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Tofindtherefractiveindexesof(a)water(b)oil
usingaplanemirror,anequiconvexlens,andan
adjustableobjectneedle.
APPARATUS:
Aconvexlensoffocallength20cm,aplane
mirror,givenliquid(saywater),oil,clampstand,
plumbline,knittingneedle,meterscale,cork,a
spherometer.
DIAGRAM:
Fig:Focallengthofglassconvexlensandliquidlens
combination
THEORY:
1.I ff1 andf2 be
thefocallengthoftheglass
convexlensandliquidlensandfbethefocal
lengthoftheircombinationthen:
2.LiquidlensformedaplanoconcavelenswithR1
=RandR2=thenbyusinglensmaker's
formula
1
f2
= ( 1) R1
1
1
R2
1
1
= ( 1) R1
=( 1) R1 0
f1
2
(1)
= R
R
f2
+ 1
Wheren=Refractiveindexoftheliquid
R=Theradiusofthecurvatureofthe
convexlens.
3.Theradiusofthelowersurfaceoftheconvex
lensisgivenby:
l2
R= 6h
h
2
Here,listheaveragedistancebetweenthelegs
ofthespherometerandhisthedifferencein
thereadingofthespherometerwhenplaced
firstontheconvexlensandthenonplane
mirror.
PROCEDURE:
A : For focal length of convex lens:
1) At the plane base of iron stand , place the plane mirror
horizontally with its reflecting surface facing upwards.
2) clamp the needle
horizontally on the stand by
passing it through the
cork.Adjust its position in
such a manner that the tip of
needle lies along the principal
axis, in the line with optical
center of the lens
3) let height of needle be
slightly greater than the focal
length of the lens
4) observe the image of the needle in the lens form
above.coincide the tip of needle ands its image by adjusting
f u+f 1
2
convex lens
6) take at least four set of readings and find the mean value
of focal length
7) Pour a few drops of water in the plane mirror to form a
thin layer over it .this forms a plano concave(water)lens
between mirror surface and convex lens. agin follow the
same procedure to find the focal length of this combination
of water lens and convex lens
OBSERVATIONS:
DistanceofTipofneedlefrom
Uppersurfaceof
lensfu(cm)
PlaneMirror
feu(cm)
MeanValue
f u+f l
f1 =
2
MeanValue
offocallength
OnlyConvex
lensonplane
mirror
9.5
10.1
9.8
Withliquidin
betweenplane
mirrorand
convexlens
14.1
15
14.55 f=14.55cm
Withoil
17.4
18.2
17.8
f1=9.8cm
f=17.8cm
1mm
24
a=0.124cm
Ontheconvexlens
0mm
b=0.005cm
CALCULATION:
(i) h = a-b=0.124-0.005=0.119
l2
6h
+ 2h =0.119/2+8.41/6*0.119=11.838
(iv) = 1 + Rf =
RESULTS:
1. Therefractiveindexofotherliquid
=
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Theplanemirrorshouldbecleanandfully
shiningsurface.
2. Theliquidtakenshouldbetransparent.
3. Theparallaxshouldberemovedtiptotip.
4. Theeyeshouldbeatadistanceabout30cm
fromtheneedlewhileremovingtheparallax.
5. Onlyfewdropsofliquidshouldbetakenso
thatitslayershouldbethick.
6. Thelegsofthespherometershouldbe
vertical.
7. Thecentrelegofthespherometershould
turninonedirectiononly.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Liquidmaynotbequitetransparent.
2. Theparallaxmaynotbefullyremoved.
3. Thespherometerlegsshouldbeplaced
symmetricalonthesurfaceoftheconvex
lens.
4. Thetipofthecentralscrewshouldnotjust
touchthesurfaceoflensormirror.
INDEX
PLANE MIRROR:
A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective
surface. For light rays striking a plane mirror, the angle of
reflection equals the angle of incidence.
CONVEX LENS:
An optical lens is generally made up of two spherical
surfaces. If those surfaces are bent outwards or convex, the
lens is called a biconvex lens or simply convex lens. These
lenses can converge a beam of light coming from outside and
focus it to a point on the
other side. This point is
known as the focus and
the distance between the
centre of the lens to the
focus is called the focal
length of convex lens
The lens in the human eyes is a biconvex lens. So the most
common use of the lens is that it helps us to see.
It is used to correct Hypermetropia or longsightedness.
It is used in cameras because it focuses light and produces a
clear and crisp image.
It is also used in other magnifying devices such as
microscopes and telescopes.
SPHEROMETER :
A spherometer is an instrument for the precise measurement
of the radius of curvature of a sphere or a curved surface.
Originally, these instruments were primarily used by
opticians to measure the curvature of the surface of a lens
The Spherometer consists of a
micrometer screw threaded
into a small tripod with a
vertical scale fastened to it.
The head of the screw has a
graduated disk used to
measure fractional turns of
the screw. The vertical scale is
used to measure the height or
depth of the curvature of the
surface.
The vertical scale divisions
are on 1 mm, which is the pitch of the threads of the screw.
The head of the screw is graduated into 100 divisions.