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ANOVA

Explanations>SocialResearch>Analysis>ANOVA
ttestproblems|Fratio|Bonferronicorrection|Conditions|Testtypes|Reporting|Posttests|Discussion

ttestproblems
Asignificantproblemwiththettestisthatwetypicallyacceptsignificancewitheachttestof95%(alpha=0.05).Formultipleteststheseaccumulate
andhencereducethevalidityoftheresults.
ANalysisOfVAriance(ANOVA)overcomestheseproblemsbyusingasingletesttodetectsignificantdifferencesbetweenthetreatmentsasawhole.
ANOVAassumesparametricdata.

Fratio
Likethettest,ANOVAproducedateststatisticthatcomparesthemeansofvariables,testingthemforequality(or,hopefully,not).ThisistheFratio,
whichcomparestheamountofunsystematicvarianceinthedata(SSM)totheamountofsystematicvariance(SSR).
ThisisaprobleminthattheFratioonlysaysthatthereisadifferenceinmeans,butdoesnotsaywhichonesdifferorwhicharethesame.Thismaybe
addressedwithadditionalposthoctests.

Bonferronicondition
Inmultipletests,youcouldgobacktothettestproblemofdeterioratingalpha(theprobabilityoftype1error).ThisisaddressedwiththeBonferroni
correction,wherealphaisdividedbythenumberoftests.
Thusifyouhavesetalpha=0.05,thenwithfiveadhoctests,youreviseitto0.01andrequiretheteststatistictobelessthanthis.

Testtypes
TypesofANOVAhave'Xway'(or'Xfactor')inthetitle.Thisindicatesthenumberofindependentvariablesthatweremanipulatedinthestudy.Thus:
'Oneway'meansoneindependentvariable.
'Twoway'meanstwoindependentvariables.
etc.
Thesecondpartofthetitletellhowtheindependentvariablesaremeasured:
'Independent'meansdifferentsubjectstakepartindifferentconditions.
'Repeatedmeasures'meansthesamepeopletakepartinalltreatments.
'Mixed'meansatleastoneindependentvariablewillbemeasuredusingdifferentsubjects,andatleastoneindependentvariablewillbemeasured
usingthesamesubjects.

Reporting
TheANOVAstatisticisreportedlikethis:
TheresultsshowsthatsuckinglollipopssignificantlyincreasesIQofcollegemen,F(3,17)=2.87,p=.007.
Where:
Ftheteststatistic
3themodeldegreesoffreedom(numerator)
17residualdegreesoffreedom(denominator)
2.87valueofF,theteststatistic
.007theprobabilityofH0beingtrue

Posttests
AfteranANOVAtest,anumberofadditionaltestsmaybeusedtofurtherunderstandthedata.
Bonferroni,asabove,givesstrictcontrolbutcangive'falsepositive'results.
REGWQandTukeyHSDhavegoodpowertohandleType1errors.
Ifthesamplesizevariesalittle,useGabriel'sprocedure.Ifitvariessignificantly,useHochberg'sGT2.
Ifthepopulationmaynothavehomogeneousvariance,thenGamesHowellmaybeused.
NewmanKeulsandScheffetestsarethemostconservative.
TheseareallavailableinSPSS.
Theeffectandpowermayalsobemeasured,todeterminethevalue

Discussion

ANOVAisalsoknownasFisher'sANOVAorFisher'sanalysisofvarianceafteritsoriginator,R.A.Fisherinthe1920s.
Whencomparingtwogroupstoseeiftheyaresimilar,ANOVAcomparesonlythemeans,inthesamewayasthettest.Despiteitsname,itdoesnot
assessthewholedistribution(infactitrequiresasimilarvarianceacrossthegroupsbeingassessed!).

Seealso
Variancehomogeneitytest,ttest,Variablesinresearch

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