CRYSTALLIZER FOR THE

CRYSTALLIZATION OF POTASH

INTRODUCTION
This report contains a design of a crystallizer for crystallization of aqueous solution of potash. It
includes the material selection and all the calculations regarding the vessel. The dimensions of the
shell, dimensions of the heads and dimensions for openings have been calculated here. This also
contains relevant technical drawings and the fabrication procedure.

All the calculations and designs are done under ASME standards.

DESIGN INFORMATION
Design a crystallizer for crystallization of aqueous solution of potash according to the class
stipulated by the appropriate codes and standards. The crystallizer is operating under the following
conditions:

Absolute pressure - 0.9 atm

Temperature (30-60)0C
Mean diameter is 3 m
Length of cylindrical shell is 6 m

DESIGN INCLUDES
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Material selection
Calculation of the Design Pressure (PDesign) and Temperature (TDesign)
Calculation of the wall thickness of the shell economical and safe to PDesign & TDesign
Selection of the suitable ends and calculation of their wall thicknesses
Compensation for openings.
Description of fabrication procedure
Technical drawings of the designed vessel

Page | 2

CRYSTAL GROWTH FUNDAMENTALS

Crystallization is aone of the fundamental procedures which chemists use to purify solid
compounds. Crystallization is based on the principles of solubility. Compounds (solutes) tend to be
more soluble in hot liquids (solvents) than they are in cold liquids. If a saturated hot solution is
allowed to cool, the solute is no longer soluble in the solvent and forms crystals of pure compound.
Impurities are excluded from the growing crystals and the pure solid crystals can be separated from
the dissolved impurities by filtration.
The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal
growth.Nucleationis the step where the solute molecules dispersed in the solvent start to gather into
clusters, on the nanometer scale. It is at the stage of nucleation that the atoms arrange in a defined
and periodic manner that defines the crystal structure.
Nucleation can start either with the solute molecules or with somesolid matter which might be an
impurity in the solution. The growth normally occurs by aggregation of molecules that areattracted
to each other. The number of crystals formed, crystal sizes and shapes generally depend on
properties of the solution like, saturation (solute concentration), operating temperature and
mechanical disturbances.
In solutions which thesolute is near saturation promote fast crystal growth. Supersaturated solutions
tend to give crystals whichare small in size. If the nucleation is low, such solutions will result in
fewer crystals each of larger size. Nucleation iscertainly promoted by turbulence and thus
mechanical disturbances typically resultin smaller crystals. In general, thermal gradient methods
tend to produce high quality crystals. Such methods include slowcooling and zonal heating.
Control of crystal size and shape constitutes one of the main challenges in industrial manufacturing,
such as for pharmaceuticals. Ability to crystallize into different crystal structures with different
physical properties, such as dissolution rate, shape and melting point is of major importance in
industrial manufacture of crystalline products.

Page | 3

1) Material Selection
Designing process of the vessel can be done including material selection with using U under ASME
code division1 section VIII as reference.
U-68

U-69

U-70

Lethal content including lethal

gases & liquids

Moderate load vessel

For nontoxic substances

Design pressure is less than

15,000 psi
No limit for operating
temperature

Design pressure less than 400 psi

Design pressure below 100psi

Design temperature below 700 F

Design temperature below 250F

Operating temperature = (86-140)0F

Operating pressure = 13.226 psi
Feed condition = potash (aq) nontoxic feed
Suitable category = U-70 is more suitable.

The materials that are used in pressure vessel construction are,

Steel
Non Ferrous materials such as Aluminum and Copper
Specialty metals such as titanium and zirconium
Nonmetallic materials, such as, plastic and composites

Most commercial steels are classified into 4 groups.

