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2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 9 Terminology Relating to Wood2
D 4933 Guide for Moisure Conditioning of Wood and
Wood-Base Materials2
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
moisture content (MC) of solid wood, veneer, and other
wood-base materials, including those that contain adhesives
and chemical additives. The test methods below describe
primary (A) and secondary (B through D) procedures to
measure moisture content:
3. Terminology
3.1 Definition:
3.1.1 moisture contentthe amount of water contained in
the wood, usually expressed as a percentage of the mass of the
oven-dry wood (in accordance with Terminology D 9).
3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe moisture content of wood or other
wood-based materials can be expressed on either as a percentage of oven-dry mass of the sample (oven-dry basis) or as a
percentage of initial mass (wet basis). The methods described
in this standard refer to the oven-dry basis. Because oven-dry
mass is used, moisture content values may exceed 100 %. The
term moisture content when used with wood-based materials
can be misleading since untreated wood frequently contains
varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives which are
evaporated when determining moisture content). Definition of
the moisture content of wood is further complicated when
determined by a thermal method because of thermal degradation, which causes the final moisture-free mass to decrease
from small but continuous losses.
1.2 The primary oven-drying method (Method A) is intended as the sole primary method. It is structured for research
purposes where the highest accuracy or degree of precision is
needed.
1.3 The secondary methods (B through D) are intended for
special purposes or under circumstances where the primary
procedure is not desired or justified. In these procedures,
moisture content values cannot be reported with an accuracy
greater than integer percentage values. However, a greater
level of accuracy may be reported if the appropriate primary
procedures are used.
1.4 Distillation (secondary) method is intended for use with
materials that have been chemically treated or impregnated
such that the oven-drying procedures introduce greater error
than desired in the results.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-7 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental
Test Methods and Properties.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1992. Published April 1992. Originally
published as D 4442 84. Last previous edition D 4442 84.
These test methods replace, in part, Test Methods D 2016, for Moisture Content
of Wood, discontinued 1989.
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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D 4442
and depth of the oven cavity. With this scheme four samples
will be positioned on each of two shelves at one third and two
thirds of the cavity height.
5.3.2 Determination of Combined Specimen and Oven
VariabilityProcedures are the same as 5.3.1.1-5.3.1.3 except
that specimens of any origin and size or shape can be used.
Calculate variability by the equation in 5.5.2.
5.3.3 ProcedureUse the primary oven-drying procedure
(5.4).
5.4 Procedure:
5.4.1 Specimens to be equilibrated shall be processed as in
Guide D 4933.
5.4.2 Store specimens in individual vapor-tight containers if
any delay could occur between sampling and weighing.
5.4.3 Weigh the specimens using a balance consistent with
the desired precision (see 5.1.2).
5.4.4 Place specimens in the oven within the volume tested
for oven precision.
5.4.5 EndpointAssume that the endpoint has been
reached when the mass loss in a 3-h interval is equal to or less
than twice the selected balance sensitivity. For example, with a
10-g (oven-dry) specimen, the balance sensitivity for 0.01 %
MC precision is 0.1 mg (see 5.1.2), therefore, dry to 0.2 mg or
less mass loss in a 3-h period.
5.4.6 Handling and Weighing ProceduresDried samples
shall be stored in a desiccator with fresh desiccant until they
have reached room temperature. All weighings shall be carried
out using closed weighing jars.
5.5 Calculations:
5.5.1 Calculate moisture content as follows:
determining moisture content of wood and wood-base materials. Methods B through D are secondary methods to permit
relatively simple procedures of measuring moisture content,
but with less precision than Method A. However, greater
precision may be obtained with supporting data by using the
appropriate procedures in Method A.
5. Method AOven-Drying (Primary)
5.1 Apparatus:
5.1.1 OvenA forced-convection oven that can be maintained at a temperature of 103 6 2C throughout the drying
chamber for the time required to dry the specimen to the
endpoint shall be used. Ovens shall be vented to allow the
evaporated moisture to escape.
NOTE 1The ratio of sample mass to chamber volume and the air
velocity within the oven are not critical as long as temperature and relative
humidity within the oven are constant. Room relative humidity should be
less than 70 % relative humidity, at which condition the oven is at 1.7 %
relative humidity. For best precision, drying should be carried out in a
constant relative humidity room with the relative humidity as low as
possible.
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.5
1.0
1
5
10
50
100
(1)
where:
A = original mass, g, and
B = oven-dry mass, g.
ExampleA specimen of wood weighs 56.70 g. After ovendrying, the mass is 52.30 g.
(2)
(2)
NOTE 3If wood has been treated with a nonvolatile chemical and if
the mass of the retained chemical is known, the moisture content may be
determined as follows:
MC, % 5 ~A 2 B!/D 3 100
(3)
where:
D = B minus mass of retained chemical in sample.
2 So 2!
(4)
where:
= specimen material variance,
Sw
= oven variance (from 5.3.1), and
So
Sow = combined specimen and oven variance (5.3.2).
5.6 ReportReport the following information: nominal
oven-dry mass, type of material, oven variance, specimen
variance, balance sensitivity, oven model and type, and any
deviation from the prescribed method. The number of decimal
2
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D 4442
places reported shall not exceed the precision level (5.1.2).
