Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 30 March 2015
Received in revised form
18 March 2016
Accepted 6 September 2016
Available online 13 September 2016
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the status of wave energy conversion (WEC) technologies from
a different perspective. Past studies based on WEC systems are summarized and classied in terms of
WEC system components to clearly reveal the performance, efciency and development of WEC technologies over the last two decades. It has been proved that the individual components of a WEC system,
such as types of wave energy converter and generator motion, control methods and power electronic
converter, have a close relationship with each other and that no single component can be optimized
without considering the others. It can be helpful to divide into descriptive parts to provide a better
understanding of the development process for WEC technologies so that studies based on WEC technologies are discussed by regarding types of wave energy converters, generators, control methods,
controller applied sides, waves, power electronic converters and validations and publication year in this
paper.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Wave energy
Wave energy converter
Electrical control
Mechanical control
Power electronic circuits
Contents
1.
2.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Wave energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.1.
Wave energy systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.1.1.
Oscillating Water Column (OWC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.2.
Control issues in wave energy systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.3.
Power and electrical components in wave energy systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
2.4.
Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.5.
Publication status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
1. Introduction
Energy is a key to economic and social development. Though
the world population and national economic growth continue to
affect the energy and electricity demands, approximately 80% of
the world's energy demand is still supplied by fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal). The world energy demand is expected
to grow by 70% by 2050 regarding to International Energy Agency
scenario suggested in 2014 [1]. It is assumed that global energy
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: eozkop@ktu.edu.tr (E. Ozkop).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.012
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
Nomenclature
AACDCR Active AC/DC rectier
ACDCBR AC/DC boost rectier
ACDCHBBC AC/DC h-bridge boost converter
AFC
Air ow control
AFPIC
Adaptive fuzzy PI control
AGFPIDC Adaptive grey fuzzy PID control
AHBACDCR Active half-bridge AC/DC rectier
AmC
Amplitude control
AWS
Archimedes wave swing
BQE
Bus quantity enhancer
CC
Current control
CycWEC Cycloidal WEC
DCACI
DC/AC inverter
DCDCBBC DC-DC buck-boost converter
DCDCBoC DC-DC boost converter
DCDCBuC DC-DC buck converter
DCDCC DC-DC converter
DeC
Declutching control
DTC
Direct torque control
FC
Feedback control
FFC
Feed-forward control
FLC
Fuzzy logic control
FOC
Field-oriented control
HVDC
High voltage direct current
LC
Latching control
LoC
Load control
NNC
Neural network control
OB
Oscillating bodies
OC
OOC
OT
OWC
PAC
PACDCR
PC
PhC
PIC
PID
PIDC
PLC
PM
PoC
PPICC
PTO
RC
RoC
RSC
SMC
SPF-GP
STC
TC
UnC
UNSD
VC
VoC
WEC
WSE
107
Optimal control
On-off control
Overtopping
Oscillating water column
Phase amplitude control
Passive AC/DC rectier
Predictive control
Phase control
PI control
Proportionalintegral derivative
PID control
Passive loading control
Permanent magnet
Power control
PPI cascade control
Power take off
Reactive control
Robust control
Rotational speed control
Sliding mode control
Switched power lter-green plug
Slow-tuning control
Torque control
Uncontrolled
Unused
Valve control
Voltage control
Wave energy conversion
Wave star energy
2. Wave energy
Over 70% of Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which are the
world's largest solar collectors. Moreover, the oceans are the biggest untapped energy sources on Earth. The power density of wave
energy is much higher than that of wind or solar energy. Depending on the sea surface, weather conditions, the shore structure and the location on Earth, the magnitude and periodic characteristic of waves may vary. Besides, waves show different characteristics from season to season, day to night, day to day, even
hour to hour during the same day. Wave energy converters can
produce power up to 90% of the time according to design and
application methodologies, whereas wind and solar power systems produce 2030% of the time [1417].
Literature survey on the studies related to WEC systems is
performed and categorized with subsections such as wave condition (regular and irregular waves), wave energy converter type
(oscillating bodies, oscillating water column, overtopping), generator type (rotary and linear), control (mechanical and electrical
sides), power electronic converter topology, and study type
108
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
Table 1
Types of wave energy converters used in WEC systems in the literature.
(simulation and experiment) and publication year of study, as illustrated in Fig. 1. These eight major subsections are used as the
classication method of the framework for WEC system review
done in this paper.
2.1. Wave energy systems
The energy stored in waves around the world has such a considerable amount of potential, which has been roughly estimated
between 1 and 10 TW [18]. Annual average levels of wave power
differ in various parts of the world. In Ireland, the practical accessible wave energy resource is approximately 21 TWh that is
over 60% of the total electrical energy demand of the country in
2012 [19]. Estimates indicate that approximately 1525% of the
United Kingdom (UK) electricity demand can be supplied by wave
energy in 2008 [16] while the wave power potential in Europe is
approximately 320 GW in 2011 [20]. The total wave power in
several European countries is determined as 1 GW in Sweden,
3.4 GW in Denmark, 10 GW in Portugal and 21 GW in Ireland [21].
At least 25 countries were engaged in wave energy development
in 2010 [5]. This number should be increased so that wave energy
can effectively contribute to world energy demands.
