Prepositions of Place

on (on)
upon (apn)
in (in)
at (at)
inside (insid)
outside (utsid)
above (abv)
below (bilu)
over (uver)
under (nder)
beneath (biniz)
underneath (anderniz)
by (bi)
near (nar)
close to (clus tchu)
across (acrs)
along (alng)
around (arund)
round (rund)
against (egunst)
on top of (on tp ov)
at the bottom of (at de btom ov)
in front of (in frnt ov)
opposite (posit)
behind (bijind)
beside (bisid)
next to (nxt tchu)
within (uidn)
beyond (bi-ind)
between (bitun)
among (amng)
amid (amd)
before (bifr)
after (fter)
throughout (zruut)

sobre, en, encima de

sobre, en, encima de(formal)
en, dentro de
en
dentro de, en
afuera, fuera, fuera de
encima de, sobre, arriba
debajo de
encima de, sobre
debajo de, bajo
bajo, debajo de
bajo, debajo de
al lado de, junto a
cerca de
cerca de
a lo ancho de, a travs de, al otro lado de
a lo largo de
alrededor de, cerca de, por
alrededor de, en torno a, por
contra, en contra de
encima de, sobre, arriba de
en la base de, debajo de, en el fondo de
enfrente de
enfrente de, frente a
detrs, detrs de
al lado de, junto a
al lado de, junto a
dentro de, a menos de
ms all de
entre
entre, en medio de
entre, en medio de
delante de, ante
despus de, tras
por todo, a travs de todo

Prepositions of Direction
up (p)
down (dun)
into (ntchu)
out of (urov)
on / onto (n / ntchu)
off (off)
over (uver)
under (nder)
to (tch)
from (frm)
toward/s (tuard/s)
away from (eui from)
along (alng)
across (acrs)
through (zr)
around (arrund)
by (bi)
past (pst)
after (fter)

Usamos "at" para:

At + hora del da
At 6:30 - A las 6:30
At 7 o'clock - A las siete
At dawn - Al amanecer
At lunchtime - Al medioda
At midnight - A la medianoche
At + da festivo
At Christmas - En Navidad
At Easter - En Pascuas
At New Year - En Ao Nuevo
At Lent - En Cuaresma
At Holy Week - En Semana Santa
At + ciertas expresiones
At the moment - En este momento
At the weekend - El fin de semana
At that time - En ese tiempo
At night - A la noche
At noon - Al medioda
At the age of ten
Usamos "at" para:
At + lugares comunes
At home - En casa
At school - En la escuela
At work - En el trabajo
At university - En la universidad
At the dentist's - En el dentista
At the movies - En el cine
At the theater - En el teatro
At the airport - En el aeropuerto
At the library - En la biblioteca
At the doctor's - En el doctor
At the bank - En el banco

At a concert - En el concierto
At a meeting - En la reunin
At a party - En la fiesta
At John's - En lo de John
At Laura's - En lo de Laura
At + lugares especficos
At Madison Square Garden
At Kennedy Airport
At Buckingham Palace
At the University of Florida
At + direcciones y domicilios
At 2354 Rivadavia Avenue
At 3456 Belgrano Street
At + ciertas cosas o posiciones
At the top - En la cima / arriba de todo
At the bottom - En el fondo / debajo de todo
At the side - A un lado/costado
At the front - En el frente
At the back - En la parte de atrs
At the end - Al final
At the door - En la puerta
At the window - En la ventana
At the reception - En la recepcin
At last - Por fin
At first - Al principio

por, hacia arriba

por, hacia abajo
dentro de, al, hacia adentro
de, afuera de, fuera de
sobre, al
de, fuera de
sobre, por encima de
debajo de, bajo
a, hacia
de, desde
hacia
fuera de, alejndose de
a lo largo de, por
a travs de, cruzando
a travs de
alrededor de, por
por, cerca de, junto a
ms all de, por delante de
despus de, detrs de, tras

Usamos "on" para:

On + da
On Monday - El lunes
On Tuesday - El martes
On Wednesday - El mircoles
On Thursday - El jueves
On + da + parte del da
On Friday morning - El viernes por la maana
On Saturday afternoon - El sbado por la tarde
On Sunday evening - El domingo a la noche
On + fechas
On Christmas Day - El da de Navidad
On July 4th - El 4 de Julio
On December 31st 1966 - El 31 de diciembre de 1966
Usamos "on" para:
On + superficies
In winter - En invierno
In the early summer - El comenzar el verano
On the floor - En el piso
On the ceiling - En el techo
On the table - En la mesa
On the chair - En la silla
On the list - En la lista
On the map - En el mapa
On the beach - En la playa
On the shelf - En el estante
On + medios de transporte
I will be there in two days - Estar all en dos das
In nine months - En nueve meses
On a ship - En un barco
On a train - En un tren
On a plane - En un avin

On a bus - En un autobs
On a bicycle - En una bicicleta
On a motorcycle - En una motocicleta
On a horse - A caballo
On a ferry - En un transbordador
On + partes del cuerpo
On my leg - En mi pierna
On your arm - En tu brazo
On his shoulder - En su hombro
On the lives of people
On + direcciones
On the left - A la izquierda
On the right - A la derecha
On the way - En el camino
On + ciertas cosas y lugares
On the radio - En la radio
On television - En la TV
On a farm - En una granja

