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Halloween or Hallowe'en (a
contraction
of All Hallows' Evening), also known as Allhalloween, All Hallows'
Eve, or All Saints' Eve, is a celebration observed in a number of
countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All
Hallows' Day. It begins the three-day observance of Allhallowtide,[9] the
time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead,
including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.
It is widely believed that many Halloween traditions originated
from Celtic harvest festivals that may have pagan roots, particularly
the Gaelic festival Samhain, and that this festival was Christianized as
Halloween. Some academics, however, support the view that Halloween
began independently as a solely Christian holiday.
History
Today's Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced
by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of
which are believed to have pagan roots. Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes
that "there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between
customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with
religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived".Historian Nicholas
Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some
folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the
goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia,
it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain, which comes
from the Old Irish for "summer's end".Samhain (pronounced SAHwin or SOW-in) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in
the medieval Gaelic calendar and was celebrated on 31 October1
November in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[35][36] A kindred festival
was held at the same time of year by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan
Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goav in Brittany; a
name meaning "first day of winter". For the Celts, the day ended and
began at sunset; thus the festival began on the evening before 1
November by modern reckoning. Samhain and Calan Gaeaf are mentioned
in some of the earliest Irish and Welsh literature. The names have been
used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th
century, and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.
Halloween
Sejarah
Adat dan kebiasaan Halloween masa kini diperkirakan telah
dipengaruhi kepercayaan dan adat istiadat masyarakat di negara-negara
berbahasa Kelt, yang mana beberapa di antaranya diyakini memiliki
dasar pagan. Jack Santino, seorang folkloris, menuliskan bahwa "di
seluruh Irlandia terjadi suatu kesepakatan yang meresahkan antara adat
istiadat dan keyakinan yang berhubungan dengan Kekristenan dengan
semua
hal terkait
agama-agama
Irlandia
sebelum masuknya
Kekristenan".Sejarawan Nicholas Rogers, saat menelusuri asal mula
perayaan Halloween, mencatat bahwa meskipun "beberapa folkloris telah
Valentine's Day
Valentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast
of Saint Valentine, is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14. It
originated as a Western Christian liturgical feast day honoring one or more
early saints named Valentinus, and is recognized as a significant cultural
and commercial celebration in many regions around the world, although it
is not a public holiday in any country.
Several martyrdom stories associated with the various Valentines
that
were
connected
to
February
14
were
added
to
later martyrologies, including a popular hagiographical account of Saint
Valentine of Rome which indicated he was imprisoned for performing
weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry and for ministering to
Christians, who were persecuted under the Roman Empire. According
to legend, during his imprisonment, Saint Valentine healed the daughter
of his jailer, Asterius, and before his execution, he wrote her a letter
signed "Your Valentine" as a farewell.
History
Numerous
early Christian martyrs
were
named Valentine. The
Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus
presb. m. Romae) and Valentine of Terni (Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m.
Romae). Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred in
269 and was added to the calendar of saints by Pope Galesius in 496 and
was buried on the Via Flaminia. The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in
the Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which "remained an
important pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of St.
Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede during the
pontificate of Nicholas IV". The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is
exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Other relics
are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland.
Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna (modern Terni) and is
said to have been martyred during the persecution under
Emperor Aurelian in 273. He is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a
different location from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of
Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino). Jack B. Oruch states
that "abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church
and monastery of Europe." The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a
third
saint
named
Valentine
who
was
mentioned
in
early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa
with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him.
Saint Valentine's head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster,
Winchester, and venerated.
Hari Valentine
Hari Valentine (bahasa Inggris: Valentine's Day) atau disebut juga Hari Kasih Sayang,
pada tanggal 14 Februari adalah sebuah hari di mana para kekasih dan mereka yang sedang
jatuh cinta menyatakan cintanya di Dunia Barat.
Hari raya ini sekarang terutama diasosiasikan dengan para pencinta yang saling
bertukaran notisi-notisi dalam bentuk "valentines". Simbol modern Valentine antara lain termasuk
sebuah kartu berbentuk hati dan gambar sebuah Cupido (Inggris: cupid) bersayap. Mulai abad
ke-19, tradisi penulisan notisi pernyataan cinta mengawali produksi kartu ucapan secara
massal. The Greeting Card Association (Asosiasi Kartu Ucapan AS) memperkirakan bahwa di
seluruh dunia sekitar satu miliar kartu valentine dikirimkan per tahun. [1] Hal ini membuat hari raya
ini merupakan hari raya terbesar kedua setelah Natal di mana kartu-kartu ucapan dikirimkan.
Asosiasi yang sama ini juga memperkirakan bahwa para wanitalah yang membeli kurang lebih
85% dari semua kartu valentine.
Di Amerika Serikat mulai pada paruh kedua abad ke-20, tradisi bertukaran kartu
diperluas dan termasuk pula pemberian segala macam hadiah, biasanya oleh pria kepada
wanita. Hadiah-hadiahnya biasa berupa bunga mawar dan cokelat. Mulai tahun 1980-an,
industri berlian mulai mempromosikan hari Valentine sebagai sebuah kesempatan untuk
memberikan perhiasan.
Sejarah
Asosiasi pertengahan bulan Februari dengan cinta dan kesuburan sudah ada sejak
dahulukala. Menurut tarikh kalender Athena kuno, periode antara pertengahan Januari dengan
pertengahan
Februari
adalah
bulan Gamelion,
yang
dipersembahkan
kepada pernikahan suci Dewa Zeus dan Hera.