Although the rst patent dates to 1799, the oil crisis of the
1970s led to greater interest in the utilization of energy from renewable resources including waves. As a result of continuing
studies, the world's rst commercial wave farm with a capacity of
2.25 MW was built in Portugal in 2005 [14,16,17]. Although there
are a number of mechanisms, such as attenuator, terminator and
point absorber, to capture wave energy, few commercial projects
are realized [1416,20,22]. WEC is a complex task and is subject to
varying sea conditions. Therefore, currently the cost of wave energy is considerably high [23]. However, these negative factors do
not stop continuing research in WEC systems. There are over 1000
patents on WEC techniques presented in Europe, Japan, and North
America [16]. WEC system can be classied by location, working
principle, type and impact on environment [16,17,193,194]. In this
study, the most common WEC technologies are categorized on
working principle as below [17,24,25]. Detailed information about
wave energy conversion technology developers and devices in
literature can be found in Refs. [2628].
2.1.1. Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
Fixed:
Isolated: Pico [29,30], LIMPET [3133]
Breakwater: Sakata [34], Mutriku [35]
Floating:
Mighty Whale [36,37], Sperboy [38], Spar Buoy [39], Oceanlinx [40,41], Yeti Cluster [27]
Oscillating Bodies (OB)
Floating:
Reference No
Type
Frequency
[47,60,62,64,67,81150]
[151175]
[176179]
OB
OWC
OT
75
25
4
In literature, the greatest number of studies has focused on OBtype wave energy converters, followed by OWC-type and, nally,
OT-type, as tabulated in Table 1.
Wave energy devices can be categorized as shoreline, nearshore, or offshore in terms of installation locations [180]. In offshore energy technologies, the WEC system is located away from
the shore, and a oating or xing body is used to absorb wave
energy. Nearshore technologies are adapted into the shore.
Channel/reservoir/turbine and air-driven turbine methods are
applied to harvest wave energy. Each mechanism has a variety of
advantages and disadvantages. For instance, whereas locations for
land installations for OWC systems are more limited than offshore
systems, land installations are easier to construct and maintain.
Although the shoreline wave devices have advantages such as
their easy installation and maintenance, the potential of wave
energy extraction is lower than that of other schemes. Nearshore
devices are positioned in water at depths less than 20 m, while the
offshore devices are more typical in deep water (440 m). Several
details, such as environmental impacts, test and measurement
standards, resource assessments, energy production forecasting
and design tools, must be described [180182].
In wave energy systems, energy conversion devices, such as
linear or rotational generators, compressors, turbines, and pumps,
can be used to convert the mechanical energy of a wave into
electrical energy. There are many studies on WEC systems; operation mode; generator types, such as wave-activated linear,
linear, synchronous, longitudinal-ux permanent magnet (PM),
three-phase synchronous, and radial ux PM synchronous generators; switched reluctance machines; turbine models, such as
Wells, self-pitch-controlled blades, and Kaplan; and mechanical
part shapes [23].
In many applications (OB, OWC), mechanical interfaces (air and
water turbines and hydraulic motors) are used to convert alternating motion into a continuous unidirectional movement. Conversely, linear generators, which do not need a mechanical interface, have been implemented in WEC systems since the 1970s.
Rotating electrical generators driven by mechanical turbines, such
as hydraulic turbines or air turbines, are preferred in most wave
energy converters [17]. Both rotational and linear type generators
are employed in same number of studies given Table 2.
There are also many ways to harness waves using device parts
such as oats, aps, ramps and liquid pistons, which can be
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
Table 2
Generator types of WEC systems studied in literature.
Reference No
Type
Frequency
[67,81,83,84,86,87,8992,94,96,98
101,103,104,107,108,110,115121,124126,128
130,133,135,136,138,138,139,142146,149
152,167,172,173]
[47,60,62,64,82,85,88,93,95,97,102,105,106,109,111
114,122,123,127,131,132,134,137,140,141,147,148,153
166,168171,174,176179]
Linear
52
Rotary 52
installed at the surface, the sea bed or anywhere else and can use
oil, air, water, steam, or gearing, depending on the wave energy
system type [14,15]. OWC, OT, Pelamis, Wave Dragon, Archimedes
Wave Swing (AWS), and Wave Star Energy (WSE) are the main
technologies used to convert wave power into electricity. Each
technology has advantages and disadvantages in their power
limits, efciency, maintenance, installation and operation costs,
and installation difculties [14,17,23,24]. Some of the wave energy
technologies are summarized below.
