Henri Lefebvre

For the French wrestler, see Henri Lefbvre (wrestler).

In 1961, Lefebvre became professor of sociology at the

University of Strasbourg, before joining the faculty at
the new university at Nanterre in 1965.[10] He was one
of the most respected professors, and he had inuenced
and analysed the May 1968 student revolt.[11] Lefebvre
introduced the concept of the right to the city in his 1968
book Le Droit la ville[12][13] (the publication of the book
predates the May 1968 revolts which took place in many
French cities). Following the publication of this book,
Lefebvre wrote several inuential works on cities, urbanism, and space, including The Production of Space
(1974), which became one of the most inuential and
heavily cited works of urban theory. By the 1970s, Lefebvre had also published some of the rst critical statements
on the work of post-structuralists, especially Foucault.[14]
During the following years he was involved in the editorial group of Arguments, a New Left magazine which
largely served to enable the French public to familiarize
themselves with Central European revisionism.[15]

Henri Lefebvre (French: [lfv]; 16 June 1901

29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and
sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of
everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right
to the city and the production of social space, and for his
work on dialectics, alienation, and criticism of Stalinism,
existentialism, and structuralism. In his prolic career,
Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred
articles.[4]

Biography

Lefebvre was born in Hagetmau, Landes, France. He

studied philosophy at the University of Paris (the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was work- Lefebvre died in 1991. In his obituary, Radical Philosoing with Paul Nizan, Norbert Guterman, Georges phy magazine honored his long and complex career and
Friedmann, Georges Politzer and Pierre Morhange inuence:
in the Philosophies group seeking a philosophical
revolution.[5] This brought them into contact with the
the most prolic of French Marxist intellectuSurrealists, Dadaists, and other groups, before they
als, died during the night of 2829 June 1991,
moved towards the French Communist Party (PCF).
less than a fortnight after his ninetieth birthLefebvre joined the PCF in 1928 and became one of the
day. During his long career, his work has gone
most prominent French Marxist Intellectuals during the
in and out of fashion several times, and has insecond quarter of the 20th century, before joining the
uenced the development not only of philosoFrench resistance.[6] From 1944 to 1949, he was the diphy but also of sociology, geography, political
rector of Radiodiusion Franaise, a French radio broadscience and literary criticism.[16]
caster in Toulouse. Among his works was a highly inuential, anti-Stalinist, text on dialectics called Dialectical Materialism (1940). Seven years later, Lefebvre published his rst volume of The Critique of Everyday Life.[7] 2 The critique of everyday life
His early work on method was applauded and borrowed
centrally by Sartre in The Critique of Dialectical Reason One of Lefebvres most important contributions to so(1960). During Lefebvres thirty-year stint with the PCF, cial thought is the idea of the critique of everyday
he was chosen to publish critical attacks on opposed the- life, which he pioneered in the 1930s. Lefebvre deorists, especially existentialists like Sartre and Lefebvres ned everyday life dialectically as the intersection of ilformer colleague Nizan,[8] only to intentionally get him- lusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersecself expelled from the party for his own heterodox theo- tion of the sector man controls and the sector he does
retical and political opinions in the late 1950s. Ironically, not control,[17] and is where the perpetually transformahe then went from serving as a primary intellectual for the tive conict occurs between diverse, specic rhythms: the
PCF to becoming one of Frances most important critics bodys polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physioof the PCFs politics (e.g. immediately, the lack of an logical (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms (Lefebvre
opinion on Algeria, and more generally, the partial apol- and Rgulier, 1985: 73).[18] The everyday was in short,
ogism for and continuation of Stalinism) and intellectual the space in which all life occurred, and between which all
thought (i.e. Structuralism, especially the work of Louis fragmented activities took place. It was the residual.[19]
Althusser).[9]
While the theme presented itself in many works, it was
1