Plain Carbon Steel
Low-Alloy Steel
High-Alloy Steel
Clad steel

Plain Carbon Steel

Page | 4

Plain carbon steels are further subdivided into four groups:

Type

Composition

Characteristics

Low Carbon steel

below 0.25% carbon

Easy to convert deferent shapes and Can

machine and weld nicely
More ductile than higher-carbon steels

Medium Carbon steel

0.30 - 0.45%carbon

Difficult to machine than the low Carbon

steel
Ductility is low

High Carbon steel

0.45 to 0.75% carbon

Heat treatment is needed in the welding

process

to

maintain

its

mechanical

properties of the steel after welding

Very high Carbon steel

up to 1.50 % carbon

Heat treatment is needed in the welding

process

to

maintain

its

mechanical

properties of the steel after welding

Low-Alloy Steel
Type/Composition
C - 0.40 %
Mn - 0.70 %
Ni - 1.85 %
Cr - 0.80 %
Mo - 0.25 %

Characteristics
Improved mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties over those
carbon steel
Does not have much effect against liquid corrosives
Expensive
Niincreases toughness and improves low-temperature properties and
corrosion resistance.
Cr and Siimprove hardness, abrasion resistance, corrosion
resistance, and resistance to oxidation.
Molybdenum provides strength at elevated temperatures.

High Alloy Steel (Stainless Steel)

There are three groups of stainless alloys
Page | 5

Type/Composition

Martensitic alloys
12-20 % Cr
With controlled amounts of carbon and
other additives.

Ferritic stainless

Characteristics
Corrosion resistance is inferior to that of
austenitic stainless steels
Used in mildly corrosive environments
(atmospheric, fresh water, and organic
exposures)
Improved corrosive resistance.
Fairly easy to machine & welding.

15-30 % Cr
With low carbon content (0.1 %).

Corrosion resistance is rated good.

(Not good against reducing acids such as
HCl)
Mildly corrosive solutions and oxidizing
media are handled without harm.

Austenitic stainless
16-26 % chromium
6-22 % nickel.
Carbon is kept low- 0.08 %

The most corrosion-resistant of the three

groups
Tough and ductile.
They can be fabricated by all standard
methods.
Not easy to machine, they work-harden and
gall.
Rigidmachines, heavy cuts, and high
speeds are essential

Clad steel
Composite steel plate made by bonding stainless steel plate, etc.
Has sufficient strength required of structural materials (base metal)
Resistance to heat and corrosion (cladding material) and is still lower in cost than similar products
made entirely of the cladding material.
.

Page | 6

Non Ferrous materials such as Aluminum and Copper,

Aluminum & its Alloys
Type/Composition
Mixtures of aluminum with copper

Characteristics
Remarkable for their ability to resist corrosion

Zinc

Low density

Manganese

Non-magnetic

Silicon

Good thermal conductivity

Magnesium.

Low strength

Copper & its Alloys

Type/Composition

Characteristics

Copper

Corrosion Resistant

Brasses

Resistant to many organic acids and salts.

Zinc

(attacked by mineral acids)

Bronzes
Tin

Page | 7

Selection of suitable material

As the raw materials an aqueous solution of potash is used for the crystallization process. Sospecial
attention should paid in order to avoid the corrosion. Therefore its not practical to use iron for the
fabrication process. Nonferrous materials, such as Aluminum& copper are also available for the
fabrication process. Aluminum cannot be used since it reacts with KOH. Similarly, most of the
plastics & composites are also reacts with KOH with high concentration. Since the crystallization is
done 600C maximum temperature,Copper will need additional insulations to reduce energy losses
from its higher thermal conductivity.
Considering all the above circumstances, its better to use Stainless Steel as the fabricating material.
And Austenitic stainless has the highest corrosion resistance from 3 types.
The most widely used austenite steel is the Grade 304(SA-240)which is available in a wider range of
forms. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics.Grade 304 is available in roll formed into
a variety of components for applications in the industrial, architectural & transportation fields.
Grade 304L is the low carbon version of 304, does not require post-weld annealing and so is
extensively used in heavy gauge components (over about 6mm).
SA-240 also has an excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of atmospheric environments and
many corrosive media. But, it may subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride
environments, and to stress corrosion cracking above about 60C.
SS Grade 316 has higher corrosion resistance than 304 steels but it is expensive and since the
crystallizer is maintained at maximum 60oC temperature and potash is not strongly corrosive, we can
estimate that using of SS 304 steel is more suitable both physically and economically

Stainless Steel Selection Guide (Ref. ASTM-A240)

Page | 8

2) Design Pressure & Temperature

i.