The studies on OWC started in the 1970s. Since then, numerous
systems have been built in various places, including Japan, the UK,
Australia, India, and Norway. The system turbine size ranged from
250 kW to 1 MW. Although the large area requirement is one of
the disadvantages of OWC systems, they do not need direct connections among the turbine, generator and water, deep-water
anchorages or long submarine electrical cables [17,23]. Thus, the
mechanical parts are protected against water corrosion. The Wells
turbine and the impulse turbine are two of the most popular types
of air turbines used in OWC systems [14]. Wavegen's LIMPET
(250 kW) and Pico Plan (400 kW) are commercial applications of
xed-structure OWC WEC system [14]. Pelamis is a hinged contour
device applied in offshore applications, which consists of many
different functional components. The cables are used to transfer
energy from the sea side to the land side.
Wave Dragon, which was developed in 1986, incorporates an
overtopping device that is placed in water depths above 20 m and
a oating offshore converter. This model was rst produced in
Denmark. Wave Dragon seems to have a promising future in terms
of power capacity. The rated power for each unit is 411 MW.
Wave Dragon is large and very heavy [22]. The negative effects of
the device are lessened by its size and reduced maintenance cost,
including a reduction in downtime.
The AWS emerged in 1994 and is an offshore submerged device. The surface waves cause the oscillations of pressure, and the
device begins to operate. PM linear synchronous machines are
used in the AWS applications. Energy storage technologies can be
used to improve the efciency of the AWS. The rst AWS, a 1:20
model, was tested in 1995, and experimental tests were subsequently performed for different operating cases. In 2004, a 2 MW
rated capacity pilot plant was submerged and tested in a variety of
sea and operating conditions [14,22].
A WSE developed by the WSE company looks like a millipede
and is called a multipoint absorber. Since 2006, real-time implementations of WSE have continued to be developed. There are
individual hydraulic cylinders for each absorber. To provide continuous energy conversion, the device length holds several wavelengths. The WSE involves a storm protection system to lessen
the undesired mechanical forces.
There are different wave device classication methods. It is not
easy to encompass all device categories. For example, one device
classication method is based on the status of a device, the development time scale and the economic investment cost [14]. This
device classication categorizes the systems as rst-, second- and
third-generation systems. Onshore and nearshore OWC devices
109
110
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
Table 3
Control methods in WEC systems in literature.
Table 4
Control side in WEC systems in literature.
Reference No
Method
Frequency
Reference No
[47,67,82,83,92,93,95,96,99,104,151,167]
[60,62,64,67,81,84,98,125,156,162,173]
[86,89,100,131,137,138,142,144,146,169,174]
[85,122,125,130,132,133,148,157,158]
[90,91,106,112,120,124,126,165,176]
[94,107,116,117,136,140,143,145,149]
[112,113,118,159,179]
[105,161,176178]
[102,103,108,121,170]
[67,127,134,155,156]
[101,129,151,152]
[164,176,177]
[67,99,151]
[154,163,164]
[164,168,171]
[111,172]
[87,166]
[119,128]
[141,147]
[114,135]
[109]
[93]
[99]
[160]
[106]
[88]
[123]
[127]
[110]
[175]
[139]
[150]
PhC
LC
UnC
OC
PIC
PC
OOC
PoC
VC
RC
PIDC
DTC
AmC
AFC
RSC
FC
NNC
VoC
LoC
CC
FLC
PPICC
PAC
FFC
FOC
DeC
TC
PLC
STC
RoC
AGFPIDC
AFPIC
12
11
11
9
9
9
5
5
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
[47, 60, 64, 67, 8185, 151158, 87, 162, 88, 163, 93 Mechanical 65
98, 102105, 107111, 179, 113, 167, 115, 116, 121
123, 170173, 125, 129134, 137140, 143, 175,
145149]
Electrical
38
[62,86,8992,99101,106,112,114,117120,124,126
128,135,136,141,142,144,146,150,159
161,164,165,168,169,174,176178]
[166]
Mech./Elect. 1
Side
Frequency
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
111
Table 5
Wave condition in WEC systems in literature.
Reference No
Condition
Frequency
[90,92,99,102,109,112,117,118,120,123,124,128,131,135,137,138,142,148,150,163,166,169,171174,176,178]
[60,62,83,86,87,89,9496,98,100,101,103,107,108,111,113116,119,122,125127,132,133,140,141,143,145147,149,152,153,155
161,165,168,175,177,179]
[47,64,67,81,82,84,85,88,91,93,97,104106,110,121,129,130,134,136,139,144,151,154,162,164,167,170]
Regular
Irregular
28
48
Regular/
Irregular
28
Table 6
Power electronic converters in WEC systems.
