Strategy Research of Low Voltage Photovoltaic

Microgrid Protection
YIN Xu,YANG Ping, ZHENG Qunru

LI Peng,LEI Jinyong

School of Electric Power, South China

University of Technology
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Technology,
South China University of Technology
Guangzhou, China
yinxu951@foxmail.com

CSG Technology Research Center

China South Power Grid International Co., LTD
Guangzhou, China

Abstractin recent years, with rapid development of low voltage

photovoltaic(PV) microgrid, control and protection technology
associated with low-voltage microgrid has been the focus of research. Microgrid with its power can flow in both directions and
fault current differs in the grid-connected mode and islanded
mode, takes a great challenge to the traditional protection technology. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new strategy to protect microgrid using the fault direction information,
determines the switchs fault direction through the energy function, locates the external fault, common bus fault and feeder
fault using fault direction information based on stratification
searching thought. For the feeder fault location, this article
creates direction information matrix, switch-branch matrix and
branch-switch matrix, to achieve fast feeder fault location and
action through the matrix operation. The Simulation results
show that, the micro-grid protection strategies propose to
achieve fast fault location and isolation, effectively protect the
security and stability of low voltage photovoltaic microgrid.
Index Terms-- Low voltage; microgrid; photovoltaic; pro-

tection
I.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, Photovoltaic microgrid technologies, integrating photovoltaic, battery, load, control and protection
devices, have gotten the rapidly development [1-3]. The photovoltaic microgrid is generally connected to the 0.4kV lowvoltage distribution network, with the advantages of strengthening reliability, high power quality, and operating both on
grid-connected and islanded modes. The domestic construction of a large number of low-voltage PV microgrid demonstration projects, marks the photovoltaic microgrid technology has entered a new stage in china. However, the control and
protect technology for the low-voltage has been the bottleneck to the development.
With distributed photovoltaic accessing to microgrid, the
traditional distribution network with radial topology of single
power supply transforms into the topology of dual or multiterminal power supply. Microgrids power can flow in both
directions, and its short-circuit current differs greatly in the
This work was supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program2014AA052001), National Natural Science Foundation of
China (61104181) and Science and Technology Planning
Project of Guangdong Province, China (2012A032300001).
978-1-4799-7537-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE

grid-connected and islanded mode, which leads to the traditional over-current protection technology can not being directly applied to the microgrid protection [4-7]. It is the key and
difficult for microgrid protection to response quickly to internal faults on both operating modes, detect the external power
grid fault rapidly on the grid-connected mode, and ensure its
selectivity, rapidity, sensitivity and reliability. Therefore, it is
essential to explore research work on microgrid protection.
The present research on microgrid protection focus on
two directions: 1) some researchers apply the mature transmission grid protection principle to the microgrid, including
distance protection, longitudinal differential protection and so
on. To some extent, it can solve the protection problem, but
the complex and expensive protection configuration raise the
microgrid cost, making against market promotion. Paper [8]
proposes double directional blocking differential current protection scheme based on directional fault information, using
the signal of fault current direction and magnitude constituting differential protection, as the main protection for microgrid. Paper [9] discusses the feasibility of distance protection
scheme for 11kV distribution network with DG, and the influence of the DG to the protection. Paper [10] proposes the
protection scheme of master-slave structure regional longitudinal comparison based on the traditional longitudinal comparison protection and communication theory. 2) Some methods improve the traditional over-current protection scheme
to adapt the particularity of microgrid protection, for decreasing fault clearing time, enhancing sensitivity and adaptability
of protection, and improving power quality. However, the
method could just solve little fault situation, and it is hard to
set the cooperation on the current protection. Paper [11] proposes the protection scheme based on symmetrical current
component detection. Paper [12] proposes the method to detecting the voltage of protection installation, and detecting the
fault by the d-axis voltage differential.
Therefore, the paper proposes a new strategy to protect
microgrid using the fault direction information. Based on
stratification searching thought, the micro-grid protection
strategies proposes to achieve fast fault location and isolation,

effectively protect the security and stability of low-voltage

photovoltaic microgrid.
II.