3 THE SOCIAL PRODUCTION OF SPACE

most notably outlined in his eponymous 3 volume study, signicance is socially produced (i.e. social space).[22]
which came out in individual installments, decades apart, Lefebvre analyses each historical mode as a three-part
in 1947, 1961, and 1981.
dialectic between everyday practices and perceptions (le
(le conu) and
Lefebvre argued that everyday life was an underdevel- peru), representations or theories of space[23]
the
spatial
imaginary
of
the
time
(le
vcu).
oped sector compared to technology and production,
and moreover that in the mid 20th century, capitalism
changed such that everyday life was to be colonized
turned into a zone of sheer consumption. In this zone
of everydayness (boredom) shared by everyone in society regardless of class or specialty, autocritique of everyday realities of boredom vs. societal promises of free
time and leisure, could lead to people understanding and
then revolutionizing their everyday lives. This was essential to Lefebvre because everyday life was where he
saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without
revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue
to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real
self-expression. The critique of everyday life was crucial
because it was for him only through the development of
the conditions of human liferather than abstract control
of productive forcesthat humans could reach a concrete
utopian existence.[20]
Lefebvres work on everyday life was heavily inuential in
French theory, particularly for the Situationists, as well as
in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts).[21]

The social production of space

Lefebvre dedicated a great deal of his philosophical writings to understanding the importance of (the production
of) space in what he called the reproduction of social relations of production. This idea is the central argument
in the book The Survival of Capitalism, written as a sort
of prelude to La Production de lespace (1974) (The Production of Space). These works have deeply inuenced
current urban theory, mainly within human geography, as
seen in the current work of authors such as David Harvey,
Dolores Hayden, and Edward Soja, and in the contemporary discussions around the notion of Spatial justice.
Lefebvre is widely recognized as a Marxist thinker who
was responsible for widening considerably the scope of
Marxist theory, embracing everyday life and the contemporary meanings and implications of the ever expanding
reach of the urban in the western world throughout the
20th century. The generalization of industry, and its relation to cities (which is treated in La Pense marxiste et
la ville), The Right to the City and The Urban Revolution
were all themes of Lefebvres writings in the late 1960s,
which was concerned, among other aspects, with the deep
transformation of the city into the urban which culminated in its omni-presence (the complete urbanization
of society).
Lefebvre contends that there are dierent modes of production of space (i.e. spatialization) from natural space
('absolute space') to more complex spatialities whose

Lefebvres argument in The Production of Space is that

space is a social product, or a complex social construction
(based on values, and the social production of meanings)
which aects spatial practices and perceptions. This argument implies the shift of the research perspective from
space to processes of its production; the embrace of the
multiplicity of spaces that are socially produced and made
productive in social practices; and the focus on the contradictory, conictual, and, ultimately, political character
of the processes of production of space.[24] As a Marxist theorist (but highly critical of the economic structuralism that dominated the academic discourse in his period),
Lefebvre argues that this social production of urban space
is fundamental to the reproduction of society, hence of
capitalism itself. The social production of space is commanded by a hegemonic class as a tool to reproduce its
dominance (see Antonio Gramsci).

"(Social) space is a (social) product [...] the

space thus produced also serves as a tool of
thought and of action [...] in addition to being
a means of production it is also a means of control, and hence of domination, of power.[25]

Lefebvre argued that every society - and therefore every

mode of production - produces a certain space, its own
space. The city of the ancient world cannot be understood
as a simple agglomeration of people and things in space
- it had its own spatial practice, making its own space
(which was suitable for itself - Lefebvre argues that the
intellectual climate of the city in the ancient world was
very much related to the social production of its spatiality). Then if every society produces its own space, any
social existence aspiring to be or declaring itself to be
real, but not producing its own space, would be a strange
entity, a very peculiar abstraction incapable of escaping
the ideological or even cultural spheres. Based on this argument, Lefebvre criticized Soviet urban planners on the
basis that they failed to produce a socialist space, having
just reproduced the modernist model of urban design (interventions on physical space, which were insucient to
grasp social space) and applied it onto that context:

Change life! Change Society! These ideas

lose completely their meaning without producing an appropriate space. A lesson to be
learned from soviet constructivists from the
1920s and 30s, and of their failure, is that new
social relations demand a new space, and viceversa.[26]

3.1

Criticism to 'The social production of

space' and response

In his book The Urban Question, Manuel Castells criticizes Lefebvres Marxist Humanism and approach to the
city inuenced by Hegel and Nietzsche. Castells political criticisms of Lefebvres approach to Marxism echoed
the Structuralist Scientic Marxism school of Louis Althusser of which Lefebvre was an immediate critic. Many
responses to Castells are provided in The Survival of Capitalism, and some may argue that the acceptance of those
critiques in the academic world would be a motive for
Lefebvres eort in writing the long and theoretically
dense The Production of Space.