Reference No
Type
Frequency
[62,91,99,106,112,114,136,148,161,164,166,176,177]
[117,119,127,128,141,144,159,168]
[86,89,100,101,146,169,174]
[92,135]
[160]
[90]
[178]
[165]
[118]
AACDCR, DCACI
PACDCR, DCACI
PACDCR
AHBACDCR
D-STATCOM
PACDCR, DCDCBoC
DCACI
DCDCBuC
PACDCR, DCDCBBC,
DCACI
[120]
SPF-GP
[122]
PACDCR, DCDCC
[124]
ACDCBR, ACDCHBBC
[126]
PACDCR, DCACI,
DCDCC
[139]
DCDCC
[150]
BQE
[47, 60, 64, 67, 81, 82, 151158, 8385, 87, 162, 88, 163, 9398, 102105, 107111, 179, 113, 167, 115, 116, 121, 170, 123, 171, 172, 125, UNSD
173, 129134, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 175, 145, 147, 149]
13
8
7
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
2.4. Realization
The WEC system performances can be validated by experimentation, simulation, or both as given in Table 7. To develop
Table 7
Validation type in WEC systems in literature.
Reference No
Type
Frequency
[47, 62, 64, 67, 8188, 151, 153155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 90, 91, 9398, 100, 164, 177, 102106, 178, 108, 109, 112116, 166168, 118, 121, Simulation 73
170, 122, 171, 172, 125128, 173, 130, 132134, 136, 139141, 174, 143, 175, 145, 148, 149]
[99,107,110,119,123,131,152,156,163,165,179]
Experiment 11
[60,89,92,101,111,117,120,124,129,135,137,138,142,144,146,147,150,159,169,176]
Sim./Exp.
20
112
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
Table 8
Publication status of WEC systems in literature.
Reference No
Year
Frequency
[83,84,152158]
[60,62,64,67,81,82,85101,159164,176,177]
[47, 102151, 165175, 178, 179]
19972003
20042010
20112015
9
31
64
3. Conclusions
This paper describes the status of WEC technology from a different perspective. A survey of the literature related to WEC systems is performed, and the systems classication is made in terms
of wave energy converter types, generator types, implementation
methods, wave status, validation approach and controller types.
An 18 years of work period is summarized in this paper. To clearly
demonstrate the performance, efciency and development of the
WEC system technologies during that time, the WEC system is
divided into descriptive parts.
The studies published over approximately the last two decades
indicate a rapidly growing interest in WEC systems. This survey
has shown that energy utilization control in WEC systems is
mostly provided by using mechanical components by applying
mostly the irregular waveforms to observe the performance of
WEC systems.
Many control methods have been studied and applied to the
WEC systems. The most commonly used type of control method is
phase control. The validation of these control methods has predominantly been performed with only simulation studies. The
phase and latching control methods have used with both regular
and irregular waves, whereas the PI control has primarily been
used for regular waves in the WEC systems. These three control
methods have been chiey used in OB-type WEC systems. Although these three controllers seem to be widely preferred, the
controllers are still an open research area for the WEC system
applications because the WEC technology is still in the development stage.
Due to the high installation costs and maintenance difculties,
the studies are primarily performed using computer simulation
models. Government support seems to be required for the improvement of WEC technology. This support might include using
feed-in-tariffs and providing real sea environments for testing and
nancial support for the research projects. Many types of support
from the government and energy companies would increase the
number of studies on WECs, thus expanding the research and
accelerating the growth of installations to provide more electricity
References
[1] International Energy Agency. Energy technology perspectives 2014: Harnessing electricity's potential.
[2] International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2015 Factsheet: Global
energy trends to 2040.
[3] Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL). Progress toward sustainable energy:
Global tracking.framework 2015 summary report; 2015.
[4] REN21. Renewables 2015 Global Status Report. Available from: http://www.
ren21.net/GSR-2015-Report-Full-report-EN. Accessed 1.01.16.
[5] REN21. Renewables 2011 Global Status Report. Available from: http://www.
ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2011_FINAL.pdf. Accessed
29.03.15.
[6] Petrova MAS. Determinants of public opinion on renewable energy: the case
of wave energy development in Oregon. Oregon State University; 2011.
[7] Rourke FO, Boyle F, Reynolds A. Marine current energy devices: current
status and possible future applications in Ireland. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
2010;14(3):102636.
[8] Ambhl S, Kramer M, Sorensen JD. Reliability-based structural optimization
of wave energy converters. Energies 2014;7:8178200.
[9] Mueller M, Wallace R. Enabling science and technology for marine renewable
energy. Energy Policy 2008;36(12):437682.
[10] Oh JS, Jang JH. OWC design to increase wave energy absorption efciency in
wave conversion systems. J Mech Sci Technol 2015;29(7):298793.
[11] Sheng W, Alcorn R, Lewis A. On improving wave energy conversion, (part I):
optimal and control technologies. Renew Energy 2015;75:92234.
[12] Rusu E. Evaluation of the wave energy conversion efciency in various
coastal environments. Energies 2014;7:400218.