Design Pressure (

PDesign

Absolute Pressure
The absolute pressure is measured relative to the absolute zero pressure. In other words, relative to
the pressure that would occur at absolute vacuum.
Under the given operating conditions, operating pressure inside the crystallizer is 0.9atm (absolute).
P
( External=1 atm)>( PInternal =0.9 atm)

Therefore, this scenario falls under the category of;

PExternal =P Atmosphere
Therefore

PDesign

&

PInternal < P External

is given by,

PDesign =P ExternalP Internal absolute

Therefore;

PDesign =( 10.9 ) atm=0.1 atm

PDesign =0.1

ii.

101325 N
2
=10.1325 kN /m
2
m

Design Temperature (

T Design

o
Since the crystallizer should be operated at (3060) C or at 60oC maximum, it is required to be

heated. Lets assume, that the vessel is indirectly heated with using a heating coil.
Therefore,
Page | 9

T Design =T Highest temperature of body +10 C

Therefore,
T Design =70o C

3) Calculation of the wall thickness of the shell economical and safe

to
P Design& T Design
Lets assume that all the welded joints are butt joints & therefore according to thesection II, Part D
of ASME, welded joint efficiency () will be 0.7

Design Stress for Stainless steel 304 can be found from ASME Section II Part D published in
2004.

Design temperature=70 0C
For SS 304 grade,
At500C - Design Stress=165 N/mm2
At 1000C - Design Stress=145 N/mm2
Page | 10

Assuming linear interpolation is possible,

By interpolation we get,
Design at 700C= 157 N/mm2
=157000 kN/m2
Theoretical wall thickness for the cylindrical portion of the vessel can be calculated by,
t actual=

Pdesign D
10132.5 3
=
=0.1383 mm
2 design 2 157 106 0.7

Thickness to resist plastic failure,

1

P=2 (t / Do )

1.5 U (10.2
1+
100(

Do
)
L

t
)
Do

Where, L is the effective length of the vessel.

1
1
LEffective =L+ h1+ h2
3
3
h1 = 0.51743
h2= [ hflanged + hdished + hknuckle ]

h2

=
Page | 11

h1

(These are found from calculations for heads)

LEffective =6 +

0.866 1.524
+
=6.7967 m
3
3

U=out of roundness for new vessels = 1.5%

Therefore;
10132.5=2 157 10 6 0.7 (

t
)
3+t

1
1.5 1.5(10.2
1+
100(

3+t
)
6.7967

t
)
3+t

t Theoretical =2.99 mm

When the actual thickness is calculating, corrosion allowance should be added to the theoretical
thickness. Since SA-240 is used & it is a stainless steel corrosion allowance is not needed.
Therefore;
t Actual =t Theoretical=2.99 mm

Critical pressure for elastic failure;

t
PCritical=K E
Do

( )

Where K & m are constants depends on

Do
Leffective

ratio.

Do/L(effective)

0.1

0.185

2.60

0.2

0.224

2.54

0.3

0.229

2.47

0.4

0.246

2.43

0.6

0.516

2.49

0.8

0.660

2.48

1.0

0.879

2.49

Page | 12

For this scenario,

Do
Leffective

3
=0.4414
6.7967

Assuming linear interpolation is possible

K & m were calculated as follows,

Do/L(effective)

0.4

0.246

2.43

0.4414

0.3019

2.4424

0.6

0.516

2.49

According to the FIG HA-1 of the page 712 in ASME section II part D, Youngs modulus of SS
grade 304 (SA-240) is 193.1GPa.
PCritical=K E

t
Do

( )

Assuming t<<<Do & therefore

Dm Do

PCritical=0.3019 193.1 10 9

Since

PDesign

is 10132.5 Pa,

2.99 103
3

2.4424

PCritical < PDesign

=2722.098 Pa

therefore, vessel could undergo elastic failure.