OVERVIEW OF LOW VOLTAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC MICROGRID

Firstly, the characteristics and network topologies of

typical low voltage photovoltaic microgrid are described to
provide a basis for the subsequent research of microgrid protections strategies.
A typical low voltage photovoltaic microgrid topology
shown in Figure 1, the photovoltaic connect to the grid common bus with battery storage through tie line near the load,
Microgrid common bus connect to the distribution network
through the static switch at the common connection point
(PCC).When the microgrid system operates in the gridconnected mode, photovoltaic and energy battery storage are
working in PQ control mode, in which photovoltaic generates
the maximum power and battery storage works for smoothing
fluctuations in output power; When short fault or power outage of the external power grid occurs, the microgrid system
can switch to islanded operation mode, in which the battery
storage operates in V/f control mode as the main power and
photovoltaic runs in PQ control mode to ensure the loads
power supply, The above analysis fully demonstrates the flexibility and complexity of the micro-grid structure and operation.

Fig.1 The topology diagram of low voltage PV microgrid

III.

INFLUENCE ON TRADITIONAL PROTECTION FOR PV

ACCESSING TO LOW VOLTAGE MICROGRID

As protection and control is a core issue in the low voltage photovoltaic microgrid, a reasonable protection strategy
is critical to maintain stability and safety of microgrid. There
is a great difference in protection between microgrid and traditional grid. As a part of the distribution grid, Traditional
three-phase over-current protection and auto-reclosing is still
used in most of low voltage PV microgrid projects. Therefore,
analysis of impacts on the traditional protection of low voltage microgrid for PV integration is significant.
The impacts on traditional protection for PV system accessing to distribution network are mainly concentrated in
three-phase over-current protection and auto-reclosing, being
expounded from four aspects as follows.
A. The protection impact analysis for the location of PV
integrated to distribution network
As shown in Figures 2, one case is that the photovoltaic
connects to terminal bus BUS4. In the feeder containing
access point of photovoltaic, Switch S2 trips and isolates the
fault area when short-circuit fault occurs in point f1.In the

meantime, PV will provides short-circuit current to the fault

point, resulting in switchs false action when the over-current
protection of switch S21 do not include directional blocking.
If short-circuit fault occurs in point f2, Switch S21 trips and
isolates the fault area in which integration of photovoltaic
takes no effect of protection. In the adjacent feeder for access
point of photovoltaic, Switch S1 trips to isolate the fault area
when short-circuit fault occurs in point f3, causing switchs
false action without the directional blocking for protection of
switch S2 and S21. The short-circuit current provided by PV
helps to strengthen effect, expand the protecting area of
switch S1. If short-circuit fault occurs in point f4, there is the
same problem that switch S2 and S21would act falsely and
the protecting area of switch S1 enlarges.

f3

f1

f4

f2

Fig 2Different locations for PV integrated to Microgrid

Another case is that the photovoltaic connects to terminal
bus BUS3.In the feeder containing access point of photovoltaic, Switch S2 trips and isolates the fault area when shortcircuit fault occurs in point f1,with photovoltaic having no
effect on the protection. If short-circuit fault occurs in point f2,
switch S21 trips and isolates the fault area. With PV supporting the BUS3 voltage, the short-circuit current through switch
S2 decrease, shortening its back-up protection, and shortcircuit current through switch S21 increase, extending its
back-up protection. In the adjacent feeder for access point of
photovoltaic, if there is a short circuit fault on point f3 and f4,
short-circuit current provided by PV will cause the upstream
switch to act falsely, and will also lead to a further increase in
the protecting area of switch S1 and S11.
As the above analysis shows, the protection may act falsely for photovoltaics integration, and the protection area will
be extended or diminished for the short-circuit current strengthened by photovoltaic, further leading to selectivity of protection reduced.
B. The protetction impact analysis for the photovoltaic
access capacity
When the short-circuit fault occurs on the condition that
the photovoltaic access capacity is small, the short-circuit
current provided by photovoltaic is small, so the protection
switch is less likely to act falsely without directional blocking.
The protection area of all switches is little changed and its
selectivity is essentially unaffected. When the short-circuit
fault occurs on the condition that the photovoltaic access capacity is large, the protection switch is likely to act falsely
without directional blocking. The protection area of switches
is shortened or extended, and its selectivity is essentially reduced.