Bibliography

1947 Critique de la vie quotidienne, L'Arche

1942 Le Don Juan du Nord, Europe revue mensuelle 28, April 1948, pp. 73104.
1950 Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic
Thought in France and the USA Albany N.Y.: State
University of New York Press. pp. 281300 (2nd
ed. 1968).
1958 Problmes actuels du marxisme, Paris: Presses
universitaires de France; 4th edition, 1970, Collection Initiation philosophique
1958 (with Lucien Goldmann, Claude Roy, Tristan
Tzara) Le romantisme rvolutionnaire, Paris: La
Nef.
1961 Critique de la vie quotidienne II, Fondements
d'une sociologie de la quotidiennet, Paris: L'Arche.

1925 "Positions d'attaque et de dfense du nouveau

mysticisme", Philosophies 56 (March). pp. 471
506. (Pt. 2 of the Philosophy of Consciousness
(Philosophie de la conscience) project on being, consciousness and identity, originally proposed as a
DES[27] thesis to Lon Brunschvicg and eventually
abandonedLefebvres DES 1920 thesis was titled
Pascal et Jansnius (Pascal and Jansenius).)[1][28]

1963 La valle de Campan - Etude de sociologie rurale, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

1934 with Norbert Guterman, Morceaux choisis de

Karl Marx, Paris: NRF (numerous reprintings).

1968 Le Droit la ville, Paris: Anthropos (2nd ed.);

Paris: Ed. du Seuil, Collection Points.

1936 with Norbert Guterman, La Conscience mystie, Paris: Gallimard (new ed. Paris: Le Sycomore,
1979).

1968 La vie quotidienne dans le monde moderne,

Paris: Gallimard, Collection Ides. Trans. Sacha
Rabinovitch as Everyday Life in the Modern World.
Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1971.

1937 Le nationalisme contre les nations (Preface

by Paul Nizan), Paris: ditions sociales internationales (reprinted, Paris: Mridiens-Klincksliek,
1988, Collection Analyse institutionnelle, Prsentation M. Trebitsch, Postface Henri Lefebvre).
1938 Hitler au pouvoir, bilan de cinq annes de fascisme en Allemagne, Paris: Bureau d'ditions.
1938 with Norbert Guterman, Morceaux choisis de
Hegel, Paris: Gallimard (3 reprintings 19381939;
in the reprinted Collection Ides, 2 vols. 1969).
1938 with Norbert Guterman, Cahiers de Lnine sur
la dialectique de Hegel, Paris: Gallimard.
1939 Nietzsche, Paris: ditions sociales internationales.
1946 L'Existentialisme, Paris: ditions du Sagittaire.
1947 Logique formelle, logique dialectique, Vol. 1
of A la lumire du matrialisme dialectique, written
in 194041 (2nd volume censored). Paris: ditions
sociales.
1947 Descartes, Paris: ditions Hier et Aujourd'hui.

1965 Mtaphilosophie, foreword by Jean Wahl,

Paris: ditions de Minuit, Collection Arguments.
1965 La Proclamation de la Commune, Paris: Gallimard, Collection Trente Journes qui ont fait la
France.

1968 Dialectical Materialism, rst published 1940

by Presses Universitaires de France, as Le Matrialisme Dialectique. First English translation published
1968 by Jonathan Cape Ltd. ISBN 0-224-61507-6
1968 Sociology of Marx, N. Guterman trans. of
1966c, New York: Pantheon.
1969 The Explosion: From Nanterre to the Summit,
Paris: Monthly Review Press. Originally published
1968.
1970 La rvolution urbaine Paris: Gallimard, Collection Ides.
1971 Le manifeste direntialiste, Paris: Gallimard,
Collection Ides.
1971 Au-del du structuralisme, Paris: Anthropos.
1972 La pense marxiste et la ville, Tournai and
Paris: Casterman.
1973 La survie du capitalisme; la re-production des
rapports de production. Trans. Frank Bryant as The
Survival of Capitalism. London: Allison and Busby,
1976.