Page | 13

Now, let

PCritical=P Design

& find the required wall thickness to resist the elastic failure.

10132.5=0.3019 193.1 10 9

t
3

2.4424

()

=5.121 mm

Therefore, wall thickness of 5.121 mm will resist the vessel for elastic & plastic failure.

Available plate thickness will be 6mm

4)

Selection of the suitable ends and calculation of their wall

thicknesses

Dished only

80% dished, 10%

knuckle

Flanged only

hemispherical

ASME flanged

Standard flanged

and dished

dished

Elliptical

Tori-conical

Tori-spherical

Conical

The head geometrical design is dependent on the geometry of the shell, operating temperature and
pressure. The heads may be of various types such as:
When designing a pressure vessel head geometry should be selected based on the design pressure &
the fabrication cost. For this vessel, its possible to use a flat end. But it will need a thickness which
Page | 14

is considerably higher compare to tori-spherical head. Therefore, tori-spherical head is selected.

tdish bottom end is obviously a hdish
Since this is a crystallizer,
conical end.

Tori-spherical head for top end

Here,
hkanuckle

R - Crown radius

hflange

rknuckle

r Knuckle radius

D Outer diameter Rcrown

hE

Douter

t Thickness of the head

h Flanged height

According to the ASME code;

R = D = 3m
r = 6% Dinner= 0.18 m
There are 3 different equations available for calculate h evalue.

he =R

( R D2 ) ( R+ D2 2 r )=3 (31.5) (3+1.5( 2 0.06 3 ) )=0.508

o

D o2
32
he =
=
=0.75
4 R 4 3

he =

Do r
3 0.06 3
=
=0.5196
2
2

Minimum value is selected.

Value for he = 0.508
t=

D P Design C
2 Design

Page | 15

Where,C is the stress concentration factor & given by the following table
t/Do
h E / Do

0.00075

0.0005

0.001

0.002

0.005

0.01

0.02

0.04

0.15

5.34

5.50

5.18

4.55

2.66

2.15

1.95

1.75

0.20

2.55

2.60

2.5

2.3

1.7

1.45

1.37

1.32

0.25

1.48

1.50

1.46

1.38

1.14

0.30

0.98

1.00

0.97

0.92

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.40

0.59

0.59

0.59

0.59

0.59

0.59

0.59

0.59

0.50

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

Its reasonable to assume DOuter = DMeansince wall thickness is negligible compare to diameter of
the vessel.
he 0.508
Therefore, D o = 3 =0.16933
Assuming linear interpolation is possible,
C value is calculated for above ratio,
t/Do
h E / Do
0.15

0.00075

0.0005

0.001

0.002

0.005

0.01

0.02

0.04

5.34

5.50

5.18

4.55

2.66

2.15

1.95

1.75

3.947

3.680
15

2.2888
64

1.879
38

1.7257
72

1.5837
62

2.5

2.3

1.7

1.45

1.37

1.32

0.173
0.20

4.047

4.166

2.55

2.60

When C=4.26138;
t=

D P Design C
2 Design

t 1 theoratical =

3 10132.5 4.26138
=0.58933 mm
2 0.7 157 106

Page | 16

'

t 1 calculated =0.00075 D o=0.00075 3=2.25 mm

When C=4.37886;
t 2 theoratical =

3 10132.5 4.37886
=0.60558mm
6
2 0.7 157 10

'

t 2 calculated =0.0005 D o=0.0005 3=1.5 mm

Assuming extrapolation is possible,
From extrapolating to ( tcalculated-

ttheoratical)=0

C actual = 4.24173
As no corrosion allowance is given to stainless steel vessels (C=0),
t actual=C actual

D PDesign
=4.24173 0.1383=0.5866 mm
2 Design

Available plate thickness will be 1mm

There for head thickness is 1mm=0.03937

For flanged and dished to ASME code type heads, maximum thickness =1.5
Since head thickness <1.5, assumed heads are correct.