C. The protection impact analysis for Microgrid operating

mode
When PV microgrid operates in grid-connected mode, if
an internal short-circuit fault occurs, the detecting shortcircuit current is provided by external power distribution
network and photovoltaic, which is high and obvious. When
PV microgrid operates in islanded mode, the main power
supply turns into battery storage, the maximum current of
inverter type power supply including battery storage and photovoltaic is 1.5 to 2 times as the rated current. If an internal
short-circuit fault occurs, the detecting fault current provided
by external power and photovoltaic is small and the fault trait
is not obvious. Generally, the philosophy for protection is to
have the same protection strategies for both grid-connected
and islanded operation. However, the detecting fault current
differs greatly in two operation mode, making protection setting calculation difficult and its selectivity worse.
D. The automatic reclosing impact analysis for PV
integration
Operational experience shows that most of line fault is
transient fault. Therefore, automatic reclosing of the distribution network is used to quickly restore power for faulty
line and improve the reliability of power supply. With too
much photovoltaic accessing to the grid, inverter type power
will continue providing fault current when the switch trips,
which increases the arc extinguishing time of fault point and
causes automatic reclosing failure, turning transient faults
into permanent faults.
IV.

PROTECTION OF MICROGRIDS BASED ON FAULT

DIRECTIONAL INFORMATION

Considering the problems caused by the traditional current protection being applied to low voltage photovoltaic microgrid, there is much necessity to study low voltage photovoltaic microgrid protection problems. This paper proposes a
new type of low voltage photovoltaic microgrid protection
strategy based on fault direction information. The project is
composed by the center controller and terminal of protection
on site. The terminal on site detects the voltage and the current information of protection, using to judge the direction
information and upload to the center controller. The algorithm of protection control center is embedded into microgrid
center controller, using fault direction information to locate
the fault region based on stratification searching thought. On
this basis, control center trips correlative switch and isolates
the fault region.
A. Fault direction judgment
The traditional protection of distribution network mostly
uses power directional elements and zero sequence power
directional elements as fault direction judging element. There
is serious phenomenon of unbalanced loads and low power
quality caused by integration of inverter type power in low
voltage PV microgrid, lead to likely misjudge by power directional elements and zero sequence power directional elements. On the other side, the directional element should have
the advantage of eliminating the influence of load current,
ensuring the sensitivity direction element and shortening the

time of direction judgment. Thus, this paper is going to use

energy function of the fault component as the fault direction
judging methods for the low voltage photovoltaic microgrid
protection.
According to superposition theorem of circuits, when
short circuit takes place in the dual power system, the detecting voltage or current through the terminal on site can be
seemed as the superposition of two part, one is the voltage or
current at the systems normal status before the fault occurs,
another part is the voltage or current at the fault component
system [13]. That is:

um = um[0] + u

[0]
im = im + i

(1)

From equation (1) we can get the computing method of

fault elements:

u = um um[0]

[0]
i = im im
f2

(2)
Z R

Zs

f1

Ek

Ek

Fig.3 The fault element system status at different short circuit

points
For the fault element system network, when forward and
reverse direction short-circuit fault happen, the phase of voltage and current measured at the terminal on site will be different. As is shown in Fig.3, when the short-circuit fault locates at the forward direction of the terminal on site, there
is u = i Z s ;when the short-circuit fault locates at the
reverse direction of the terminal on site, there is u = i Z R .
The power function at the terminal on site in fault element system network is presented by multiplying its voltage
and current:
p(t) = u i
(3)
When the short-circuit fault locates at the forward direction of the terminal on site, the power function will be defined as p(t) = u i = i 2 Z s .When the short-circuit
fault locates at the reverse direction of the terminal on site,
the
power
function
will
be
defined
as
2