Di Roma kuno, 15 Februari adalah hari raya Lupercalia, sebuah perayaan Lupercus,
dewa kesuburan, yang dilambangkan setengah telanjang dan berpakaian kulit kambing. Sebagai
bagian dari ritual penyucian, para pendeta Lupercus meyembahkan korban kambing kepada
sang dewa dan kemudian setelah minum anggur, mereka akan lari-lari di jejalanan kota Roma
sembari membawa potongan-potongan kulit domba dan menyentuh siapa pun yang mereka
jumpai. Terutama wanita-wanita muda akan maju secara sukarela karena percaya bahwa
dengan itu mereka akan dikarunia kesuburan dan bisa melahirkan dengan mudah.
History
January: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used
by most countries. Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New
Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday.
The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the
observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is
because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (8 days after his birth),
and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins
September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to
the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil
celebrations for the New Year. Those that adhere to the revised Julian
calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar),
including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey,
observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations
and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar,
including Georgia, Jerusalem, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia,
Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of
the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14
(which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar.
Sejarah
Tahun Baru pertama kali dirayakan pada tanggal 1 Januari 45 SM. Tidak
lama
setelah Julius
Caesar dinobatkan
sebagai
kaisar Roma,
ia
memutuskan untuk mengganti penanggalan tradisional Romawi yang
telah diciptakan sejak abad ketujuh SM. Dalam mendesain kalender baru
ini, Julius Caesar dibantu oleh Sosigenes, seorang ahli astronomi
dari Iskandariyah, yang menyarankan agar penanggalan baru itu dibuat
dengan mengikuti revolusi matahari, sebagaimana yang dilakukan orangorang Mesir. Satu tahun dalam penanggalan baru itu dihitung sebanyak
365 seperempat hari dan Caesar menambahkan 67 hari pada tahun
45 SM sehingga
tahun
46 SM dimulai
pada 1
Januari. Caesar juga
memerintahkan agar setiap empat tahun, satu hari ditambahkan kepada
bulan Februari, yang secara teoretis bisa menghindari penyimpangan
dalam kalender baru ini. Tidak lama sebelum Caesar terbunuh pada tahun
44 SM, dia mengubah nama bulan Quintilis dengan namanya, yaitu Julius
atau Juli. Kemudian, nama bulan Sextilis diganti dengan nama
pengganti Julius Caesar, Kaisar Augustus, menjadi bulan Agustus.
April Mounth
April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, the fifth in
the early Julian and the first month to have the length of 30 days. And it is
the spring in the northern hemisphere and autumn in the southern
hemisphere.
April is commonly associated with the season of spring in parts of
the Northern
Hemisphere and autumn in
parts
of
the Southern
Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the
Northern Hemisphere and vice versa.
Background
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of
this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire,
"to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin
to "open", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use
of (nixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months
were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the
goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been
suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her
equivalent
Greek
goddess
name Aphrodite (Aphros),
or
from
the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob
Grimm suggests
the
name
of
a
hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus.
Bulan April
April adalah bulan keempat tahun dalam kalender Gregorian, kelima pada
awal Julian dan bulan pertama memiliki panjang 30 hari. Dan itu adalah
musim semi di belahan bumi utara dan musim gugur di belahan bumi
selatan.
April ini umumnya terkait dengan musim semi di bagian belahan bumi
utara dan musim gugur di bagian belahan bumi selatan, di mana ia adalah
musiman setara dengan Oktober di belahan bumi utara dan sebaliknya.
Latar Belakang
Bangsa Romawi memberi bulan ini nama latin Aprilis tetapi derivasi dari
nama ini tidak pasti. Etimologi tradisional dari aperire kata kerja, "untuk
membuka", dalam kiasan untuk nya menjadi musim ketika pohon-pohon
dating in Islam
Never justified their dating relationships in Islam. On the contrary, Islam
forbids the courtship between them that mukan muhrim because it can
cause a variety of slander and sin. In Islam, the court is illegitimate.
Therefore, Islam governs the relationship between men and women in two
ways, namely:
Mahram Relationships
What is meant by a mahram relationships, such as between a father and
daughter, a brother with sister, or vice versa. Therefore the mean mahram
legitimate to be alone (in a good sense) with the opposite sex.
Therefore, the Qur'an Surah An-Nisa verse 23 states that mahram (which
should not be married) than a man is a mother, grandmother, sisters
(biological or se-father), aunt (mother or father) , nephew (from siblings or
sebapak), daughter (biological children and stepchildren), mother's milk,
sepersusuan sister, mother-in-law, and daughter-in-law. In a mahram
relationship, the woman can not wear a headscarf but not showing his
private parts.
Non-mahram relationship
In addition to mahram, means that men are allowed to marry the woman.
However, there is a ban on him when alone together, look straight, or into
contact with women who are not mahram. For women, must wear veils
and cover the entire nakedness if being around men who are not mahram
them.
dating danger in Islam
Islam forbids dating is not without cause. Courtship, other than close to
adultery which is a major sin, can also pose a variety of hazards, all of
which will not only harm themselves but also others.
1. Approaching zina
2. Eliminate concentration
3. The cause of many losses
4. Disrupt community life