Prepositions of Time
about (abut)
around (arund)
before (bifr)
after (fter)
during (diring)
over (uver)
for (for)
throughout (zruut)
since (sns)
until (antl)
to (tch)
past (past)
between...and... (bitun...and...)
within (uidn)
from...to / till / until... (from...tch/til/antl...)
as from / as of (as from / as ov)
by (bi)
beyond (bi-ind) on (on)
at (at)
in (in)
Usamos "in" para:
In + partes del da
In the morning - Por la maana
In the afternoon - Por la tarde
In the evening - Por la noche
In + meses
In January - En enero
In February - En febrero
In May - En mayo
In + aos
In 1966 - En 1966
In 1845 - En 1845
In the 1960s - En los sesenta
In + estaciones del ao
In summer - En verano
In spring - En primavera
In fall / autumn - En otoo
In + largos perodos
In the 19th century - En el siglo 19
In the past - En el pasado
In the future - En el futuro
In the Middle Ages - En la Edad Media
In the Stone Age - En la Edad de piedra
In + referencia al futuro
In five minutes - En cinco minutos
In three years - En tres aos
In seven hours - En siete horas
Usamos "in" para:
In + pases
In Argentina
In Spain
In Mexico
In + ciudades

In New York
In Madrid
In Mexico City
In + habitaciones
In the bathroom - En el bao
In the kitchen - En la cocina
In the bedroom - En el dormitorio
In + cuerpos de agua
In the sea - En el mar
In the water - En el agua
In a river - En un ro
In the ocean - En el ocano
In + clima/tiempo
In the rain - En la lluvia
In the sun - En el sol
In the wind - En el viento
In the fog - En la neblina
In + ciertos lugares y expresiones
In prison - En prisin
In hospital - En el hospital
In bed - En la cama
In Oak Street - En la calle Oak
In a line - En una cola
In a row - En fila
In a queue - En una cola
In the sky - En el cielo
In a book - En libro
In a magazine - En una revista
In a letter - En una carta
In a mirror - En un espejo
In a car - En un auto
In a taxi - En un taxi
In a helicopter - En un helicptero
In an election
In the months before his death
In other words,

aproximadamente, alrededor de
aproximadamente, alrededor de
antes de
despus de
durante
durante
durante, por
durante todo
desde
hasta
para, hacia
pasado
entre...y...
entre, en no ms de
desde...hasta...
a partir de
para, antes de
ms all de
en (para los das - On Monday, On Tuesday,...etc.)
a (se usa para la horas)
en (para meses, estacions, aos y partes del da)

Thoughty2
rob dyke
crash course
BuzzFeed
Top10
Watch mojo

Determiners
this (dis)
that (dat)
these (dis)
those (dus)

este, esta, esto (singular)

ese, esa, eso; aquel, aquella/o (singular)
estos, estas (plural)
esos, esas; aquellas/os (plural)

all (l)
every (vri)
each (ch)
both (buz)
either (der o ider)
neither (nder o nider)

todo/a, todos/as
cada (significando todos)
cada (tomados en particular)
ambos, los dos
cualquiera (de dos), ambos; ninguno (al negar)
ninguno de los dos, ni el uno ni el otro

another (ander)
other (der)
the other (di der)

otro/a
otro/a, otros/as
el otro, la otra, los otros, las otras

Quantitative Adjectives (Quantifiers)

How much? - Cunto? (con sustantivos incontables)
10%, 20%, 100% ... of
one half (un jf)
one fourth (un forz)
three fourths (zri forz)
a great deal of (grit dil v)
a little (a ltl)
a lot of (a lt ov)
a quantity of (a kuntiti v)
an amount of (an amunt ov)
enough (inf)
less (les)
little (ltl)
more (mor)
no (nu)
none of (nn ov)
not much (not mch)
plenty of (plnti ov)
some (sm)
the rest of (di rst v)

gran cantidad de
un poco
un montn de
una cantidad de
una cantidad
suficiente
menos
poco
ms
nada de
nada de
no mucho
un montn de
algo de
el resto de

Intensifiers
very (vri)
so (su)
too (tch)
quite (kuit)
pretty (prti)
fairly (frli)
somewhat (sm-wat)
rather (rder)
a little (a ltl)
enough (inf)
such (sch)
very (vri)
so (su)
too (tch)

muy
tan
demasiado
bastante, completamente
bastante
bastante
algo; un tanto
bastante; algo, un poco
un poco
suficiente(mente)
tal / tales / tan
muy
tan
demasiado

Personal Pronouns
I (i)
you (i)
he (j)
she (sh)
it (it)
we
you
they (di)

Accusative Pronouns
me (m)
you (i)
him (jm)
her (jr)
it (it)
us (as)
you (i)
them (dm)

yo
t / usted
l
ella
l /ello / ella (objeto)
nosotros / nosotras
ustedes / vosotros
ellos / ellas

Relative Pronouns
who (ju)
that (dat)
which (juch)
whom (jum)
whose (jus)
what (ut)

quien, quienes, que -se usa slo para personasque -se usa para cosas y personasque, el/la cual, los/las cuales, lo que -se usa para cosasa quien, a quienes, al que
cuyo/a, cuyos/as, de quien, de quienes
lo que

Reciprocal Pronouns
each other = one another
se, nos, uno al otro, mutuamente, unos a otros.
We love each other.
We love one another.
They hate each other.
They hate one another.
Jane and I write to each other.
Jane and John see each other.
I know her and she knows me. We know each other.
The three brothers had not seen each otherfor decades.
The two actors looked at each otherand started laughing.
We hated one another, but now we are good friends.
We promised to love each otherfor ever.
Possesive Adjectives
my (mi)
your (ir)
his (jis)
her (jer)
its (its)
our (uar)
your (ir)
their (dr)

mi, mis
tu, tus / su, sus (de usted)
su, sus (de l)
su, sus (de ella)
su, sus (de algo)
nuestro/a/os/as
su, sus (de ustedes/vosotros)
su, sus (de ellos/as)

me, mi
te, ti
le, lo, l
le, la, ella
le, lo, l, ella, ello
nos, nosotros, nosotras
les, los, os, vosotros, vosotras, ustedes
les, los, las, ellos-as