[13] Astariz S, Iglesias G. The economics of wave energy: a review. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 2015;45:397408.
[14] Cruz J. Ocean wave energy: current status and future perspectives.New York:
Springer; 2008.
[15] Falnes J. A review of wave-energy extraction. Mar Struct 2007;20(4):185
201.
[16] Drew B, Plummer AR, Sahinkaya MN. A review of wave energy converter
technology. P I. Mech Eng A-J Pow 2009;223(8):887902.
[17] Falco AFD. Wave energy utilization: a review of the technologies. Renew Sust
Energ Rev 2010;14(3):899918.
[18] Galarraga I, Eguino MG, Markandya A. Handbook of sustainable energy.
Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc; 2011.
[19] Sharkey K, Honer K, Conlon M, Gaughan K, Robinson E. The domestic and
export market for large scale wave energy in Ireland and the economics of
export transmission. Universities Power Engineering Conference 2013,
Dublin.
[20] Ghosh TK, Prelas MA. Energy resources and systems: volume 2: renewable
resources.New York: Springer; 2011.
[21] Vicinanzaa D, Contestabilea P, Ferrantea V. Wave energy potential in the
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
113
[55] Dalton GJ, Alcorn R, Lewis T. Case study feasibility analysis of the Pelamis
wave energy convertor in Ireland, Portugal and North America. Renew Energ
2010;35(2):44355.
[56] Ahmed T, Nishida K, Nakaoka M. The potential for grid power integration of
offshore ocean wave energy in the UK. The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference: Sapporo, Japan, 2010; pp. 320411.
[57] Ahmed T, Nishida K, Nakaoka M. The commercial advancement of 16 mw
offshore wave power generation technologies in the southwest of the UK.
The 8th International Conference on Power Electronics-ECCE Asia: The Shilla
Jeju, Korea, 2011; pp. 14761483.
[58] Polinder H, Scuotto M. Wave energy converters and their impact on power
systems. 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2005; pp. 19.
[59] Ahmed T, Nishida K, Nakaoka M. Grid power integration technologies for
offshore ocean wave energy. 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition (ECCE): Atlanta, GA, USA, 2010; 237885.
[60] Henderson R. Design, simulation, and testing of a novel hydraulic power
take-off system for the Pelamis wave energy converter. Renew Energ
2006;31(2):27183.
[61] McCabe AP, Bradshaw A, Meadowcroft JAC, Aggidis G. Developments in the
design of the PS Frog Mk 5 wave energy converter. Renew Energ 2006;31
(2):14151.
[62] Ruellan M, Ahmed HB, Multon B, Josset C, Babarit A, Clement A. Design
methodology for a SEAREV wave energy converter. IEEE Trans Energy Conver
2010;25(3):7607.
[63] Babarit A, Clement A, Ruer J, Tartivel C. SEAREV: a fully integrated wave
energy converter. Proceedings of the Offshore Wind and Other Marine Renewable Energies in Mediterranean and European Seas, OWEMES'06: Rome,
Italy, 2006; 111.
[64] Babarit A, Clement AH. Optimal latching control of a wave energy device in
regular and irregular waves. Appl Ocean Res 2006;28(2):7791.
[65] Wu F, Zhang XP, Ju P, Sterling MH. Modeling and control of AWS-based wave
energy conversion system integrated into power grid. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2008;23(3):1196204.
[66] Polinder H, Mecrow BC, Jack AG, Dickinson PG, Mueller MA. Conventional
and TFPM linear generators for direct-drive wave energy conversion. IEEE
Trans Energy Conver 2005;20(2):2607.
[67] Valerio D, Beirao P, Costa JS. Optimisation of wave energy extraction with the
Archimedes Wave Swing. Ocean Eng 2007;34(1718):233044.
[68] Webb C. Wave energy: size matters. Power 2015;159(7) 11-11.
[69] Wood K. Wave-energy conversion. Compos Technol 2010:301.
[70] Waveroller Technology. 1 MW Wave Energy Power Plant. Available from:
http://www.cm-peniche.pt/_uploads/pdf_noticias/waveroller
awenergyoyeneolicasagrupolena.pdf. Accessed on 29.03.15.
[71] Whittaker T, Folley M. Nearshore oscillating wave surge converters and the
development of Oyster. Philos T R Soc A 2012;370(1959):34564.
[72] Collier D, Whittaker T, Crowley M. The construction of Oyster a nearshore
surging wave energy converter. 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy: Brest, France, 2008; 17.
[73] Beels C, Troch P, De Visch K, Kofoed JP, De Backer G. Application of the timedependent mild-slope equations for the simulation of wake effects in the lee
of a farm of Wave Dragon wave energy converters. Renew Energy 2010;35
(8):164461.
[74] Kofoed JP, Frigaard P, Friis-Madsen E, Sorensen HC. Prototype testing of the
wave energy converter Wave Dragon. Renew Energy 2006;31(2):1819.