5.7 Precision and Bias:
5.7.1 Precision of MeasurementBy definition, the accuracy of measurement has been set equal to the determined
precision of test measurement, that is, there is no assumed bias
of measurement due to the inability to accurately assess
moisture content. With this approach the actual accuracy may
be poorer than the stated accuracy. At this time, no data are
available from which to report typical variances in ovens or
from specimen material.
NOTE 6If wood has been treated with a nonvolatile chemical and if
the mass of the retained chemical is known, the moisture content may be
determined as follows:
MC, % 5 ~A 2 B!/D 3 100
where:
D = B minus the mass of retained chemical in sample.
6.6 ReportReport the following information: Mean, standard deviation, number of specimens, and any deviation from
the method. Moisture content values shall be integer only (see
6.7.1).
6.7 Precision and Bias:
6.7.1 The precision is assumed to be no greater than6 1 %
moisture content for any measurement unless the appropriate
procedures in Section 5 are used.
6.7.2 No bias calculations may be made from this procedure.
7. Method CDistillation
7.1 Apparatus:
7.1.1 Extraction FlaskA 500-mL flask and thimble
holder, as shown in Fig. 1. The flask and holder may be
combined in one unit.
7.1.2 CondenserA water-cooler condenser of the coldfinger type, as shown in Fig. 1, or of the straight-tube, Liebig
type.
7.1.3 Water TrapA glass tube preferably having an inside
diameter of 9 to 10 mm and sealed at one end. If a trap with
stopcock is used, the stopcock shall be securely fastened in
place. The graduated portion of the tube shall have a capacity
of 10 mL. The smallest graduation should be not greater than
0.1 mL with the major divisions marked 1 to 10. The water trap
should be chemically clean so that the shape of the meniscus at
the end of the test is the same as at the beginning. (The trap
may be coated with a silicone resin to give a uniform meniscus.
To coat the trap, first clean it with sulfuric acid-chromic acid
mixture. Rinse the clean trap with a silicone resin and, after
draining for a few minutes, bake for 1 h at approximately
200C.)
7.1.4 Extraction CupEither a Wiley siphon cup of suitable size or a basket made of approximately 45 mesh, stainless
steel gauze and having the approximate dimensions of 42 mm
in outside diameter and 127 mm in length. The siphon cup is
recommended for borings from heavily treated piling. When a
siphon cup is used, the loss of wood particles should be
prevented either by placing a conical screen at the bottom of
the siphon cup or by putting the chips or borings in a wire
gauze basket which is then placed inside the siphon cup.
7.1.5 Hot Plate:
7.1.6 Weighing BottleThe weighing bottle shall have a
ground glass stopper and be of sufficient size to contain the
wire extraction cup or Wiley siphon described in 7.1.4.
7.1.7 RodA rod approximately 3 mm in diameter made of
some material to which water does not adhere such as
TFE-fluorocarbon resin.
7.1.8 OvenThe oven shall be maintained at a temperature
of 103 6 2C.
7.1.9 Desiccator:
(5)
where:
A = original mass, g, and
B = oven-dry mass, g.
ExampleA specimen of wood weighed 56.7 g. After
oven-drying, the mass was 52.3 g.
MC, % 5 ~56.7 2 52.3!/52.3 3 100
(7)
(6)
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D 4442
the contents of the water trap to cool to room temperature, then
using the rod, transfer any water adhering to the walls of the
condenser or to the walls of the water trap to the water layer in
the trap. Read and record the volume of water in the trap to the
nearest 0.01 mL.
NOTE 7If the flask, water trap, and inner walls of the condenser are
carefully dried, this procedure may be eliminated, and dry toluene used for
the extraction.
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D 4442
place in the oven preheated to 125C. Dry for 2 6 0.5 h.
7.4.7 When the container and borings have dried for the
prescribed period, transfer to the weighing bottle. Cool the
uncovered weighing bottle and contents to room temperature in
a desiccator; then weigh with cover to the nearest 0.01 g.
Calculate and record the weight of dry extracted wood.
7.5 Calculations:
7.5.1 Calculate the moisture content as follows:
MC, percentage of extracted wood 5 ~A 1 B!/C3 100
where:
L = total length of borings, cm, and
r = calibrated diameter of borings, cm.
content of preservative, g/cm3 5 m/V
where:
m = mass of preservative, g, and
V = volume of sample, cm.3
7.6 ReportReport the following information: type of material, treatment chemical if known, specimen variance, and
any deviations from specified apparatus, agents, or procedure.
7.7 Precision and Bias:
7.7.1 The precision is assumed to be 61 % MC or less
unless the appropriate procedures in Section 5 are used.
7.7.2 No bias calculations may be made from this procedure.
(8)
where:
A = first portion of water, g (7.4.3),
B = water measured in trap, mL (7.4.4), and
C = final mass of bottle plus container plus contents minus
final tared mass of bottle minus tared mass of container, g. This is the mass of the dry extracted wood.
7.5.2 Should the mass of the preservative in the sample,
volume of the sample, and retention be desired, the following
equations shall be used:
mass of preservative in sample, g 5 A 2 B 2 C 2 D
(9)
where:
A = original mass of bottle plus container plus contents
minus original tared mass of bottle minus tared mass of
container, g,
B = final mass of bottle plus container plus contents minus
final tared mass of bottle minus tared mass of container, g,
C = water measured in trap, mL, and
D = first portion of water (7.4.3), g.
volume of sample, cm3 5 P Lr 2
(11)
9. Keywords
9.1 moisture content; wood; wood-base materials
(10)
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. RATIONALE (COMMENTARY)
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D 4442
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