Possessive Pronouns
mine (min)
yours (irs)
his (jis)
hers (jers)
ours (urs)
yours (irs)
theirs (drs)

Indefinite Pronouns
everyone (vri un)
no one (nuan)
someone (smoan)
anyone (ni uan)
anyone (ni uan)
anyone (ni uan)
everything (vri zing)

anything (ni zing)

anything (ni zing)
anything (ni zing)

mo/a mos/as
tuyo/a tuyos/as
suyo/a suyos/as
suyo/a suyos/as
nuestro/a, nuestros/as
de ustedes
suyo/a suyos/as

Reflexive Pronouns
myself (maislf)
yourself (iorslf)
himself (jimslf)
herself (jerslf)
itself (itslf)
ourselves (aorslvs)
themselves (demslvs)

everybody (vri bdi)

nobody (nubdi)
somebody (sm-bdi)

todos/as, todo el mundo

nadie
alguien

anybody (ni bdi)

anybody (ni bdi)
anybody (ni bdi)

alguien -al preguntarcualquiera -al afirmarnadie -al negar-

me, yo mismo
te, se, t mismo
se, l mismo
se, ella misma
se, a s mismo
nos, nosotros mismos
se, ellos mismos

todo
nothing (nzing)
something (sm zing)

nada
algo
algo -al preguntarcualquier cosa -al afirmarnada -al negar-

Would
We use would ('d) / wouldn't when we imagine a situation or action (=we think of something that is not real):
1 It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can't afford it.
2 I'd love to live by the sea.
3 A: Shall I tell Chris what happened?
B: No, I wouldn't say anything.
(= I wouldn't say anything in your situation).
We use would have (done) when we imagine situations or actions in the past (=things that didn't happen).
1 They helped us a lot. I don't know what we'd have done.
(=we would have done) without ther help.
2 I didn't tell Sam what happened. He wouldn't have been pleased.
Compare would (do) and would have (done):
1 I would phone Sue, but I haven't got her number. (now).
I would have phoned Sue, but I didn't have her number. (past).
2 I'm not going to invite them to the party. They wouldn't come anyway.
I didn't invite them to the party. They wouldn't have come anyway.
We often use would in sentences with if.
1 I would phone Sue if I had her number.
2 I would have phoned Sue if I'd had her number.
Sometime would / wouldn't is the past of will/won't. Compare:

Tom:
Ann:
Liz:

Present
I'll phone you on Sunday.
I promise I won't be late.
Damn! The car won't start.

Past
Tom said he'd phone me on Sunday.
Ann promised that she wouldn't be late.
Liz was annoyed because her car wouldn't start.

Somebody wouldn't do something = he/she refused to do it:

1 I tried to warn him, but he wouldn't listen to me. (=he refused to listen).
2 The car wouldn't start. (= it "refused" to start).

You can also use would when you tal about things that happened regularly in the past:
When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we w
Whenever Richard was angry, he would walk out of the room.
With this meaning, would is similar to used to:
Whenever Richard was angry, he used to walk out of the room.

ng that is not real):

t didn't happen).

on Sunday.
ouldn't be late.
her car wouldn't start.

ed to listen).

arly in the past:

the weather was fine, we would all get up early and go for a swin. (=we did this regularly).

egularly).

INFINITIVO
To be
ser, estar

PRETERITO

PARTICIPIO

Was

fui, era

Been

sido, estado

El verbo 'To be' tiene una importancia especial en ingls. Se corresponde a los verbos espaoles "ser" y "estar".
I am English / Soy ingls
I am in England / Estoy en Inglaterra
Tiene algunos usos especiales distintos a sus equivalentes espaoles.
- Sirve para expresar la edad, en cuyo caso se traduce por 'tener':
Mary is 20 years old / Maria tiene 20 aos
I am 21 / Yo tengo 21 aos
How old are you? / Cuntos aos tienes?
- Para expresar las sensaciones tambin se emplea el verbo 'to be' y equivale al 'tener' espaol.
Are you hungry? / Tienes hambre?
He is thirsty / Tiene sed
- Tambin para hablar sobre el tiempo atmosfrico. En este caso se traduce por 'hacer'
It's windy / Hace viento
It's very cold / Hace mucho fro
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO
FORMA AFIRMATIVA
I am (I'm)
soy, estoy
you are (you're)
eres, ests
he is (he's)
l es, est
we are (we're)
somos, estamos
you are (you're)
sois, estis
they are (they're)
ellos son, estn

FORMA NEGATIVA
I am not (I'm not)
no soy, no estoy
you are not (you're not)
no eres, no ests
he is not (he's not)
l no es, no est
we are not (we're not)
no somos, no estamos
you are not (you're not)
no sois, no estis
they are not (they're not)
ellos no son, no estn

FORMA INTERROGATIVA
am I?
soy yo?, estoy yo?
are you?
eres t?, ests t?
is he?
es l?, est l?
are we?
somos?, estamos?
are you?
sois?, estis?
are they?
son, estn ellos?

PRETERITO (se corresponde al pretrito indefinido y al pretrito imperfecto espaol)

FORMA AFIRMATIVA
FORMA NEGATIVA
I was
I was not (I wasn't)
fui, era / estuve, estaba
no fui, no era / no estuve, no estaba
you were
you were not (you weren't)
fuiste, eras / estuviste, estabas
no fuiste, no eras / no estuviste, no estabas

he was
fue, era / estuvo, estaba
we were
fuimos, ramos, / estuvimos, estbamos
you were
fuisteis, erais, / estuvisteis, estabais
they were
fueron, eran / estuvieron, estaban

he was not (he wasn't)

no fue, no era / no estuvo, no estaba
we were not (we weren't)
no fuimos, no ramos, / no estuvimos, no es
you were not (you weren't)
no fuisteis, no erais / no estuvisteis, no estab
they were not (they weren't)
no fueron, no eran / no estuvieron, no estaba

En el Presente, las formas afirmativa y negativa se pueden contraer, mientras que en la forma interrogativa no.