5
1974 La production de l'espace, Paris: Anthropos.
Translation and Prcis.
1974 with Leszek Koakowski Evolution or Revolution, F. Elders, ed. Reexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind, London: Souvenir. pp. 199267.
ISBN 0-285-64742-3
1975 Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, ou le royaume des ombres, Paris: Tournai, Casterman. Collection Synthses contemporaines. ISBN 2-203-23109-2
1975 Le temps des mprises: Entretiens avec Claude
Glayman, Paris: Stock. ISBN 2-234-00174-9
1978 with Catherine Rgulier La rvolution n'est
plus ce qu'elle tait, Paris: ditions Libres-Hallier
(German trans. Munich, 1979). ISBN 2-26400849-0
1978 Les contradictions de l'Etat moderne, La dialectique de l'Etat, Vol. 4 of 4 De 1'Etat, Paris: UGE,
Collection 10/18.
1980 La prsence et l'absence, Paris: Casterman.
ISBN 2-203-23172-6
1981 Critique de la vie quotidienne, III. De la modernit au modernisme (Pour une mtaphilosophie du
quotidien) Paris: L'Arche.
1981 De la modernit au modernisme: pour une mtaphilosophie du quotidien, Paris: L'Arche Collection Le sens de la march".
1985 with Catherine Rgulier-Lefebvre, Le projet
rythmanalytique Communications 41. pp. 191
199.
1986 with Serge Renaudie and Pierre Guilbaud,
International Competition for the New Belgrade
Urban Structure Improvement, in Autogestion, or
Henri Lefebvre in New Belgrade, Vancouver: Fillip
Editions. ISBN 978-0-9738133-5-7
1988 Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marxs Death, D. Reifman trans., L.Grossberg and C.Nelson (eds.) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Urbana: University of Illinois Press; New York: Macmillan. pp.
7588. ISBN 0-252-01108-2

REFERENCES

1992 with Catherine Regulier-Lefebvre lments de

rythmanalyse: Introduction la connaissance des rythmes, preface by Ren Lorau, Paris: Ed. Syllepse,
Collection Explorations et dcouvertes. English
translation: Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life, Stuart Elden, Gerald Moore trans. Continuum, New York, 2004.
1995 Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes
September 1959-May 1961, J. Moore, trans., London: Verso. Originally published 1962. ISBN 185984-961-X
1996 Writings on Cities, Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19187-9
2003 Key Writings, Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas,
Eleonore Kofman, eds. London/New York: Continuum.
2009 State, Space, World: Selected Essay, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden, eds. Gerald Moore, Neil Brenner,
Stuart Elden trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2014 Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment., L.
Stanek ed., R. Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), the rst publication in
any language of the book written in 1973.

5 References
[1] Schrift (2006), p. 152.
[2] Schrift (2006), p. 153.
[3] Ian H. Birchall, Sartre against Stalinism, Berghahn Books,
2004, p. 176: Sartre praised highly [Lefebvres] work on
sociological methodology, saying of it: 'It remains regrettable that Lefebvre has not found imitators among other
Marxist intellectuals.
[4] Shields, Rob (1999). Lefebvre Love and Struggle. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09370-8.
[5] Michel Trebitsch: Introduction to Critique of Everyday
Life, Vol. 1

1991 The Critique of Everyday Life, Volume 1, John

Moore trans., London: Verso. Originally published
1947. ISBN 0-86091-340-6

[6] Mark Poster, 1975, Existential Marxism in Postwar

France: From Sartre to Althusser, Princeton University
Press

1991 with Patricia Latour and Francis Combes,

Conversation avec Henri Lefebvre P. Latour and F.
Combes, eds. Paris: Messidor, Collection Libres
propos.

[7] Lefebvre on the Situationists: AnInterview. Retrieved

17 May 2016.

1991 The Production of Space, Donald NicholsonSmith trans., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Originally
published 1974. ISBN 0-631-14048-4

[8] Radical Philosophy obituary, Spring 1992

[9] Henri Lefebvre and Leszek Koakowski. Evolution or
Revolution; F. Elders (ed.), Reexive Water: The Basic
Concerns of Mankind, London: Souvenir. pp. 199267.
ISBN 0-285-64742-3

[10] Prface de : Henri Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life.

Volume III. (1981)". Retrieved 17 May 2016.

7 Further reading

[11] Vincent Cespedes, May 68, Philosophy is in the Street!

(Larousse, Paris, 2008).