p(t) = u i = i Z R .Considering the squared value of

the fault current on fault element system network is always
equal or greater than zero, so the power function p(t)<0 when
the short-circuit fault takes place at the forward direction, and
p(t)>0 the short-circuit fault takes place at the reverse direction, thus the fault direction can be judged according to the
plus-minus of power function at the protection install point in
the fault element system network .
In order to improve the accuracy of fault direction detection and reduce the influence of the noise, the energy function
E = p(t) dt at terminal on site is obtained by computing the

integral of power function. Considering the low microgrid is

basically three-phase four-wire system, the power of A, B, C
three phase in the fault element system is summed as follows:
( t + t )
(4)
ENS =
( ua ia + ub ib + uc ic )
1

t1

In the equation (4), t1 represents the occurring moment

of the fault, and t represents the integral time.
So there is
< 0

ENS = = 0
> 0

forward direction fault

no fault
reverse direction fault

(5)

The simulative test results show that, when short-circuit

fault occurs on the condition that microgrid system includes a
large quantity of photovoltaic and the photovoltaic operates
in PQ control mode, the energy value at the inverters terminal
on site will be judged wrongly as the integral time exceeding
a certain period. To solve the above problem, the integral
time t should be shortened and can be changed.
For all the energy function of fault components stimulated by the source at the short-circuit point are the same direction regardless of power frequency or others, the direction
judgment element based energy function do not need filtering, which might greatly reduce the algorithm complexity of
fault direction judgment and improve its accuracy.
B. Fault location
Low voltage photovoltaic microgrid network has a complex structure, including single radial network, as well as lots
of branch line, and its fault status is complex. In the situation
that the fault direction information of the terminal on site is
known, how to position and isolate the fault area quickly is
becomes the key point of microgrid protection.
Take the typical low voltage microgrid topology shown
in Fig.1 for example, this paper proposes a kind of microgrid
fault area location strategy based on stratification searching
thought. Taking the superimposed component of voltage and
current at PCC point as criterion for protection startup, the
microgrid protection and controller center locates the fault
area in three steps, first of which is to judge whether or not
the fault type is bus fault, and disconnect all feeder switches
on the bus if so, otherwise moves into feeder fault location
program; The second step is to locate the fault feeder after the
judgment that the fault is not on the bus; The third step is to
locate the fault branch of determined feeder.
1) Judging if there is a fault on bus
After protection and control center starts with the superimposed component of voltage and current at PCC, the fault
direction of PCC terminal on site is going to be inquired first.
If the fault is forward direction, it means that the fault point is
located inside the microgrid and then the fault direction of the
feeder switch S1-S4 is going to be judged. If the fault direction of all the feeders switch is reverse direction, it means
that the fault type of the microgrid is bus fault. The protection
and control center disconnects all feeders switch; otherwise it
shifts to the feeder fault location program. The criterion of
bus fault is defined in equation (6):
dir (PCC) = 1

(6)
dir (S j ) = 0

j = 1, 2,...n
In the equation (6), dir(x) is the fault direction value of the
switch x. If the fault direction of x is forward, dir(x) = 1; if it
is reverse or there is no fault, dir(x) =0.
2) Location of fault feeder

When short-circuit fault occurs inside microgrid, the

short-circuit point is confirmed to locate in a feeder if it is
ascertained that there is no fault on the common bus. Inquire
all feeder switches fault direction in order, the feeder connected with switch of the forward direction fault is the fault
feeder. The fault judging criteria of feeder k is:
dir (PCC) = 1

(7)
dir (S j ) = 0 (i = 1, 2,..., k -1, k + 1,..n)

dir (Sk ) = 1

3) Location of fault braches

As is shown in Fig.1, the feeder of microgrid often includes lots of branches, which makes the fault branches location more complex. After ascertaining the feeder on which
the fault is, how to use the switch fault direction information
to locate the fault braches quickly is the key of microgrid
protection. Based on the minimal set of fault direction used to
represent fault information, the fault branch location algorithm is researched, which is favorable to reduce the location
algorithm complexity and calculation time. For this purpose,
this paper introduce switch-branch matrix A and switch fault
direction matrix B, to locate the fault branches by matrix operation [14].
The switch-branch matrix A is used to represent the
connection and direction information of switch and branches.
The order of matrix A is m n , in which m is the number of
switches and n is the number of branches, the matrix element. aij represents the relationship between the switch i and

the branch j, the value is defined as

aij = 0

-1

the branch j and the switch i connect directly

and locate at the forward direction of the switch i
the branch j and the switch i dont connect directly
the branch j and the switch i connect directly and
locate at the reverse direction of switch i