Las formas contraidas suelen utilizarse en la conversacin, pero no se usan de forma escrita salvo cuando el pro
TO BE + INFINITIVO
Cuando al verbo 'to be' le sigue un infinitivo adquiere una importancia especial:
- Es una forma de dar instrucciones u rdenes de manera impersonal.
She is to stay here till we return / Ella debe quedarse aqu hasta que volvamos
(en lugar de 'She must stay....')
- Sirve para establecer un plan
She is to be married next year / Ella va a casarse el ao prximo

TO BE + GOING TO
Expresa una forma de futuro. Equivale a las expresiones espaolas "ir a..., estar punto de... tener la intencin d

We are going to the theatre tonight/Vamos al teatro esta noche

I am going to travel to Buenos Aires next Monday / Tengo la intencin de viajar a Buenos Aires el prximo lunes

That was a lot of money for the time.

He thought it was a waste of time.
He said that it was the most difficult and the most important.
There was no need for it.
It was called "The Great Train Robbery".

rbos espaoles "ser" y "estar". Dependiendo del sentido de la frase deduciremos de cual de los dos se trata.

ivale al 'tener' espaol.

ce por 'hacer'

ORMA INTERROGATIVA

oy yo?, estoy yo?

res t?, ests t?

s l?, est l?

omos?, estamos?

ois?, estis?

on, estn ellos?

cto espaol)

no estuve, no estaba
(you weren't)
ras / no estuviste, no estabas

FORMA INTERROGATIVA
was I?
fui?, era? / estuve?, estaba?
were you?
fuiste?, eras? / estuviste?, estabas?

he wasn't)
/ no estuvo, no estaba
(we weren't)
ramos, / no estuvimos, no estbamos
(you weren't)
erais / no estuvisteis, no estabais
t (they weren't)
eran / no estuvieron, no estaban

was he?
fue?, era? / estuvo?. estaba?
were we?
fuimos?, ramos? / estuvimos?, estbamos
were you?
fuisteis?, erais?, / estuvisteis?, estabais?
were they?
fueron?, eran? / estuvieron?, estaban?

e en la forma interrogativa no. En el pretrito solamente la forma negativa puede contraerse.

rma escrita salvo cuando el propio escrito tiene un carcter informal o refleja una conversacin.

punto de... tener la intencin de..., etc."

Buenos Aires el prximo lunes.

de los dos se trata.

?, estabas?

vimos?, estbamos

isteis?, estabais?

ron?, estaban?

Verb Tense
PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FUTURE (WILL)
FUTURE (GOING TO)
PAST SIMPLE
PAST CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
pp = Past Participle

Structure
am/are/is + pp
am/are/is being + pp
will be + pp
am/are/is going to be + pp
was/were + pp
was/were being + pp
have/has been + pp
had been + pp
will have been + pp

Example
Spanish is spoken here.
Your questions are being answered.
Itll be painted by next week.
Terry is going to be made redundant next year.
We were invited to the party, but we didnt go.
The hotel room was being cleaned when we got back from shopping.
The President of America has been shot.
When he got home he found that all of his money had been stolen.
Our baby will have been born before Christmas.

Simple Present

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Use 1:

Repeated Actions
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobb
It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
1 I play tennis.
2 She does not play tennis.
3 Does he play tennis?
4 The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
5 The train does not leave at 9 AM.
6 When does the train usually leave?
7 She always forgets her purse.
8 He never forgets his wallet.
9 Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
10 Does the Sun circle the Earth?

Use 2:

Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be tru
It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or
1 Cats like milk.
2 Birds do not like milk.
3 Do pigs like milk?
4 California is in America.
5 California is not in the United Kingdom.
6 Windows are made of glass.
7 Windows are not made of wood.
8 New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

Use 3:

Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future.
This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled ev
1 The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
2 The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
3 When do we board the plane?
4 The party starts at 8 o'clock.
5 When does class begin tomorrow?

Use 4:

Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening
This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
1 I am here now.
2 She is not here now.
3 He needs help right now.
4 He does not need help now.
5 He has his passport in his hand.
6 Do you have your passport with you?

sual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens.

true before, is true now, and will be true in the future.

make generalizations about people or things.

in the near future.

t can be used with other scheduled events as well.

ction is happening or is not happening now.

`Do or Does
Do and does are used when we want to
We use do when the subject is
Do I know you?
Do you come from England?
Do we have to cut the grass?
Do they want to come with us?

We use does with third person singular

Does he work with you?
Does she have a car?
Does it snow in winter?

Negatives
The negative form of
I do not like sport.
I don't like sport.
The negative form of
He does not like sport.
He does't like sport.

o and does are used when we want to ask yes/no questions.

e use do when the subject is I, you, we or they.

o I know you?
o you come from England?
o we have to cut the grass?
o they want to come with us?

e use does with third person singular pronouns i.e when the subject is he, she or it.

oes he work with you?

oes she have a car?
oes it snow in winter?

e negative form of do is do not. In spoken English it is common to use the contracted form of do not which is

o not like sport.

on't like sport.

e negative form of does is does not. Also, in spoken English we usually use the contracted form ofdoes not which is
e does not like sport.
e does't like sport.

not which is don't.

fdoes not which is doesn't.

