both familiar and unfamiliar face recognition. A simple
implementation demonstrates the pose dependent nature of the system over the transition
from unfamiliar to familiar face recognition. Furthermore we show that multiple test images,
whether real or virtual, can be used to augment the recognition process. The results compare
favorably with reported human face recognition experiments. Finally, we describe how this
framework can be used as a mechanism for characterizing faces from video for general
purpose recognition.
Face detection in color images
Face detection plays an important role in applications such as video surveillance, human
computer interface, face recognition, and face image database management. We propose a
face detection algorithm for color images in the presence of varying lighting conditions as well
as complex backgrounds. Based on a novel lighting compensation technique and a nonlinear
color transformation, our method detects skin regions over the entire image and then
generates face candidates based on the spatial arrangement of these skin patches. The
algorithm constructs eye, mouth, and boundary maps for verifying each face candidate.
Experimental results demonstrate successful face detection over a wide range of facial
variations in color, position, scale, orientation, 3D pose, and expression in images from
several photo collections (both indoors and outdoors).
Biometrical Fingerprint Recognition
One of the most critical issues to solve when building multi-accessible systems, such as
computer applications, cars or physical buildings, is to determine the identity of a person. A
system protecting confidential information, or items of value, puts strong security demands
on the identification. Biometry provides us with a userfriendly method for this identification
and is becoming a competitor for current identification mechanisms, especially for electronic
transactions. However, there are ways to compromise a system based on biometric
verification. This article focuses on the drawbacks and risks of biometric verification,
specifically verification based on fingerprints. It shows how all currently available fingerprint
scanners can be fooled by dummies that are created with very limited means and skills.
This article should be read as a warning to those thinking of using new methods of
identification without first examining the technical opportunities for compromising the
identification mechanism and the associated legal consequences. This is especially true for
people working with smart cards since it is quite common to store fingerprints on smart cards
and due to the developments in solid state fingerprint scanners, integration of a fingerprint
scanner on a smart card is possible.

Text information extraction in images and video

Text data present in images and video contain useful information for automatic annotation, indexing, and
structuring of images. Extraction of this information involves detection, localization, tracking, extraction,
enhancement, and recognition of the text from a given image. However, variations of text due to differences

in size, style, orientation, and alignment, as well as low image contrast and complex background make the
problem of automatic text extraction extremely challenging. While comprehensive surveys of related
problems such as face detection, document analysis, and image & video indexing can be found, the
problem of text information extraction is not well surveyed. A large number of techniques have been
proposed to address this problem, and the purpose of this paper is to classify and review these algorithms,
discuss benchmark data and performance evaluation, and to point out promising directions for future
research.

Three-dimensional object recognition from single two-dimensional images

A computer vision system has been implemented that can recognize three-dimensional objects from
unknown viewpoints in single gray-scale images. Unlike most other approaches, the recognition is
accomplished without any attempt to reconstruct depth information bottom-up from the visual input. Instead,
three other mechanisms are used that can bridge the gap between the two-dimensional image and
knowledge of three-dimensional objects. First, a process of perceptual organization is used to form
groupings and structures in the image that are likely to be invariant over a wide range of viewpoints.
Second, a probabilistic ranking method is used to reduce the size of the search space during model-based
matching. Finally, a process of spatial correspondence brings the projections of three-dimensional models
into direct correspondence with the image by solving for unknown viewpoint and model parameters. A high
level of robustness in the presence of occlusion and missing data can be achieved through full application
of a viewpoint consistency constraint. It is argued that similar mechanisms and constraints form the basis
for recognition in human vision.

Iris recognition
This paper examines automated iris recognition as a biometrically based technology for
personal identification and verification. The motivation for this endeavor stems from the
observation that the human iris provides a particularly interesting structure on which to base
a technology for noninvasive biometric assessment. In particular the biomedical literature
suggests that irises are as distinct as fingerprints or patterns of retinal blood vessels. Further,
since the iris is an overt body, its appearance is amenable to remote examination with the aid
of a machine vision system. The body of this paper details issues in the design and operation
of such systems. For the sake of illustration, extant systems are described in some amount of
detail.

Fast and inexpensive color image segmentation for

interactive robots

Vision systems employing region segmentation by color are crucial in real-time mobile robot
applications. With careful attention to algorithm efficiency, fast color image segmentation can
be accomplished using commodity image capture and CPU hardware. This paper describes a
system capable of tracking several hundred regions of up to 32 colors at 30 Hz on general
purpose commodity hardware. The software system consists of: a novel implementation of a
threshold classifier, a merging system to form regions through connected components, a
separation and sorting system that gathers various region features, and a top down merging
heuristic to approximate perceptual grouping. A key to the efficiency of our approach is a new
method for accomplishing color space thresholding that enables a pixel to be classified into
one or more, up to 32 colors, using only two logical AND operations. The algorithms and
representations are described, as well as descriptions of three applications in which it has
been used.

Real-time surveillance of people and their activities

A real time visual surveillance system for detecting and tracking multiple people and
monitoring their activities in an outdoor environment. It operates on monocular grayscale
video imagery, or on video imagery from an infrared camera. It employs a combination of
shape analysis and tracking to locate people and their parts (head, hands, feet, torso) and to
create models of people's appearance so that they can be tracked through interactions such
as occlusions. It can determine whether a foreground region contains multiple people and can
segment the region into its constituent people and track them. W/sup 4/ can also determine
whether people are carrying objects, and can segment objects from their silhouettes, and
construct appearance models for them so they can be identified in subsequent frames. W/sup
4/ can recognize events between people and objects, such as depositing an object,
exchanging bags, or removing an object.

