Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
BEAMS
Beams span between supports to carry loads which are
resisted by bending and shear. However, deflections and local
stresses are also important.
Beams may be cantilevered, simply supported, fixed ended or
continuous
Beam Loads
Types of Beam Loads
(a) Concentrated Loads from secondary beams and columns
Beam Loads
RESTRAINED BEAMS
A restrained beam is one in which the compression
flange is prevented from buckling laterally.
To ensure satisfactory performance a restrained beam
must be checked for:
(i) Adequate lateral restraint
(ii) Section classification
(iii) Shear
(iv) Combined bending and shear
(v) Web bearing and buckling
(vi) Deflection
where:
py
Av
Mc = py S
Mc = py S
Mc = py S,eff or Mc = py Z
Mc = py Zeff
(vi) Deflection
Deflection is a serviceability limit state and in general
calculations should be based on unfactored imposed load.
However, there are some exceptions. Calculated deflections
should be checked against the suggested limits given in Table
8 of BS 5950-1(Clause 2.5.1)
where:
is the beam mid-span deflection
L is the length of the member
E is the Youngs modulus
I is the second moment of area about the axis of loading
- Table 9
- Table 11
Table 12
5. For Class 1 and Class 2 sections use the gross section properties
6. For Class 3 semi-compact sections calculate the effective plastic
modulus
- Cl. 3.6
- Cl. 4.2.3
- Cl. 4.5
For an I or H section with equal flanges the formulae are given as:
where:
2f is the limiting value of b/T for a Class 2 compact flange
2w is the limiting value of d/t for a Class 2 compact web
3f is the limiting value of b/T for a Class 3 semi-compact flange
3w is the limiting value of d/t for a Class 3 semi compact web
Sx and Sy are the plastic moduli
Zx and Zy are the elastic moduli
Cl.3.5.6.3
Cl.3.5.6.4
Cl.3.6.2.4
Web Bearing
A web bearing failure occurs when the bearing stress exceeds
the yield strength of the section at the critical location. For
design, the critical location is taken as the part of the web
closest to the applied load, adjacent to the root radius.
The web bearing capacity is given by: Cl. 4.5.2
Pbw = (b1 + n k) t pyw
where:
b1 is the length of stiff bearing
n = 5, except at the end of a member
n = 2 + 0.6 be/k but n 5 at the end of a member be is the distance
from the end of the member to the nearer end of the stiff bearing
k = T + r for rolled sections
k = T for welded sections
pyw is the design strength of the web
r is the root radius
T is the flange thickness
t is the web thickness
Web Buckling
Web buckling failure is similar to column buckling subject to
axial compression. The web should therefore be checked to
ensure that the applied load does not exceed the buckling
resistance of the web.
The reduction factor allows for the fact that the dispersion of
load can be restricted due to the proximity of the end of the
member. Figure shows a buckling failure and illustrates the
definition of ae.
where:
d is the depth of the web
LE is the effective length of the web depending on the conditions of
end restraints
As with web bearing, web buckling checks will be required at the
supports and at the points in the length of the beam where loads
are applied through the flange.
If the applied load exceeds the web buckling resistance, then a
stiffener plus part of the web will be required to carry the applied
load.
UNRESTRAINED BEAMS
An unrestrained beam (i.e. without full lateral restraint)
is susceptible to lateral torsional buckling. Lateral
torsional buckling (LTB) is the combined lateral
(sideways) deflection and twisting of an unrestrained
member subject to bending about its major axis
All the factors above are brought together in a single parameter LT,
the equivalent slenderness of the beam.
Behavior of beams
The buckling resistance moment of an unrestrained beam
depends on its equivalent slenderness LT and this
relationship can be expressed as a buckling curve, as shown
by the solid line.
Design Requirements
The Code states that an unrestrained beam must be checked
for local moment capacity of the section and also for buckling
resistance. However, lateral torsional buckling need not be
checked for the following situations:(Cl. 4.3.1, Cl. 4.3.6.1)
Moment capacity
The section classification and moment capacity of the section should be
determined and checked in the same way as for restrained beams i.e.
(Cl. 4.2.5, Cl. 4.3.6.2)
Mx Mcx
where:
Mx
Mcx
Any reductions for high shear forces should be included in this check.
Cl. 4.2.5.3
Buckling resistance
The buckling resistance of the member between either the ends
of the member or any intermediate restraints, a segment,
should be checked as: (Cl. 4.3.6.2)
Mx Mb/mLT
where:
Mx -
Mb -
Mb = pb Sx
Mb = pb Sx
Mb = pb Sx,eff or
Mb = pb Zx (conservatively)
Mb = pb Zx,eff
Effective length
Beams without intermediate lateral restraints
The simple model of lateral torsional buckling on which the Codes rules
are based, assumes that the ends of the member are effectively pinned in
both the vertical and horizontal planes. The type of restraint provided in
practice at the ends of the member needs to be considered and this is done
by use of an effective length; the effective length may be greater than or
less than the actual length of the member between restraints. Cl. 4.3.5
Values of effective length LE are given in BS 5950-1 Table 13 for beams and
Table 14 for cantilevers.
For most beams, the effective length will be less than or equal to the actual
length. However, if the member is torsionally unrestrained at the end, or
the load is destabilising then the effective length may be greater than the
actual length. This is reflected in the values given in Tables 13 and 14 of the
code.
Also the equivalent uniform moment factor mLT should be taken as 1.0.
Theoretically, the effective length could be decreased if the load was
applied below the shear centre but the code makes no allowance for
this.
Beam (a) has a central point load that does not restrain the
beam. The unrestrained length is therefore equal to the
length of the beam A-D. The compression flange is subject to
a varying compression and the equivalent uniform moment
factor is 0.85, which is obtained from the specific cases part
of Table 18.
Beam (b) is subject to two point loads that do not restrain the
beam. The unrestrained length is therefore equal to the length
of the beam A-D. The central portion of the beam is in uniform
compression and the beam is more likely to buckle than Beam
(a). In this case the equivalent uniform moment factor is 0.925,
which is obtained from the specific cases part of Table 18.
- Table 9
- Tables 11, 12
4. For Class 1 and Class 2 sections use the gross section properties
5. For Class 3 semi-compact sections calculate the effective plastic
modulus
- Cl. 3.6
6. For Class 4 slender sections calculate the effective elastic modulus - Cl. 3.6
7. Calculate local moment capacity allowing for shear, as for a
restrained beam
- Cl. 4.2.5
- Cl. 4.3.5
- Cl. 4.3.6.7
- Table 19
11. Calculate w
- Cl. 4.3.6.9
- Cl. 4.3.6.7
- Tables 16, 17
- Table 18
- Cl. 4.3.6.2
- Cl. 2.5.2