Present Continuous:

[am/is/are + present participle]

Use 1:

Now
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very
1 You are learning English now.
2 You are not swimming now.
3 Are you sleeping?
4 I am sitting.
5 I am not standing.
6 Is he sitting or standing?
7 They are reading their books.
8 They are not watching television.
9 What are you doing?
10 Why aren't you doing your homework?

Use 2:

Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on.
Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in
1 I am studying to become a doctor.
2 I am not studying to become a dentist.
3 I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
4 I am not reading any books right now.
5 Are you working on any special projects at work?
6 Aren't you teaching at the university now?

Use 3:

Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near fu
1 I am meeting some friends after work.
2 I am not going to the party tonight.
3 Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
4 Isn't he coming with us tonight?

Use 4:

Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating
Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" o
1 She is always coming to class late.
2 He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
3 I don't like them because they are always complaining.

mething is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

entury, and so on.

ss of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

ng will or will not happen in the near future.

sses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens.

Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

pening now.

Simple Past:

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Use 1:

Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
1 I saw a movie yesterday.
2 I didn't see a play yesterday.
3 Last year, I traveled to Japan.
4 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
5 Did you have dinner last night?
6 She washed her car.
7 He didn't wash his car.

Use 2:

A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
1 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
2 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
3 Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

Use 3:

Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action ofte

1 I lived in Brazil for two years.

2 Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
3 They sat at the beach all day.
4 They did not stay at the party the entire time.
5 We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
6 A: How long did you wait for them?
7 B: We waited for one hour.
Use 4:

Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning a
To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, neve
1 I studied French when I was a child.
2 He played the violin.
3 He didn't play the piano.
4 Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
5 She worked at the movie theater after school.
6 They never went to school, they always skipped class.

Use 5:

Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4

1 She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

2 He didn't like tomatoes before.
3 Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
4 People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

at a specific time in the past.

ey do have one specific time in mind.

Past Tense
Did is the past form of both do and doe
Did he call you?
Did you enjoy it?

Negatives
The negative form of did is did not or w
I did not know you were coming.
I didn't know you were coming.

hese actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

the others at 10:00.

past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

past. It can have the same meaning as "used to."

s such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

d is the past form of both do and does.

d he call you?
d you enjoy it?

e negative form of did is did not or when speaking, didn't.

id not know you were coming.

idn't know you were coming.

es, all day, all year, etc.

ssion "used to."

Simple Past Continuos:

[was/were + present participle]

Use 1:

Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usual
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
1 I was watching TV when she called.
2 When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
3 While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
4 What were you doing when the earthquake started?
5 I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
6 You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
7 While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
8 Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
9 While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
10 A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
11 B: I was snowboarding.

Use 2:

Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. Howev
1 Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
2 At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
3 Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

Use 3:

Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both ac
1 I was studying while he was making dinner.
2 While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
3 Were you listening while he was talking?
4 I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
5 What were you doing while you were waiting?
6 Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
7 They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

Use 4:

Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the pas
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss
One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about

Use 5:

Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating
The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the word
1 She was always coming to class late.
2 He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
3 I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

errupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.

action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

here at a particular time in the past.

e talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped.
e complaining to each other about the bad service.

s the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past.
motion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Past Perfect:
I
We
They
You
Use 1:

Had
Had
Had
Had

He
She
It

Had
Had
Had

Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also sh

1 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

2 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
3 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
4 Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
5 She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
6 Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
7 We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
8 Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
9 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
10 She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska
11 You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
12 ad you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
13 George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
14 Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Use 2:

Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show

1 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
2 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
3 They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.

[had + past participle]

er action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

he U.S. once before.

with them in 1996.

s, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

han forty years.

action in the past.

Past Perfect Continous:

I
We
They
You
Use 1:

Had been + verb_ing

Had been + verb_ing
Had been + verb_ing
Had been + verb_ing

He
She
It

Had been + verb_ing

Had been + verb_ing
Had been + verb_ing

Duration Before Something in the Past

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another tim
"For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.
Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it

1 They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
2 She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
3 How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
4 Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
5 James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.
6 How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? I had not been studying Turkish very lon
7 The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it.
8 You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.
9 Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?
10 Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.
11 The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Par
Use 2:

Cause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

1 Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

2 Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
3 Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
4 He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.

ad been + verb_ing
ad been + verb_ing
ad been + verb_ing

[had been + present participle]

past and continued up until another time in the past.

ed with the Past Perfect Continuous.
duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

eft for Asia.

had not been studying Turkish very long.

ears before he moved to Paris.

for two years before he moved to Paris.

od way to show cause and effect.

Present Perfect:
I
We
They
You

Have =
Have =
Have =
Have =

Ive
Weve
Theyve
Youve

He
She
It
Anybody

Has =
Has =
Has =
Has =

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.
You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a
We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last w
Use 1:

Cuando decimos que algo ha sucedido, esto es usualmente una nueva informacin:
1 Ow!. Ive cut my finger.
2 The road is closed. Theres been an accident.
3 The road is closed. There has been an accident.
4 (from the news). Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
5 You have seen that movie many times.
6 Have you seen that movie many times?
7 You have not seen that movie many times.
8 I have seen that movie twenty times.
9 People have traveled to the Moon.
10 There have been many earthquakes in California.
11 People have not traveled to Mars.
12 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
13 Has there ever been a war in the United States?
14 Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
15 Many tourists have visited that castle.
16 That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Use 2:

Cuando usamos el presente perfecto, hay una conexin con el ahora. La accin en el pasado tiene un resultado
1 Wheres your key? I dont know. Ive lost it. (I dont have it now).
2 He told me his name, but Ive forgotten it. (I cant remember it now).
3 Is Sally here? No, shes gone out. (She is out now).
4 I cant find my bags. Have you seen it? (Do you know where it is now?).
5 I think I have met him once before.
6 I think I have seen that movie before.
7 Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
8 Bill has still not arrived.
9 The rain hasn't stopped.
10 Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key.
11 Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She has broken her leg.
12 Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. The bus fare has grown at 10 pence.

