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h i g h l i g h t s
Hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation for nanoparticle dispersion is proposed.
Dispersion of carbon nanotubes at very low particle loadings.
Thermal conductivity of nanofluid is investigated.
Thermal conductivity models underpredicted experimental data.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 20 April 2016
Revised 30 June 2016
Accepted 2 July 2016
Available online 4 July 2016
Keywords:
Carbon nanotube
Hydrogenated oil
Thermal conductivity
Hydrodynamic cavitation
a b s t r a c t
Thermal conductivity properties of non-polar hydrogenated based-oil dispersed with multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are investigated. The dispersion of MWCNT are carried out via two-step
methods that utilizes the combination of hydrodynamic cavitation and ultrasonication dispersion at
weight concentration of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm respectively. MWCNT structure and
chemical compound was analyzed using TEM imaging and FTIR analysis. The thermal conductivity of
MWCNT-hydrogenated oil shows 9.8% enhancement at 100 ppm concentration as compared to 7.2%
and 4.5% enhancement at 50 ppm and 25 ppm respectively. Various conventional thermal conductivity
models were compared with experimental data obtained, of which Nan et al. model yields the closest
result approximations at 25 ppm while other models underpredicted the thermal conductivity of
MWCNT-hydrogenated oil nanofluid.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Thermal conductivity properties of drilling fluids plays an
important role in drilling activities as it helps to shift heat loads
generated between frictions of the walls of the reservoirs and the
drilling bit in an attempt to prevent the overheating of the bit.
Improvement of thermal conductivity properties will not only
reduce the damage of the equipment, but to decrease the downtime of the drilling operations.
Carbon nanotube (CNT) is comprised of single walled nanotube
(SWCNT) and multi walled nanotube (MWCNT), which comprises
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: yeeho.chai@gmail.com (Y.H. Chai), drsuzana_yusuf@petronas.
com.my (S. Yusup), calvinchok@platinumgroup.com.my (V.S. Chok), taufiq@
platinumgroup.com.my
(M.T.
Arpin),
drsonny_irawan@petronas.com.my
(S. Irawan).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.017
1359-4311/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
of high L/D aspect ratio that gives high specific surface area
between the tubes for higher heat transfer rate. CNTs have
unusually high thermal conductivity on average of 3000 W/m K
[12,14] for MWCNT and 6000 W/m K [1] for SWCNT. However,
the dispersion and stability of MWCNT based nanofluids are
usually difficult as the tubes tend to entangle with one another
to form larger mass of aggregates and cause instabilities of the
nanofluid. This can be attributed to the high Van der Waals force
at a nano-scale that promotes particle-particle attractions.
Nanofluids have higher thermal conductivities as compared to
its base fluids. Liu et al. [3] obtained 12.4% thermal conductivity
enhancement when ethylene glycol is dispersed with 1 vol% CNT.
Ding et al. [1] obtained as much as 80% enhancement with only
1 wt% of CNT dispersed in water. Similarly, Jiang et al. [2] obtained
14% enhancement when deionized water was dispersed with 1 vol
% CNT. Farbod et al. [4] yielded approximately 15% enhancement
when 0.5 vol% CNT was dispersed in water. The wide variation in
1020
2. Experimental procedure
2.1. Materials
Multi-walled CNTs and hydrogenated oil-based drilling fluid
were provided by Platinum Green Chemicals Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia
and was used as received.
Hydrogenated oil contains a mixture of straight chain and
branched paraffins of carbon chain length from C15 to C18 that
constitute it as non-polar group intrinsically. The general thermophysical properties of hydrogenated oil as base fluid used in this
work are listed in Table 1.
The size and morphology of CNTs were taken through transmission electron microscopy (TEM, LIBRA Microscope 200). At 80,000
magnification, a bundle of CNT with an average outer diameter of
10 to12 nm is seen to entangle one another at Fig. 2(a). The entanglement could result in the aggregation of CNTs in nanofluid if not
dispersed homogenously. From Fig. 2(b), multi-walled CNT consists of inner diameter that are layered with several outer layers
of CNTs at an average thickness of 4.7 nm. The inner diameter of
the multi-walled CNTs ranges from 6 to 7 nm. The physical properties of MWCNT is summarised in Table 2.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Perkin Elmer)
was used to detect the compositions present on the multi-walled
CNTs within the wavenumber range of 500 to 4000 cm1 as shown
in Fig. 3. Between 3300 cm1 and 3600 cm1, high absorbance of
OAH groups are seen attached to the surface of CNT. The peaks
between 2800 and 3500 cm1 are usually stretching vibrations of
OAH bonds [4]. At the range of 1500 and 1800 cm1, small peaks
are formed which confirms the presence of C@C bonds. There are
also sharp peaks ranging from 1600 to 1700 cm1 which denotes
the presence of C@O stretching for carboxylic groups (ACOOH).