Other dimensions of the head

O
Disked section
h

Knuckle section

Flanged section (cylinder)

R
Page | 17

R - Crown radius = 3 m

r Knuckle radius = 0.18 m

D Outer diameter = 3 m

t Thickness of the head

h Height of knuckle section

OC

= R = 3m

BC

=R-r
= 3 ( 0.06 3 )=2.82 m

AB

= (Din / 2) - r
= 1.5( 0.06 3 )=1.32 m

AC

= (BC2 - AB2)
=

2.8221.322=2.492 m

Sin = AC/ BC
= 2.492/2.82 = 0.8837

= 62.09050

= r sin
= (0.06 3) 0.8837 =0.159 m

Dish height

= OC (AC +h)
=3 - (2.492+0.159)
=0.349 m

Since thickness of the wall < 25mm;

Dblank = Douter + Douter/42 + 2/3 rknuckle + 2H flanged
Where,

D blank=5.2234 m
mm

Page | 18

h flanged=

2
[ h +h +h ]
3 flanged dished knuckle

h flanged=

2
[ h +0.349+0.159 ]
3 flanged

h flanged=1.016 m
Therefore,
Dblank = 3 + (3/42) + 2/3 0.18 + 21.016 m
Dblank = 5.2234 m

Conical bottom
Reference ASME section VIII division 1 (page 402)
8tc 8t t Vessel thickness of the cylindrical portion

tr Reinforce thickness
= 600

tc

P
value for this bottom is
P

10132.5
3
=
0.09212 10
157 106 0.7

1 103

2 103

3 103

4 103

5 103

6 103

13o

18o

22o

25o

28o

31o

Assuming extrapolation is possible,

Corresponding value =8.46060
Page | 19

Therefore the maximum value of

without reinforcing is 8.46060. But, its not practical to use

such a small value since it will drastically increase height of the vessel. Lets assume = 600.
Then tc is given by;
t theoretial =

t c=

D P Design
2 cos ( Design 0.6 P design )

10132.5 3
=0.2766 mm
2 cos ( 60) (157 106 0.70.6 10132.5)

Available plate thickness will be 1mm

As > reinforcement for cone cylinder junction is needed.
Reinforce area is given by,
2

A=

P Di tan( )

A=

3 tan(60)
10132.5
8.4606

1
=154.32 mm2
6
8
60
157 10 0.7

)
(

A is also given by;

A=2 [ ( 8t t r ) +(8 t c t r ) ]
A=16 t r (5.121+0.2766)
Therefore;
154.32=16 t r (5.121+0.2766)
t r=1.787 mm

Available plate thickness will be 2mm

Page | 20

5) Compensation for openings

All vessels over 36 in. (914 mm) Internal Diameter shall have a manhole, except that those whose
shape or use makes one impracticable shall have at least two hand holes 4 in. 6 in. (102 mm 152
mm) or two equal openings of equivalent area.
Vessels that require access or inspection openings shall be equipped as follows,
Size of Openings
Reference ASME section VIII UG-36 (page 43),UG-46 (page 61)
For vessels over 60 in. (1520 mm) inside diameter, one-third the vessel diameter, but not to exceed
40 in. (1000 mm).
When inspection or access openings are required,
A circular manhole shall be not less than 16 in. (406 mm) Internal Diameter
Here we design opening for inlet outlet and manhole

Since the mean diameter = 3 m,

We select the diameters of the 3 openings as follows,
Inlet opening = 0.2 m
Outlet opening = 0.2 m
Manholes = 0.5 m
Here we use protruded nozzle as type of reinforcement.