Use 3:

Experiencie:
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You ca
The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
1 I have been to France.
2 I have been to France three times
3 I have never been to France.
4 He has never traveled by train.
5 Joan has studied two foreign languages.

6 Have you ever met him?

7 No, I have not met him.
8 Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
9 I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
10 They have had three tests in the last week.
11 She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
12 My car has broken down three times this week.
13 Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
14 You have only seen that movie one time.
15 Have you only seen that movie one time?
Use 4:

Change Over Time:

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
1 You have grown since the last time I saw you.
2 The government has become more interested in arts education.
3 Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was es
4 My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

Use 5:

Accomplishments (Logros).
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a
1 Man has walked on the Moon.
2 Our son has learned how to read.
3 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
4 Scientists have split the atom.

Use 6:

Multiple Actions at Different Times.

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at differen
Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
1 The army has attacked that city five times.
2 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
3 We have had many major problems while working on this project.
4 She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Use 7:

Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that s
"For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Pe
I have had a cold for two weeks.
She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Use 8:

Puedes usar el Presente Perfecto con Just, already y yet:

Just = a short time ago:
1 Are you hungry? No, Ive just had a lunch.
2 Hello. Have you just arrived?
Already
We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected:
1 Dont forget to send the letter. Ive already sent it.
2 What time Mark is leaving? Hes already gone.

Yet = Until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and neg
An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
1 Has it stopped raining yet?

2 Ive written the letter, but I havent sent it yet.

3 Have you read the book yet?
4 James has not finished his homework yet.

Hes
Shes
Its

Has anybody ever told you that you're be

now. The exact time is not important.

one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.
many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
n our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

accin en el pasado tiene un resultado ahora:

n at 10 pence.

ng, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience.

or three different companies so far.

over a period of time.

nce the Asian studies program was established.

and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

ch have occurred in the past at different times.

why she is sick.

use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now.
which can be used with the Present Perfect.

en. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences.

as anybody ever told you that you're beautiful?

experience.

Afirmative Sentences
I have studied.
He has written a letter to Mara.
We have been stranded for six days.
Juan has paid the bills.
Juan and Maria have traveled to Spain.
I have been in Madrid for two weeks.
Diego has been my friend for 20 years.
They have already eaten.
The maid has already cleaned the house.
Pablo has given a lot of money to his sister.
I have brushed my teeth.
I have [Ive] talkedto Peter.
She has [Shes] goneto work.
We have [Weve] beento London.
They have [Theyve] learnedEnglish.
I have walked
You have walked
He, she, it has walked
We have walked
You have walked
They have walked
I am sorry, she has already gonehome.
The film has already started.
We've already had our breakfast.
But I've already done it!
No, thanks. I've already had one.
I have already had a swim in my swimming-pool.
I have already said my mathematics lesson.
I have already studied the English present tenses.

Negative Sentences

Interrogative Sentences

I have not eaten.

You have not eaten.
He has not eaten.
We have not eaten.
You-all have not eaten.
They have not eaten.

Have the women left yet?

Have you ever tried chocolate?
Haven't the women left yet?
Haven't you ever tried chocolate?

Pablo has not given a lot of money to his sister.

I have not brushed my teeth.
I havent talkedto Peter.
She hasnt goneto work.
We havent beento London.
They havent learnedEnglish.
I haven't walked
You haven't walked.
He, she, hasn't walked
We haven't walked
You haven't walked
They haven't walked

Haveyoutalkedto Peter?
Hasshegoneto work?
Haveyoubeento London?
HavetheylearnedEnglish?
Have I walked?
Have you walked?
Has he, she, it walked?
Have we walked?
Have you walked?
Have they walked?
Have you already started studying?
Have you already paid them off?
Have you finished all that work already!?
Have you already started?
Have you finished the work already?
Hadn't she already forgotten?
Had Bordeaux already taken possession of the ranch?
Have you already written to John?
Has she finished her homework already?
Have you already done that?

Already can also appear in interrogatives, but then its position is at the end of the sentence and it has a different meaning: it indicates great

Ejemplo del libro de ingles.

has a different meaning: it indicates great surprise about the action bcause it took place before it was expected to.

Present Perfect Continuos:

I
We
They
You

have been + verb_ing =

have been + verb_ing =
have been + verb_ing =
have been + verb_ing =

Ive been + verb_ing

Weve been + verb_ing
Theyve been + verb_ing
Youve been + verb_ing

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use th
it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?"
Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is
Use 1:

Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up unti
"For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present
1 They have been talking for the last hour.
2 She has been working at that company for three years.
3 What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
4 James has been teaching at the university since June.
5 We have been waiting here for over two hours!
6 Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
7 You have only been waiting here for one hour.
8 Have you only been waiting here for one hour?
9 You have been waiting here for two hours.
10 Have you been waiting here for two hours?
11 You have not been waiting here for two hours.

Use 2:

Recently, Lately
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the
We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.
1 Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
2 She has been watching too much television lately.
3 Have you been exercising lately?
4 Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
5 Lisa has not been practicing her English.
6 What have you been doing?
7 Recently, John has been doing the work.
8 Recently, the work has been being done by John.