The presence of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups confirms the
hydrophilicity behaviour of CNT [12]. Between 1000 and
1300 cm1, the CH2X group can be found on the surface of the
CNT. This could be attributed to the attachment of halogen atoms
to form alkyl halides during acid wash during the preparation of
CNT.
2.2. Nanofluid preparation
The dispersion of multi-walled CNTs into hydrogenated oilbased drilling fluid was carried out via two-step methods which
includes hydrodynamic cavitation dispersion and bath ultrasonication process.
A pilot scale hydrodynamic cavitation unit was set up as shown
in Fig. 4 for hydrodynamic cavitation dispersion for the production
of CNT-hydrogenated oil-based fluid. A variable frequency drive
(VFD) pump with a range of 050 Hz is used to control the inlet
flow pressure at the orifice. Table 3 below outlines the key parameters used for the HC dispersion process.
The minimum volume requirement for each batch is 1.5 L of
hydrogenated oil-based fluid to prevent the pump from
dry-running and was taken as the basis for each run. The weight
concentrations of MWCNTs selected in this study are 25 ppm,
50 ppm and 100 ppm respectively. Weighted MWCNTs were
dispersed into measured hydrogenated oil-based fluid for prestirring for 15 min at 800 RPM (VELP Scientifica Digital Overhead
Table 1
Thermophysical properties of hydrogenated oil.
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the stages of bubble implosion during hydrodynamic cavitation process.
Density
(kg/m3)
Viscosity (cP)
Flash
point (C)
Vapour
pressure (kPa)
780 (at 15 C)
1.52.0 (at 40 C)
90
<0.1 (at 40 C)
1021
Fig. 2. TEM imaging of multi-wall CNT at 80,000 (a) and 630,000 (b) magnification.
Table 2
Physical properties of MWCNTs.
Parameters
Dimension
3
Density (g/cm )
Carbon content (%)
Oxygen (%)
XY dimensions (lm)
Z dimensions (lm)
Thermal conductance (W/m K)
2.12
>99.0
<1
0.060.1
110
1600
1022
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of hydrodynamic cavitation unit (HDV: hydrodynamic vessel; MV: mixer vessel; PG: pressure gauge; RP: rotary pump; HDP: hydrodynamic pump).
Table 3
Key parameters of hydrodynamic cavitation unit.
Parameters
Dimensions
Orifice diameter
Orifice length
Pipe inlet diameter
Tank volume
Pump power
1 mm
30 mm
19 mm
10 L
0.4562 kW
Table 4
Viscosity comparison between hydrogenated oil and other vegetable oil.
Type
Viscosity (cP)
Reference
Hydrogenated oil
EFB-derived pyrolytic oil
Corn oil
Coconut oil
1.52.0 (at 40 C)
45.47 (at 40 C)
30.8 (at 37.8 C)
28.0 (at 37.8 C)
This work
[34]
[35]
[35]
1023
bf
bf
knf
kp n 1kbf n 1kp kbf u
1
kbf
kp n 1kbf kp kbf u
kp keff
kbf keff
1 u
0
kp keff
kbf 2keff
k
3 kp 1 u
knf
bf
kp
k
kbf
2
kp 1 u
k
kbf
3 b11 u
b11
2k11 kbf
;
c
k11 kbf
b33
k33
1
kbf
k11
kp
1 2dak
kp
kbf
k33
kp
1 2dak
kp
kbf
Fig. 7. Comparison of classical models against experimental data at 25 ppm (top left), 50 ppm (top right) and 100 ppm (bottom).
1024
knf kbf
where u and Lii are volume fraction and geometrical factor respectively. bii is defined as
bii
kp kbf
kbf Lii kp kbf
1025
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