[75] Tedd J, Kofoed JP. Measurements of overtopping ow time series on the
Wave Dragon, wave energy converter. Renew Energy 2009;34(3):7117.
[76] Zhou Z, Knapp W, MacEnri J, Sorensen HCh, Madsen EF, Masters I, Igic P.
Permanent magnet generator control and electrical system conguration for
Wave Dragon MW wave energy take-off system. IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, ISIE 2008: Cambridge, England, 2008; 15805.
[77] ABS Energy Research. Ocean Energy Report 2007; 1932.
[78] Mehlum E. Commercial tapered channel wave power plants in Australia and
Indonesia. Ocean Technologies and Opportunities in the Pacic for the 90s,
OCEANS'91: Honolulu, HI, USA, 1991; 535538.
[79] Vicinanza D, Frigaard P. Wave pressure acting on a seawave slot-cone generator. Coast Eng 2008;55(6):55368.
[80] Vicinanza D, Ciardulli F, Buccino M, Calabrese M, Koefed JP. Wave loadings
acting on an innovative breakwater for energy production. J Coast Res
2011;64:60812.
[81] Babarit A, Duclos G, Clement AH. Comparison of latching control strategies
for a heaving wave energy device in random sea. Appl Ocean Res 2004;26
(5):22738.
[82] AFDO Falcao. Phase control through load control of oscillating-body wave
energy converters with hydraulic PTO system. Ocean Eng 2008;35(34):358
66.
[83] Eidsmoen H. Tight-moored amplitude-limited heaving-buoy wave-energy
converter with phase control. Appl Ocean Res 1998;20(3):15761.
[84] Korde UA. Latching control of deep water wave energy devices using an
active reference. Ocean Eng 2002;29(11):134355.
[85] Falco AFDO. Modelling and control of oscillating-body wave energy converters with hydraulic power take-off and gas accumulator. Ocean Eng
2007;34(1415):202132.
[86] Thorburn K, Leijon M. Farm size comparison with analytical model of linear
generator wave energy converters. Ocean Eng 2007;34(56):90816.
[87] Valerio D, MJGC Mendes, Beirao P, da Costa JS. Identication and control of
114
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
the AWS using neural network models. Appl Ocean Res 2008;30(3):17888.
[88] Babarit A, Guglielmi M, Clement AH. Declutching control of a wave energy
converter. Ocean Eng 2009;36(1213):101524.
[89] Bostrom C, Lejerskog E, Stalberg M, Thorburn K, Leijon M. Experimental
results of rectication and ltration from an offshore wave energy system.
Renew Energy 2009;34(5):13817.
[90] Luan H, Onar OC, Khaligh A. Dynamic modeling and optimum load control of
a PM linear generator for ocean wave energy harvesting application. 24th
Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC
2009: Washington, USA, 2009; 73943.
[91] Wu F, Zhang XP, Ju P, Sterling MJH. Optimal control for AWS-based wave
energy conversion system. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2009;24(4):174755.
[92] Blanco M, Navarro G, Lafoz M. Control of power electronics driving a switched reluctance linear generator in wave energy applications. 13th European
Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2009, EPE'09: Barcelona,
Spain, 2009; 19.
[93] Costa PR, Garcia-Rosa PB, Estefen SF. Phase control strategy for a wave energy hyperbaric converter. Ocean Eng 2010;37(1718):148390.
[94] Belmont MR. Increases in the average power output of wave energy converters using quiescent period predictive control. Renew Energy 2010;35
(12):281220.
[95] Falco AFD, Pereira PER, Henriques JCC, Gato LMC. Hydrodynamic simulation
of a oating wave energy converter by a U-tube rig for power take-off
testing. Ocean Eng 2010;37(1415):125360.
[96] Yang L, Hals J, Moan T. Analysis of dynamic effects relevant for the wear
damage in hydraulic machines for wave energy conversion. Ocean Eng
2010;37(13):1089102.
[97] Beatty SJ, Wild P, Buckham BJ. Integration of a wave energy converter into
the electricity supply of a remote Alaskan Island. Renew Energy 2010;35
(6):120313.
[98] Kara F. Time domain prediction of power absorption from ocean waves with
latching control. Renew Energy 2010;35(2):42334.
[99] Shek JKH, Marcpherson DE, Mueller MA. Experimental verication of linear
generator control for direct drive wave energy conversion. IET Renew Power
Gen 2010;4(5):395403.
[100] Bostrom C, Leijon M. Operation analysis of a wave energy converter under
different load conditions. IET Renew Power Gen 2011;5(3):24550.
[101] Rahm M, Bostrom C, Svensson O, Grabbe M, Bulow F, Leijon M. Offshore
underwater substation for wave energy converter arrays. IET Renew Power
Gen 2010;4(6):60212.