There is one more thing you must remember: some verbs usually do NOT have -ing. For example, we
Verbs that cannot have -ing are called stative verbs. Here is a list of stative verbs.
The words on the following list rarely have -ing. Therefore, they are rarely used with the present perfe
STATIVE VERBS
know
have*

possess
equal

tend
conclude
understand
belong
perceive
prefer
owe
contain
suppose
love
*have with the meaning of possession: I have a pen.

believe
like
be
resemble
decide
seem

He
She
It

has been + verb_ing =

has been + verb_ing =
has been + verb_ing =

Hes been + verb_ing

Shes been + verb_ing
Its been + verb_ing

" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?"
"Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person.
he results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

he past and has continued up until now.

which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

ch as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately."

have -ing. For example, we say I know you. We would never say I am knowing you. That's because know canN
ve verbs.
used with the present perfect progressive.

has/have + been + present participle

ave you been feeling alright?",

ou. That's because know canNOT have -ing.

Afirmative Sentences
She has been / She's been running.
I have been living
You have been living
He, she, it has been living
We have been living
You have been living
They have been living
I have been working
You have been working
He, she, it has been working
We have been working
You have been working
They have been working

Negative Sentences
She hasn't been running.
I haven't been living
You haven't been living
He hasn't been living
We haven't been living
You haven't been living
They haven't been living
I havent been working
You havent been working
He hasnt been working
We havent been working
You havent been working
They havent been working

Interrogative Sentences
Has she been running?
Have I been living?
Have you been living?
Has she been living?
Have we been living?
Have you been living?
Have they been living?
Have I been working?
Have you been working?
Has she been working?
Have we been working?
Have you been working?
Have they been working?

Interrogative negative
Hasn't she been running?

List of irregular verbs

Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

Infinitive
Act
Answer
Ask
Attend
Be
Beat
Become
Begin
Believe
Bend
Bet
Bite
Blow
Break
Bring
Broadcast
Build
Burn
Burst
Buy
Call
Can
Catch
Cause
Choose
Climb
Come
Cost
Creep
Cut
Deal
Develop
Die
Dig
Do
Draw
Drink
Drive
Eat
Enjoy
Expand
Experiment
Fall
Feed
Feel
Fight
Find
Flee
Fly

Past Simple
Acted
Answered
Asked
Attended
was/were
Beat
Became
Began
Believed
Bent
Bet
Bit
Blew
Broke
Brought
Broadcast
Built
Burned
Burst
Bought
Called
Could
Caught
Caused
Chose
Climbed
Came
Cost
Crept
Cut
Dealt
Developed
Died
Dug
Did
Drew
Drank
Drove
Ate
Enjoyed
Expanded
Experimented
Fell
Fed
Felt
Fought
Found
Fled
Flew

Past Participle
Acted
Answered
Asked
Attended
been
Beaten
Become
Begun
Believed
Bent
Bet
Bitten
Blown
Broken
Brought
Broadcast
Built
Burned
Burst
Bought
Called
Caught
Caused
Chosen
Climbed
Come
Cost
Crept
Cut
Dealt
Developed
Died
Dug
Done
Drawn
Drunk
Driven
Eaten
Enjoyed
Expanded
Experimented
Fallen
Fed
Felt
Fought
Found
Fled
Flown

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Forbid
Forget
Forgive
Freeze
Get
Give
Go
Grow
Hang
Have
Hear
Hide
Hit
Hold
Hurt
Improve
Invent
Keep
Kneel
Know
Lay
Lead
Leave
Lend
Let
Lie
Light
Like
Listen
Lose
Make
Mean
Meet
Need
Pass
Pay
Permit
Produce
Propose
Provide
Put
Read
Receive
Ride
Ring
Rise
Run
Say
See
Seem
Seek

Forbade
Forgot
Forgave
Froze
Got
Gave
Went
Grew
Hung
Had
Heard
Hid
Hit
Held
Hurt
Improved
Invented
Kept
Knelt
Knew
Laid
Led
Left
Lent
Let
Lay
Lit
Liked
Listened
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Needed
Passed
Paid
Permitted
Produced
Proposed
Provided
Put
Read
Received
Rode
Rang
Rose
Ran
Said
Saw
Seemed
Sought

Forbidden
Forgotten
Forgiven
Frozen
Got
Given
Gone
Grown
Hung
Had
Heard
Hidden
Hit
Held
Hurt
Improved
Invented
Kept
Knelt
Known
Laid
Led
Left
Lent
Let
Lain
Lit
Liked
Listened
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Needed
Passed
Paid
Permitted
Produced
Proposed
Provided
Put
Read
Received
Ridden
Rung
Risen
Run
Said
Seen
Seemed
Sought

101
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141
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144
145
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150

Sell
Send
Set
Sew
Shake
Shine
Shoot
Show
Shrink
Shut
Sing
Sink
Sit
Sleep
Slide
Speak
Spend
Spit
Split
Spread
Spring
Stand
Start
Steal
Stick
Sting
Stink
Strike
Swear
Sweep
Swin
Swing
Talk
Take
Teach
Tear
Tell
Think
Throw
Try
Undestand
Use
Walk
Wake
Wear
Weep
Will
Win
Work
Write

Sold
Sent
Set
Sewed
Shook
Shone
Shot
Showed
Shrank
Shut
Sang
Sank
Sat
Slept
Slid
Spoke
Spent
Spat
Split
Spread
Sprang
Stood
Started
Stole
Stuck
Stung
Stank
Struck
Swore
Swept
Swam
Swung
Talked
Took
Taught
Tore
Told
Thought
Threw
Tried
Understood
Used
Walked
Woke
Wore
Wept
Would
Won
Worked
Wrote

Sold
Sent
Set
Sewn/sewed
Shaken
Shone
Shot
Shown/Showed
Shrunk
Shut
Sung
Sunk
Sat
Slept
Slid
Spoken
Spent
Spat
Split
Spread
Sprung
Stood
Started
Stolen
Stuck
Stung
Stunk
Struck
Sworn
Swept
Swum
Swung
Talked
Taken
Taught
Torn
Told
Thought
Thrown
Tried
Understood
Used
Walked
Woken
Worn
Wept
Won
Worked
Written

Definition

strike (a person or an animal) repeatedly and violently so as to hurt or injure them, usually with an implement such as a club

risk something, usually a sum of money, against someone else's on the basis of the outcome of a future event, such as the

move slowly and carefully, especially in order to avoid being heard or noticed.
Acordar. De acuerdo.

break up and move earth with a tool or machine, or with hands, paws, snout, etc.