Protruded nozzle for inlet and out let

Page | 21

Area removed A1= (d+2C) (ttheoretical+ C) = (0.2) (.006) = 0.0012 m2

c=0

Since t actual = t theoretical& c=0,

t actual ttheoretical c d 2c
Excess area in the shell A3 =

=0

An excess area in the nozzle

An Ao Ai
where,
Ao excess area in the outer nozzle
Ai excess area in the internal nozzle

Page | 22

Ao excess area in the outer nozzle

A0 t n t theoretical
t theoretical

nozzle

nozzle

c 2H1

Pdesign d mean nozzle

2

10132.5 0.2

2 157 10 6 0.7

9.2197 10-6

AssumeH1, actual=0.04m andtn=0.005

H1, boundary limit =

(d +2 c)( t nc)

H1, boundary limit=

(0.2)(0.005)

=0.0316m
Since H1, boundary limit<H1, actual
H1, boundary limit= 0.0316 is used for calculation

A0= (0.005-9.2197 10-6-0)20.0316 m2

=3.15410-4m2

Page | 23

Ai excess area in the internal nozzle

Ai t n 2c 2 H 2
t theoretical

nozzle

Pdesign d mean nozzle

2

Because Pdesign 0

tn=0.005m
AssumeH2, actual=0.04m
H2, boundary limit =

(d +2 c)( t n2c )

H2, boundary limit=

(0.2)(0.005)
=0.0316m

Since H1, boundary limit<H1, actual,

H2,boundary limit=0.0316m is used for calculation
Ai= (0.005-0)2 0.0316m2
=3.162310-4m2
An=A0+Ai= (3.15410-4+3.162310-4) m2
An=0.00063163m2

A2= area for reinforcement

A2=A1-A3-Anozzle
A2= (0.0012 -0-0.00063163) m2
A2=5.683710-4 m2

Page | 24

A2= area for reinforcement=5.683710-4 m2

dr =(1.5-2.0)dh
selectdr =2dh
dr=20.2 m=0.4m
tr=A2/dr=(5.683710-4 /0.2) m
tr =2.8418510-3m
Since inlet and outlet have same diameter protruded nozzles we use same A 2, dr and tr values
for both openings

Protruded nozzle for manhole

We have assumed the manhole diameter=0.5m
Area removed
A1=(d+2c)(ttheoritical+c)
A1= (0.5) (0.006)m2
A1= 0.003 m2
Excess Area in the shell
Since tactual=ttheoritical& c=0
A3=(tactual- ttheoritical-c) (dh+2c) =0
A0=excess area in the outer nozzle
Assume tn=0.01m
A0=(tn- ttheoritical nozzle-c) 2H1

ttheoritical nozzle =

P Design d mean nozzle

2

Page | 25

10132.5 0.5

ttheoritical nozzle = 2 157 106 0.7 =2.304936 10-5m

AssumeH1,actual=0.1 m
H1,boundary limit =

(d +2 c)(t nc)

H1,boundary limit=

(0.5)(0.01)

=0.07071 m
H1,boundary limit=0.07071 m is used for calculation
A0=(0.01-2.304936 10-5-0) 20.07071 m2
=1.41110-3 m2
Ai= excess area in the internal nozzle
Ai=(tn-c)2H2

tn=0.01m
AssumeH2,actual=0.1 m
H2,boundary limit =

(d +2 c)(t n2c )

H2,boundary limit=

(0.5)(0.01)

=0.07071 m
H2,boundary limit=0.07071 m is used for calculation
Ai=(0.01-0) 20.07071 m2
=0.0014142m2
An= A0+ Ai=(1.41110-3 +1.414210-3 ) m2
An=0.0028252m2
A2= area for reinforcement
A2= A1- A3- Anozzle
A2= (0.003 -0-0.0028252) m2
A2=0.0001748 m2
dr =(1.5-2.0) dh
selectdr =2 dh
Page | 26

dr=20.5 m=1 m
tr= A2/ dr=(0.0001748/1) m
tr =1.74810-4m

6) Fabrication procedure
Stainless steel is available in several forms & dimensions at market such as Plates, Sheets, Bars and
Forgings. Since this vessel is having moderate diameter its suitable to use stainless steel plates for
the fabrication procedure.

Shell fabrication

Plates should be sized according to the height & the diameter of the cylindrical portion of the
vessel by using a proper cutting method i.e. oxy-acetylene flame or a laser beam. Then the
cutting edges are smoothed.

