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Vector calculus
Engineering Mathematics
(
and , therefore
a.
)
(
(
)
), (
(
(
)
)
)
(
(
)
)
)-
That is
a.
].
Page 1
Engineering Mathematics
Theorem
Where
Now
(
(
(
Thus,
But
(
(
(
(
Similarly,
Therefore,
Hence,
(
(
)
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
(
(
)
)
(
).
)
)
)
(
Page 2
Engineering Mathematics
( )
(
Page 3
Engineering Mathematics
Vector Fields
(
)
(
( )
)
lim
( )
( )
( )
st 0
Successive Derivatives.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
also
Denoted by
DIFFERENTATION FORMULA FOR VECTOR FUNCTION
Let a, b, c be differentiable vector function of a scalar variable t and
function of t, then
(i)
(a
(ii)
(a. b)
(iii)
(a x b)
(iv)
(v)
[a b c]
(vi)
* x( x ) +
be a differentiable scalar
b)
)
0
x( x )
x, x -
1
x, x -
Page 4
Engineering Mathematics
(
Subtract (1) from (2), we get r = 0.
Divide by t and taking the limit as t
lim
st 0
= 0 or
.. (1)
.. (2)
0, we get
=0
Where
)
(
(1)
(2)
x
z
lim
= lim 4
5
st 0
st 0
t
t
t
r
x
= 4 lim
5
st
0
t
t
lim
( lim
st 0
4 lim
st 0
be r and let
, we have
z
5
t
st 0
, etc.
and
( )
,
. (1)
. (2)
( )-
u )
. (3)
Page 5
Engineering Mathematics
and
r
t
u 5
( )
r
t
u 5
lim
st 0
r
t
( )
u )
u 5 ( )
4
. (4)
. (5)
(
( )
. (6)
( )
t
, r
0 (when t
u
u
lim
st 0
( )
and u
(
lim
or
), we get
t )
( )
t
( )
( )-
Theorem-1
.a
= 2a.
[ a. b = b. a]
Since a. a =
(a. a) =
2a.
=0
)=0
or
Conversely, suppose a.
a.
= 0, then we get
(a. a) = a.
(a. a) = 0
=0
a = 2a.
or
[ a, b = b. a]
a. a =
| |
| |
or
Hence proved the complete theorem.
Theorem-2
( )
Proof. Let us suppose first a (t) has a constant vector. Let a(t) = c where c is a constant vector,
then
(
)
(
)
( )
Divide by t and taking the limit as t
, we get
Page 6
Engineering Mathematics
t )
lim
( )
=0
st 0
Conversely, suppose
( )
Let
( )
( )
( )
This implies
Therefore,
Hence, a (t) =
Theorem 3
|
(
=0
or
and
2a.
| |
a.
=0
| |
0.
Theorem-4
.
Proof since we have that
.
( x )
. /
/ x
x
x
Proof. Suppose a (t) has a constant direction. Let be the unit vector along a (t) and
| ( )|
( )
( )
fk
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Page 7
Engineering Mathematics
x.
or
ax
. (1)
Since a has a constant direction, then is a constant vector, and thus we have
ax
= (ax0)
Conversely, suppose a x
Or
ax
=0
or
ax
=0
/
. (2)
=0
)
(
( )
( )
( )
Also represent a curve in three dimensional spaces. Where t takes the value between a and b,
i.e.
. Let (x, y, z) be any point on the curve (1) and let r be its position vector, then we
have
( )
( )
( )
( )
and
From (1), we have
( )
( )
( )
or
( )
lim
st 0
Page 8
Engineering Mathematics
is regarded as ordinary
Obviously,
)
(
Or
Hus gradient of
is a
+
/
= .
=
)
Hence, (
2.
( )
Or grad ( )
Page 9
Engineering Mathematics
=.
/
/
= .
=
Hence, (
3. If
. /
Proof, since
. /
Hence,
0 .
. /
. /
. /
/
/
-=
/1
.
)
. /
4. If
Proof suppose
(
=0
=0
Conversely, suppose
Hence, (
Remarks (
)
( )
. /
DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE
(
)where p is any
Let us consider a scalar field given by a scalar point function ( )
point in space whose co-ordinates are
since we know that the first partial derivatives of f
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Page 10
Engineering Mathematics
are the rates of changes of in the direction of co-ordinate axes. Now, we shall have to discuss
the rate of change of f in any direction this leads the notion of a directional derivative.