(8)
In order to reduce the rank of the matrix for decreasing
the complexity of matrix operation, the number of switches m
is supposed to represent the least quantity set of the fault
branches information. This paper chooses only the switch
close to the microgrid for all feeder branches, and takes it as
the switches set of the switch-branch matrix A. Meanwhile, it
takes the current direction from bus to feeder as the forward
direction of the switch.
The switch fault direction matrix B is used to represent
the fault direction information of the switch, The order of
matrix B is 1 m , in which m is the number of switch. The
matrix element bi represents the fault direction information
of the switch i, which is defined as:
Fault at the forward direction
1
bi = dir (i ) =
0 Fault at the reverse direction or no fault

(9)

When the short-circuit fault occurs inside feeder, the

protection and control center acquires the fault direction of all
the switches, making up the switch fault direction matrix B.
The branch fault information matrix G = B A is obtained
by multiplying matrix B and switch-branch matrix A,

representing the fault branches information. This order of

matrix G is 1 n , in which n is the number of feeder branches.
0 no fault on branch i
gi =
(10)
1 fault occurs on branch i
The matrix element gi represents the fault information of
the branch i, which defined as equation (10).As is shown in
equation (10), the element with a value of 1 in the branch
fault matrix is the branch where the fault takes place.
Take the feeder L3 in the microgrid shown in Fig.1 for
example, the switch-branch matrix A is defined as:
L34

L36

L37

L33

L34

L36

should trips when matrix element

di =1.Take feeder L3 of the

micro-grid in Figure 1 for example, consider the matrix C

s3

s31

s32

s33

s34

s32

s33

s34

s35

s36

s37

SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

L37

G = [0 0 1 0 0 0]
(12)
According to the matrix element value in equation (9),
only the element value in the corresponding branch L33 is 1,
others is 0. Then branch L33 is the fault branch.
C. Action of protection
On the basis of location algorithm above, internal fault
feeders of microgrid can be located and further isolated so as
to reduce the impact on security and stability. Therefore,
branch-switch matrix C is introduced here for disconnecting
the switch of fault feeders to isolate the fault zone. Matrix
element Cij represents the connection between the branch and
switch. And elements are defined as follows:
feeder i connected with switch j
1
Cij =
(13)
0 feeder i not connected with switch j
Protection and control center can obtain branch fault matrix G through the location algorithm, and the action switch
matrix D=GC for protection output is obtained by the multiplication of matrix G and C. The order of matrix D is
1 l ,in which l is the number of all switches.. The switch I

s35

s36

f1

f2

Fig.4 Simulation model of Microgrid system topology

Of all distribution network short-circuit fault types, the
highest probability is the single-phase earth short-circuit
fault.Thus,this paper simulates the single-phase earth shortcircuit fault at the location of microgrid bus point and microgrid internal branch point, to verify the accuracy of the proposed protection strategies in this paper,.
1) Simulation case1: single-phase earth short-circuit
fault occurs at microgrid bus.
As is shown in Fig.4, located in the point f1 of the microgrid bus,, the single-phase earth short-circuit fault occurs
at 1.5 seconds, and its grounding resistance is 1,the fault
waveform is shown in fig.5:
voltage(V)

L32

L3

s31

To further verify the accuracy of the proposed low voltage photovoltaic microgrid protection strategy, this paper
built the low-voltage photovoltaic microgrid model by the
PSCAD/EMTDC software, and test the proposed strategy via
simulating short-circuit fault at different points in micro-grid.
The topology of the low voltage photovoltaic microgrid is
shown in Fig.4,the relevant parameters are as follows: system
power supply voltage is 0.4kV,internal impedance is
0.01+j0.05 , grounding resistance is 1; impedance of line
L2 and L3 is 0.132+j0.02,the output of each photovoltaic
DG is 25kW , and the load is 30kW.