[102] Cho BH, Yang DS, Park SY, Choi KS, Lee DH, Byun SH, Jung H. Modeling and
control of a 75 kW class variable liquid-column oscillator for highly efcient
wave energy converter. Ocean Eng 2011;38(23):43643.
[103] Yang L, Moan T. Dynamic analysis of wave energy converter by incorporating
the effect of hydraulic transmission lines. Ocean Eng 2011;38(11):184960.
[104] Candido JJ, Modelling Justino PAPS. control and Pontryagin maximum principle for a two-body wave energy device. Renew Energy 2011;36(5):154557.
[105] Saulnier JB, Clement A, Falco AFD, Pontes T, Prevosto M, Ricci P. Wave
groupiness and spectral bandwidth as relevant parameters for the performance assessment of wave energy converters. Ocean Eng 2011;38(1):13047.
[106] Tedeschi E, Carraro M, Molinas M, Mattavelli P. Effect of control strategies
and power take-off efciency on the power capture from sea waves. IEEE
Trans Energy Conver 2011;26(4):108898.
[107] Truong DQ, Ahn KK. Wave prediction based on a modied grey model MGM
(1,1) for real-time control of wave energy converters in irregular waves. Renew Energy 2012;43:24255.
[108] Kurniawan A, Pedersen E, Moan T. Bond graph modelling of a wave energy
conversion system with hydraulic power take-off. Renew Energy 2012;38
(1):23444.
[109] Ahn KK, Truong DQ, Tien HH, Yoon JI. An innovative design of wave energy
converter. Renew Energy 2012;42:18694.
[110] Flocard F, Finnigan TD. Increasing power capture of a wave energy device by
inertia adjustment. Appl Ocean Res 2012;34:12634.
[111] Siegel SG, Fagley C, Nowlin S. Experimental wave termination in a 2D wave
tunnel using a cycloidal wave energy converter. Appl Ocean Res 2012;38:92
9.
[112] Martinez M, Molina MG, Machado IR, Mercado PE, Watanabe EH. Modelling
and simulation of wave energy hyperbaric converter (WEHC) for applications
in distributed generation. Int J Hydrog Energy 2012;37(19):1494550.
[113] Li G, Weiss G, Mueller M, Townley S, Belmont MR. Wave energy converter
control by wave prediction and dynamic programming. Renew Energy
2012;48:392403.
[114] Aubry J, Ben Ahmed H, Multon B. Sizing optimization methodology of a
surface permanent magnet machine-converter system over a torque-speed
operating prole: Application to a wave energy converter. IEEE Trans Ind
Electron 2012;59(5):211625.
[115] Fusco F, Ringwood JV. A simple and effective real-time controller for wave
energy converters. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2013;4(1):2130.
[116] Richter M, Magana ME, Sawodny O, Brekken TKA. Nonlinear model predictive
control of a point absorber wave energy converter. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy
2013;4(1):118226.
[117] Vermaak R, Kamper MJ. Experimental evaluation and predictive control of an
air-cored linear generator for direct-drive wave energy converters. IEEE Trans
Ind Appl 2012;48(6):181726.
[118] Gargov NP, Zobaa AF. Multi-phase air-cored tubular permanent magnet linear generator for wave energy converters. IET Renew Power Gen 2012;6
(3):1716.
[119] Rahm M, Svensson O, Bostrom C, Waters R, Leijon M. Experimental results
from the operation of aggregated wave energy converters. IET Renew Power
Gen 2012;6(3):14960.
[120] Ozkop E, Altas IH, Sharaf AM. A novel switched power lter-green plug (SPFGP) scheme for wave energy systems. Renew Energy 2012;44:34058.
[121] Vicente PC, Falcao AFO, Justino PAP. Nonlinear dynamics of a tightly moored
point-absorber wave energy converter. Ocean Eng 2013;59:2036.
[122] Scruggs JT, Lattanzio SM, Taanidis AA, Cassidy IL. Optimal causal control of
wave energy converter in a random sea. Appl Ocean Res 2013;42:115.
[123] Chaplin RV. Seaweaver: a new surge-resonant wave energy converter. Renew
Energ 2013;57:66270.
[124] Nie Z, Xiao X, McMahon R, Clifton P, Wu Y, Shao S. Emulation and control
methods for direct drive linear wave energy converters. IEEE Trans Ind Inf
2013;9(2):7908.
[125] Abraham E, Kerrigan EC. Optimal active control and optimization of a wave
energy converter. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2013;4(2):32432.
[126] Zhang H, Nie Z, Xiao X, Aggarwal R, Kang Q, Ainslie M, Zhu J, Coombs T, Yuan
W. Design and simulation of SMES system using YBCO tapes for direct drive
wave energy converters. IEEE Trans Appl Supercon 2013;23(3):14.
[127] Alberti L, Tedeschi E, Bianchi N, Santos M, Fasolo A. Effect of the generator
sizing on a wave energy converter considering different control strategies.