Let us chose a point in space and a direction at given by a unit vector a.Let be the ray from
p In the direction of a and let Q be any point on this ray such that PQ is s as
shown in fig 1.
Then the limit
( )
( )
( )
Hence, assuming that possess continuous first order partial derivative we have
From (1)
=a
Since we have
grad
Thus equation (2) becomes
.
Or
/ .
is given as a
.
Remarks
/=
Similarly, if a =
|
|.
V(
Page 11
Engineering Mathematics
. (2)
And
( )
( )
Hence, divergence of a vector function V can also be written as
a vector function is obtained scalar because dot product of
consequently divergence of
given a scalar quantity.
)
|
=.
(
(
)
)
|
/
Remark
xV=0
Curl x v = x
Curl V is perpendicular to v
In the case of a rigid body rotation, the curl of the velocity field has the direction of the axis of
rotation and its magnitude equals twice the angular speed of the rotation.
Solenoidal vector :A vector v is said to be solenoidal if
div =0
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Page 12
Engineering Mathematics
( )
(2)
Now taking into account of other two pairs of faces, we get the total decrease in the mass of the
fluid per unit time in the parallelepiped as
.
(3)
Page 13
Engineering Mathematics
By the principle of conversation of matter, the expression in (3) should be equal to time rate
(
Thus
.
Or,
Or,
(4)
or div ( )
(5)
If the fluid is incompressible, then the density p is constant and equation (5) redeces to
(6)
Where is the velocity vector of motion? This is the condition of incompressibility.
Some Properties of Divergence
(
(i) If
Or
Proof:
Div (
(
)
)
Div (
(
.
.
Or,
Proof:
Div ( )
) is a scalar and
(
) is a vector point function, then
(
Div )
( )
( ) ( )
(ii) If
( )
( )
/ ( )
( )
.
( ) /
Page 14
Engineering Mathematics
.
(
Solved Examples
1.
( x )
( x )
We have
Thus,
( x )
( x )
| (
| (
)(
Therefore,
( x )
( x )
2.
X( X )
X( X )
X( X )
We have
X( X )
X (c X a)
x (a x b)
Adding, we get
X( X )
(
(
(
)
)
)
(
)
( )
( )
X (c X a)
x (a x b)
3.
(a x b) x
x (b x c)
(a x c) x
We know that
X( X )
X (c X a)
x (a x b)
But X ( X ) (a X b) X
(a X b) X c + b X (c a) + c X (a X b) X c=0.
We have
(a X b) X c (c X a) X b (a X b) X c=0.
That is,
(a X c) X b=0.
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Page 15
Engineering Mathematics
4.
(a X b). [(b X c) X (c X a)] = [a. (b X c)]2.
We have
(a X b). [(b X c) X (c X a)]
= (a X b). [{c (b X c). a} a {(b X c). c}]
= (a X b). [c {a. (b X c)} a {b. (c X c)}]
= { ( a X b) .c} {a. (b X c)}
= {a. (b X c) {a . (b X c)]
= {a. (b X c)}2
5.
(a X b) X (a X c)= [a. (b X c)] a.
We know that
(a X b) X (c X d) = c [d. (a X b)] d [c. (a X b]
Therefore
(a X b) X (a X c) = a [c. (a X b)] c [a. (a X b) ]
= a [a. (b X c)] c [b. (a X a)]
= a [a. (b X c)] = [a. (b X c)] a.
6.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
( X )
( X )
( X )
or
( X )
( X )
Similarly,
(
( )
7. Solved Examples
If r=
(ii) | |
(i)
(iii)
, find
(iv) |
Solution.
(i)
)
(
(
)
)
(
Page 16
Engineering Mathematics
| |
(ii)
(
. /
(iii)
(iv)
8.
)
)
) = (
| |
Solution.
| |
(1)
(
Now,
(2)
X.
) X
X
/
X
9.
Solution Since a, b, c are constant vectors so
(1)
and
. /
and
10.
(1)
( )
)
(2)
Page 17
Engineering Mathematics
Now
X,
,(
(
) -
) - X , (
(
) X
(
)X
)
(
X
(
,
)
)
-
(
X
Hence, X
11.
) -
( x )
( x )
x( x )
x
( x )x
,(
)
(
(
)
(
( )
(
x x )
) - ,(
)
( ) )
(
)
( )
( )
)
(
( x )
x )
)
)
x( x )
12.
| |
(i)
(iii) (
(ii)
)
| |
Let
.