Next step is Crimping. Crimping is the process which is to be done prior to the rolling
process to reduce the out of roundness (U). Material conservation can be increased by the
process of crimping since it sets the radius on the ends of the plate.

Page | 27

Heating

is done before

the plate is
moved to the

rolling mill
Rolling is the process which meets the ends of the plate at proper diameter. Rollers should
work the plate to the proper radius.

Welding is an important process involved in the fabrication process. When the plate is
formed into cylinder using rollers, its possible to use various types of welding methods. For
this scenario, earlier we selected that the shell should be welded by a single V grove butt
welding.

Heat Treating

Page | 28

Finally, the magnetic particle testing is done to ensure

the vessel quality

Fabrication of heads & closers

Since the vessel is designed to use as a
crystallizer, obviously bottom should be fabricated
in conical or tori-conical shape. For head, its possible to use
various shapes listed above (Table 03). For this vessel tori-spherical top end& a conical bottom is
selected.

Select the stainless steel plate with proper thickness

Then the plate is cut for the blank diameter
Plate is subjected on pressing & spinning using a die

Shell and ends are welded using single V grove butt joint

Page | 29

Longitudinal butt-weld.
The shell should be welded by a single grove butt welding.

Welding of the head & bottom to the shell

Single V grove welded butt joint used to weld head to the vessel

1mm

Head
600

1 mm

y
Shell

x
14o

6mm

6 mm

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Where; y=3 mm &

x=

y
3
=
=12.032 mm
tan(14 ) tan(14)

Single V grove welded butt joint used to weld conical bottom to the vessel.

Hammering is the method used to get conical shape.

Page | 31

7) Technical drawing of the potash crystallizer

We draw the technical drawing using flanged and dished to ASME code type heads for both head
and bottom of the vessel.

Page | 32

References
1. ASME VIII UG, ASME section II part D, ASME section VIII division 1 Accessed on 25
August 2015
2.

Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels: Mechanism, Mitigation and Monitoring, (page

64), https://books.google.lk/books?
id=f_4QdX8F_TAC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=aqueous+potash+corrosiveness&source=bl
&ots=7ip8cTcg7n&sig=AZnwLhfnY__0BnlN4phQO5CR5q0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6
AEwAmoVChMIluXq-Y.LBxwIVh46OCh2I5gjP#v=onepage&q=aqueous%20potash
%20corrosiveness&f=false, Accessed on 25 August 2015

3. Crystallization,
http://orgchem.colorado.edu/Technique/Procedures/Crystallization/Crystallization.html,
Accessed on 25 August 2015
4. Potash Crystallization[PDF],Accessed on 25 August 2015
5. Potassium Alum or 'Ruby' Crystals, Grow Potassium Alum Crystals or Synthetic Ruby
Crystals, http://chemistry.about.com/od/crystalrecipes/a/potassium-alum-crystals.htm,
Accessed on 25 August 2015
6. PROCESSING OF POTASH ORE,
http://www.kali.by/en/production/technology/enrichment_technology/, Accessed on 25
August 2015
7. Psi to kN/m Conversion,http://www.theunitconverter.com/psi-to-kilonewton-squaremeter-conversion/, http://www.theunitconverter.com/psi-to-kilonewton-square-meterconversion/, Accessed on 25 August 2015
8. Stainless Steel - Grade 304 (UNS S30400), http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?
ArticleID=965, Accessed on 25 August 2015
9. Stainless Steel Selection Guide[PDF], http://www.fergusonperf.com/pdfs/56.pdf, Accessed
on 25 August 2015
10. Stainless Steels Classifications, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/stainless-steelclassifications-d_368.html, Accessed on 25 August 2015
11. "The Stainless Steel Family" (PDF). Accessed on 25 August 2015.
Page | 33

12. "Why is Stainless Steel Stainless?",http://www.stainless-steel-blog.com/2013/09/06/why-is-

stainless-steel-stainless/, Accessed on 25 August 2015

Page | 34