COMPEL 2013;32(1):23347.
[128] Kurupath V, Ekstrom R, Leijon M. Optimal constant DC link voltage operation
of a wave energy converter. Energies 2013;6(4):19932006.
[129] Zurkinden AS, Ferri F, Beatty S, Kofoed JP, Kramer MM. Non-linear numerical
modeling and experimental testing of a point absorber wave energy converter. Ocean Eng 2014;78(1):1121.
[130] Nielsen SRK, Zhou Q, Basu B, Sichani MT, Kramer MM. Optimal control of an
array of non-linear wave energy point converters. Ocean Eng 2014;88:242
54.
[131] Bikas GS, Ramesh H, Vijaykumar H. Study on performance of Savonius rotor
type wave energy converter used in conjunction conventional rubble mound
breakwater. Ocean Eng 2014;89:628.
[132] Korde UA. On a near-optimal control approach for a wave energy converter in
irregular waves. Appl Ocean Res 2014;46:7993.
[133] Sichani MT, Chen JB, Kramer MM, Nielsen SRK. Constrained optimal stochastic control of non-linear wave energy point absorbers. Appl Ocean Res
2014;47:25569.
[134] Genest R, Bonnefoy F, Clment AH, Babarit A. Effect of non-ideal power takeoff on the energy absorption of a reactively controlled one degree of freedom
wave energy converter. Appl Ocean Res 2014;48:23643.
[135] Pan JF, Zou Y, Cheung N, Cao G. The direct-drive sensorless generation system
for wave energy utilization. Int J Elec Power 2014;62:2937.
[136] Andrade DE, Jaen AD, Santana AG. Considering linear generator copper losses
on model predictive control for a point absorber wave energy converter.
Energy Convers Manag 2014;78:17383.
[137] Di Fresco L, Traverso A. Energy conversion of orbital motions in gravitational
waves: Simulation and test of the Seaspoon wave energy converter. Energy
Convers Manag 2014;86:116472.
[138] Harne RL, Schoemaker ME, Dussault BE, Wang KW. Wave heave energy
conversion using modular multistability. Appl Energy 2014;130:14856.
[139] Truong DQ, Ahn KK. Development of a novel point absorber in heave for
wave energy conversion. Renew Energy 2014;65:18391.
[140] Li G, Belmont MR. Model predictive control of sea wave energy converters
part II: (the case of an array of devices. Renew Energy 2014;68:5409.
[141] Tedeschi E, Santos-Mugica M. Modeling and control of a wave energy farm
including energy storage for power quality enhancement: the BIMEP case
study. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2014;29(3):148997.
[142] Cappelli L, Marignetti F, Mattiazzo G, Giorcelli E, Bracco G, Carbone S, Attaianese C. Linear tubular permanent-magnet generators for the inertial sea
wave energy converter. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2014;50(3):181728.
[143] Richter M, Magana ME, Sawodny O, Brekken TKA. Power optimisation of a
point absorber wave energy converter by means of linear model predictive
control. IET Renew Power Gen 2014;8(2):20315.
[144] Liu C, Yu H, Hu M, Liu Q, Zhou S, Huang L. Research on a permanent magnet
tubular linear generator for direct drive wave energy conversion. IET Renew
Power Gen 2014;8(3):2818.
[145] Oetinger D, Magana ME, Sawodny O. Decentralized model predictive control
for wave energy converter arrays. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2014;5(4):1099
107.
[146] Ekstrom R, Kurupath V, Bostrom C, Waters R, Leijon M. Evaluating constant
DC-link operation of wave energy converter. J Dyn Syst-T Asme 2013;136(1)
014501-0141.
[147] Velez C, Qu Z, Lin KC, Jin S. Design, modeling and optimization of an ocean
wave power generation buoy. Mar Technol Soc J 2014;48(4):5160.
[148] Sanchez EV, Hansen RH, Kramer MM. Control performance assessment and
design of optimal control to harvest ocean energy. IEEE J Ocean Eng 2015;40
(1):1526.
[149] Amann K, Magana ME, Sawodny O. Model predictive control of a nonlinear
2-body point absorber wave energy converter with estimated state feedback.
IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2015;6(2):33645.
[150] Ozkop E, Sharaf AM, Altas IH. An adaptive fuzzy PI controlled bus quantity
enhancer for wave energy systems. Turk J Electr Eng Co 2014. http://dx.doi.
org/10.3906/elk-1312-198.
[151] Nunes G, Valerio D, Beirao P, da Costa JS. Modelling and control of a wave
E. Ozkop, I.H. Altas / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67 (2017) 106115
[174]
[175]
[176]
[177]
[178]
[179]
[180]
[181]
[182]
[183]
[184]
[185]
[186]
[187]
[188]
[189]
[190]
[191]
[192]
[193]
[194]
115