( )
/
(
(ii)
Example 13
(i)
. /
( )
. /
. /
Let
(
(iii)
| |
Let
).
).
)
/
( )
| |
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Page 18
Engineering Mathematics
(1)
( )
Or
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
(ii)
( )
( )0
( )
[Using (1)]
( )
( )
(By
definition of gradient)
Since
| |
( | |
or
Or
( )
( )
( )
from( )
from( )
( )
Now
( )
( )x
[ rxr=0]
( )
( ) Since
from ( )
( )
Let
( )
. /
or
Example 14
grad
(
)
Solution since we know that
(
=
(
At (1,-2,-1)
(
)
)
(
)
Page 19
Engineering Mathematics
Grad =
And |
Example 15
(2, -1, 1) is
)at
f
.
And
( (
))
. (1)
(
Since
and
And f
At (2,-1-,1)
Hence
)
|
Example 16
Solution Let
By
(1)
(1)
Now
(2)
)
Page 20
Engineering Mathematics
Again by
(
(
Similarly,
Also, |
( ) We have
| |(
)
(
|
)
(
( )
Solution (i)
)
(
/ (
.
(
/
)
|= (
( xa)
div (rxa)
=
(ii)
R xa =|
(i)
Example 18
(i) div (r xa)
Solution Let a =
(
r
|
(
culr = x
(
)
| |
Example 17
()
(ii)
curl (r x a)
x(r x a)
|
(
)
Page 21
Engineering Mathematics
= 0
)
0
= ,
0 (
)1
(
(
)1
)1
(
0 .
(ii)
0.
[(
curl (
x(
/1
/ 1
0 .
0 .
[ (
.
.
/1
/1
)]
(grad )
/x (
) .
/
(
)
)
(
[(
) ]
div (
) (
)
(
(
[ (
)
)
)]
Page 22
Engineering Mathematics
)
(i) f=
(ii) f
(
(iii) f
Solution
(i) we have div f
(
(ii)
) (
(
f
(iii)
div f =
/ (
By def.
div r
= .
=
=
=1+1+1
div = 3
Proved.
Example : If
Solution:
.
div
/ r
/ (
Page 23
Engineering Mathematics
Example 2.17: If r
(i) Div 4
(Ans.)
r5
r5
| r |, show that
r
(iii)Div : ;
(iv) Div ( )
(v) Div 4 r 5 =
Solution:
Here
|r |
Or,
)s
(i)We have
Div 4
r5
r5
(
/ {
(
)}
{
8
}
9
( )
(
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)
Page 24
Engineering Mathematics
Proved (i)
r5
grad div 4
*(
r5
r 59
+6
()
) *(
)
(
r5
Proved (ii)
r
: ;
(iii) div : ;
. /
.
{
. /
(
/ 2
. /
)}
*
)}
Proved (iii)
(iv) div ( )
: ;
r
: ; .
. /
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. /
/ .
./
Page 25
Engineering Mathematics
/3
*
/3
Proved (iv)
(v) div 4 r 5
(r )
/ 4r 5
4r 5
4r 5
4r 5
;
Then
4r 5
r
.
r
Proved (v)
Solution:
) is solenoid.
div a =
/ {(
(
) }
Page 26
Engineering Mathematics
Div v
we have,
(
Now, div v
a= -2
(Ans)
EXERCISE
1.
(
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
|(
)
(
(
|
(
(
|
)
)|
)
)(
)
,
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
-
3. Prove that (
)
4. Show that the three vectors a, b and c are coplanar if and only if
(
)
5. Prove that
,
6. Show that
, (
7. Show that
, ,
8.
)- , (
))-
)
(
,(
(
)-
)(
(
) (
))
,
(
)(
)-
)-
()
9.
Page 27
Engineering Mathematics
()
( ) x
10.
(i)
|r x
(ii)
|= | |
11. If r is the position vector of a moving point and r is the modulus of r, show that
12. If r is a vector function of a scalar variable t and a is a constant vector, differentiate the
following with respect to t:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
where | |
(iv)
, find value of
) at (1, 0, 2).
where
. /
, prove that
(ii)
(ii)
( ( ) )
16. prove that ( )
17. If f
(i) div f
(ii) curl f
(iii) curl curl f
then at the point (1, -1, 1), find
18. If f = x
(i)
div f
(ii) curl f
(
)
()
( )
19. If f
Page 28