Rob Shields, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics

(London: Routledge 1999)

[12] Mark Purcell, Excavating Lefebvre: The right to the city

and its urban politics of the inhabitant, GeoJournal 58:
99108, 2002.

Stuart Elden, Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory

and the Possible (London/New York: Continuum,
2004)

[13] Right to the City as a response to the crisis: Convergence or divergence of urban social movements?, Knut
Unger, Reclaiming Spaces
[14] Radical Philosophy obituary, 1991
[15] Gombin, Richard (1971). The Origins of Modern Leftism.
Penguin. ISBN 0-14-021846-7., p40
[16] Radical Philosophy obituary, 1991.
[17] Lefebvre, Henri (1947). The Critique of Everyday Life.
Verso. ISBN 1844671941., p40
[18] Lefebvre, Henri; Regular, Catherine (2004). Rhythmanalysis. Continuum. ISBN 0826472990.
[19] Prface : Henri Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life.
Volume I. Introduction. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
[20] Elden, 2004, pp. 110126.
[21] Ross, Kristin (2005). May 68 and its afterlives. University
of Chicago. ISBN 0226727998.
[22] Place, A Short Introduction by Tim Cresswell

Andy Merrield, Henri Lefebvre: A Critical Introduction (London: Routledge, 2006)

Goonewardena, K., Kipfer, S., Milgrom, R. &
Schmid, C. eds. Space, Dierence, Everyday Life:
Reading Henri Lefebvre. (New York: Routledge,
2008)
Stanek, L. Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture,
Urban Research, and the Production of Theory.
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011)
Andrzej Zieleniec: Space and Social Theory, London 2007, p. 6097.
Chris Butler, Henri Lefebvre: Spatial Politics,
Everyday Life, and the Right to the City (New
York/London: Routledge, 2012)

8 External links
Quotations related to Henri Lefebvre at Wikiquote

[23] Shields, Rob, Places on the Margin, Routledge, 1991,

ISBN 0-415-08022-3, pp. 5058.

The Ignored Philosopher and Social Theorist: The

Work of Henri Lefebvre by Stanley Aronowitz, in:
Situations, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 133155 (PDF available).

[24] Stanek, Lukasz, Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture,

Urban Research, and the Production of Theory, University
of Minnesota Press, 2011, p. ix.

Henri Lefebvre, Urban Research and Architecture

Today

[25] Lefebvre, Henri, The Production of Space, Blackwell,

1991, ISBN 0-631-18177-6. p. 26.
[26] Lefebvre, Henri The Production of Space, Blackwell,
1991, ISBN 0-631-18177-6. p. 59

Review of The Production of Space in Not Bored

Review of The First Situationist Symphony in Not
Bored
La Somme et la Reste Newsletter (in French)

[27] DES stands for diplme d'tudes suprieures, roughly

equivalent to an MA thesis.

Henri Lefebvre: Introduction (Slideshow) by Rob

Shields

[28] Elden 2004, p. 96.

Henri Lefebvre: Philosopher of Everyday Life

(2001) by Rob Shields

Lefebvre, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics

(London: Routledge 1999) by Rob Shields Includes
largely complete bibliography of Henri Lefebvres
work.

Sources
Stuart Elden, Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible, London/New York: Continuum, 2004.
Alan D. Schrift, Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers, Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

Review of Lefebvre, Love and Struggle

An English Prcis of Henri Lefebvres La Production de l'Espace Urban and Regional Studies Working Paper (Sussex University 1986) by Rob Shields

8
Bioinformatic Alignments by Jordan Crandall
Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm
(University of Texas at Austin 1996) by Katherine
Arens
La Mthode d'Henri Lefebvre in Multitudes by
Rmi Hess (in French)
Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und
die Theorie der Produktion des Raumes by Christian
Schmid (in German)
Postmodern Spacings in Postmodern Culture by
Mark Nunes et al.
Towards a Heuristic Method: Sartre and Lefebvre
by Michael Kelly in Sartre Studies International, vol.
5, no. 1, 1999, pp. 115.
Henri Lefebvre on Space Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory by Lukasz
Stanek
ukasz Stanek: Methodologies and Situations of Urban Research:. Re-reading Henri Lefebvres The
Production of Space. In: Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History 4 (2007), pp.
461465.

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