Anatomy of 1986 Augustine volcano eruptions as recorded by multispectral image processing of digital
AVHRR weather satellite data
Eighteen digital AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) data sets from NOAA-6 and NOAA-9
polar-orbiting satellites recorded between 27 March and 7 April 1986 depict the eruptive activity of
Augustine volcano, located 280 km SW of Anchorage, Alaska. The synoptic view (resolution of either 1.1 or
4.4 km), frequent coverage (often twice a day), and multispectral coverage (five bands: 0.580.68; 0.72
1.1; 3.553.93; 10.511.3; and 11.512.5 m) makes the AVHRR broadly applicable to analyzing explosive
eruption clouds. The small scale of the Augustine activity (column heights of 213 km and eruption rates of
2x1068x107metric tonnes/day) facilitated intensive multispectral study because the plumes generally
covered areas within the 550x550 km area of one easily manipulated image field. Hourly ground weather
data and twice-daily radiosonde measurements from stations surrounding the volcano plus numerous
volcanological observations were made throughout the eruption, providing important ground truth with
which to calibrate the satellite data. The total erupted volume is estimated to be at least 0.102 km3. The
pattern of changing eruption rates determined by satellite observations generally correlate with more
detailed estimates of explosion magnitudes. Multispectral processing techniques were used to distinguish
eruption clouds from meteorological clouds. Variable weather during the Augustine eruption offered an
opportunity to test various trial algorithms. A ratio between thermal IR channels four and five, served to
delineate the ashbearing eruption plumes from ordinary clouds. Future work is needed to determine
whether the successful multispectral discrimination is caused by wavelength-dependent variable emission
of silicate ash or reflects a spectral role of sulfuric acid aerosol in the plume.

Cancer detection by quantitative fluorescence image analysis.

Quantitative fluorescence image analysis is a rapidly evolving biophysical cytochemical technology with the
potential for multiple clinical and basic research applications. We report the application of this technique
for bladder cancer detection and discuss its potential usefulness as an adjunct to methods used currently by
urologists for the diagnosis and management of bladder cancer. Quantitative fluorescence image analysis is
a cytological method that incorporates 2 diagnostic techniques, quantitation of nuclear deoxyribonucleic
acid and morphometric analysis, in a single semiautomated system to facilitate the identification of rare
events, that is individual cancercells. When compared to routine cytopathology for detection of bladder
cancer in symptomatic patients, quantitative fluorescence image analysis demonstrated greater sensitivity
(76 versus 33 per cent) for the detection of low grade transitional cellcarcinoma. The specificity of
quantitative fluorescence image analysis in a small control group was 94 per cent and with the manual
method for quantitation of absolute nuclear fluorescence intensity in the screening of high risk
asymptomatic subjects the specificity was 96.7 per cent. The more familiar flow cytometry is another
fluorescence technique for measurement of nucleardeoxyribonucleic acid. However, rather than identifying
individual cancercells, flow cytometry identifies cellular pattern distributions, that is the ratio of normal to
abnormal cells. Numerous studies by others have shown that flow cytometry is a sensitive method to
monitor patients with diagnosed urological disease. Based upon results in separate quantitative
fluorescence image analysis and flow cytometry studies, it appears that these 2 fluorescence techniques may
be complementary tools for urological screening, diagnosis and management, and that they also may be
useful separately or in combination to elucidate the oncogenic process, determine the biological potential of
tumors and monitor the results of chemopreventive, immunological and chemotherapeutic regimens. To
our knowledge there has been no study in which quantitative fluorescence image analysis and flow
cytometry were compared directly to assess the relative strengths and weaknesses for urinary tract cytology.
Such a study could provide important information for urologists.

Comparison Table

Face detection in
color images
Biometrical
Fingerprint
Recognition
Text information
extraction in images
and video

To detect the faces in

an image.
To recognize the
fingerprint.

Advantage
Criminal recognition,
customerrecognition
in shopping
Focus on faces for
better image.
Mora secure locking
system.

To extract a text from

image or video.

Text digitalization,
language conversion.

Three-dimensional
object recognition
from single twodimensional images
Iris recognition

To recognize the
object like human.

automation

To recognize the iris

of human.
To recognize the
objectfor
interactive robot

Mora secure locking

system.
automation

General Purpose
Face Recognition

Fast and
inexpensive
color image
segmentation
for interactive

Aim
To recognize the face
from a database.

Technique
General purpose
recognition

Identifying the
contrast difference
and matching it with
database.
Matching with
database and labeling
it.

Identifying facial
candidate
Identifying the
pattern in the finger.

Identifying the
pattern in the iris
color image
segmentation

robots
Real-time
surveillance of
people and their
activities

Anatomy of 1986
Augustine volcano
eruptions as recorded
by multispectral
image processing of
digital AVHRR
weather satellite data
Cancer detection by
quantitative
fluorescence image
analysis

For detecting and

tracking multiple
people and
monitoring their
activities in an
outdoor
environment
To track the volcano
eruption.

Security
improvement

Identifying
bodycandidate(hand,
legs,etc..)

Can save the lives.

Detection of amount
of eruption.

To detect cancer.

Early detection of
cancer.

Quantitative
fluorescence image
analysis.

ConclusionWe have learned that by combining image processing and artificialintelligence we

canachieve some remarkable application which can make our world more safer,
smarter, connectedand easier. Moreover due to A.I the systems are learning itself
and are becoming more better.

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