current(A)

L33

V.

s37

l31 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
l32 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
l 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
C = 33
(14)
l34 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
l36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

l37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Assuming that the short-circuit fault point locates in L33,
the branch fault information matrix G calculated by control

energy
funciton

L32

s3

tection output matrix D = [ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0] is obtained by multiply matrix G and C. According to the analysis
of matrix elements, the matrix elements representing switch
S33 and S35 are 1, which means protection output would
disconnect S33 and S35 to isolate fault area.

400
200
0
-200
-400
200 1.1
100
0
-100
-200
50 1.1
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
1.500
1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.505

1.510

1.515

2.0

1.520
PCC
S1
S2
S3

0
1.1

2.0

PCC
S1
S2
S3

switch

L31

s3 1 0 0 0 0 0
s32 1 1 0 0 0 0
s 1 0 1 0 0 0
A = 33
(11)
s34 1 0 0 1 0 0
s36 0 0 1 0 1 0

s37 0 0 1 0 0 1
Assuming that short-circuit fault takes place on the line
L33, then the switch fault direction matrix value B= [1 0 1 0
0 0].the branch fault information matrix is obtained as follows by multiply matrix A and B

center is G = [0 0 1 0 0 0] . The action switch for pro-

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

t(s)

Fig.5 Waveform of micro-grid bus fault

As is shown in fig.5, with the single-phase earth shortcircuit fault occurring at 1.5 seconds, voltage and current of

PCC appears large sudden change, fault direction of PCC is

positive, and fault direction of all feeder switch is negative,
indicating that the fault point lies in the microgrid bus. Protection and control center gives tripping operation command
to trip all feeder switches and PCC switch, so as to isolate the
fault areas.
2) Simulation case 2: single-phase earth short-circuit
fault occurs at microgrid internal feeder lines.
As is shown in Fig.4, located in the point f2 of the internal microgrid, the single-phase earth short-circuit fault occurs
at 1.5 seconds, and its grounding resistance is 1, the fault
waveform is shown in fig.6
voltage(V)
current(A)

200 1.1
100
0
-100
-200
0 1.1

energy
function

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]

400
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

-50
-100
-150
-200

2.0

2.0

[3]
[4]

PCC
S3
S31

11.500

switch

information. Based on stratification searching thought, the

protection strategy algorithm embedded in the microgrid central controller collects the switch fault direction information
uploaded by the terminal on site, and achieve regional fault
localization and isolation through matrix operations. The
pscad/emtdc simulation results shows that, microgrid protection strategy designed in this paper are able to achieve rapid
fault location and isolation for microgrid bus fault and feeder
fault.

1.505

1.510

1.515

1.520
PCC
S3
S31

0
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

[6]

2.0

t(s)

Fig. 6 Waveform of microgrid feeder fault

As is shown in fig.6, with the single-phase earth shortcircuit fault occurring at 1.5 seconds, voltage and current of
PCC appears large sudden change, fault direction of PCC and
all the feeder switch except one is positive, indicating that the
fault point lies in the microgrid feeder. Protection and control
center gives tripping operation command to trip branch
switch S3 and S31 on the fault feeder, so as to isolate the
fault areas. However, with the influence of the DG, the current of PCC will fluctuate for a while after the isolation of
fault.
It can be drawn from the above two experiments, the
protection strategy of low voltage photovoltaic microgrid can
locate and isolate the short-circuit fault area quickly for the
bus fault and feeder fault, to reduce the damage to the microgrid electrical equipment and personal safety caused by the
short-circuit fault.
VI.

[5]

CONCLUSION

This paper analyzes the influence on traditional protection for pv accessing to low voltage microgrid, proposes a
new strategy to protect microgrid using the fault direction

[7]
[8]
[9]

[10]
[11]

[12]

[13]
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