Huir

refuse to allow (something).

fail to remember.
stop feeling angry or resentful toward (someone) for an offense, flaw, or mistake

suspend or be suspended from above with the lower part dangling free. kill (someone) by tying a rope attached from above

bring one's hand or a tool or weapon into contact with (someone or something) quickly and forcefully.
grasp, carry, or support with one's arms or hands.

Arrodillarse.

put down, especially gently or carefully.

cause (a person or animal) to go with one by holding them by the hand, a halter, a rope, etc., while moving forwa

15:40
14:40
14:00
13
12
11

s a form of capital punishment).

Ought to = Should (debera / tendra que )

El verbo 'ought to' es igual al 'should' y expresa una obligacin dbil. Significa debera, tendra que.
I ought to - debera / tendra que

Affirmative

Negative

Helen ought tobe more careful.

You ought not todrink so much.

Helen debera tener ms cuidado.

I ought tostay in bed.

No deberas beber tanto.

They ought not togo camping without a torch.

Yo debera quedarme en la cama.

We ought togo together.

Ellos no deberan ir de camping sin una linterna.

George ought not towear someone else's glasse

Deberamos ir juntos.
They ought tobe here already.

George no debera usar los anteojos de otra persona.

Ellos ya deberan estar aqu.

You ought toeat more vegetables.
Deberas comer ms vegetales.
Tom ought totake her home.
Tom debera llevarla a casa.
It ought towork properly.
(Esto) Debera funcionar correctamente.

endra que.

Interrogative

drink so much.

OughtRacheltobe here so early?

go camping without a torch.

Debera Rachel estar aqu tan temprano?

Oughttheytolive there?

e camping sin una linterna.

towear someone else's glasses.

sar los anteojos de otra persona.

Deberan ellos vivir all?

Ought to + have
You ought to haveread the book for today.
Deberan haber ledo el libro para hoy.
They ought to havegone to the supermarket.
Ellos deberan haber ido al supermercado.
We ought to havelistened to the guard.
Deberamos haber escuchado al guardia.

The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, shall, should, willand would.
The modals are used to show that we believe something is certain, probable or possible:
Possibility:
We use the modals could, mightand mayto show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
They might come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
They may come by car. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.)
If we dont hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use couldhave, mighthaveand mayhaveto show that something was possible now or at some time in the past
Its ten oclock. They might have arrived now.
They could have arrived hours ago.
We use the modal canto make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)
We use the modal couldas the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (= Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
You could lose your way in the dark. (= People often lost their way in the dark)
Impossibility:
We use the negative cantor cannotto show that something is impossible:
That cant be true.
You cannot be serious.
We use couldnt/couldnotto talk about the past:
We knew it could not be true.
He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
Probability:
We use the modal mustto show we are sure something to be true and we have reasons for our belief:
Its getting dark. It must be quite late.
You havent eaten all day. You must be hungry.
We use musthavefor the past:

They hadnt eaten all day. They must have been hungry.
You look happy. You must have heard the good news.

We use the modal shouldto suggest that something is true or will be true in the future, and to show you have reasons for your suggestio
Ask Miranda. She should know.
It's nearly six o'clock. They should arrive soon.
We use shouldhaveto talk about the past:
It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should have arrived by now.

me in the past:

u have reasons for your suggestion:

Shall
"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found
in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?"
"Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions.
In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination.
"Shall" is much more commonly heard in British English than in American English; Americans prefer to use other forms,
although they do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized language.
We don't use 'Shall' very frequently in modern English, particularly in American English.
It is used to make offers and suggestions and to ask for advice.
What time shall we meet?
Shall we vote on it now?
What dress shall I wear?
Shall I open the window?
Formerly, in older grammar, 'shall' was used as an alternative to 'will' with 'I' and 'we'.
Shall is only used for future time reference with I and we, and is more formal than will.
Today, 'will' is normally used. When we do use 'shall', it has an idea of a more personal, subjective future.
I shall go to see the boss and I shall ask him to explain this decision.
Notice that the negative of 'shall' can be 'shall not' or 'shan't' though the second one is now very rare in American English.
I don't like these people and I shall not go to their party.
I shan't object if you go without me.
In speaking, shall and will are usually contracted to ll, especially after subject pronouns (I, we, you, they, she, he, it):
Well meet you outside the coffee shop. (more common in speaking than We will meet you outside the coffee shop)

I" or "we," and is often found

bility or predestination.
mericans prefer to use other forms,

al, subjective future.

Predictions
We use will and shall to make predictions and
here willbestrongwindstomorrowinthe
The year 2025 will
We shallneedanextrabedroomwhenthe

Decisions and offers

Will and shall (usually in the short form ll) are
[a salesperson in a clothes shop is talking
A: Which size do you want? Medium or lar
B: Ill have large. (decision)
Wait. Illopenthedoorforyou.
I shallcontactyouagainwhenIhavefurth

Shall with I and we

We can use shall instead of
We shallneverforgettheholidaywehad
When we use shallI and
Its getting late. Shall we
ShallIinviteLouisaandJilltotheparty?

e is now very rare in American English.

ns (I, we, you, they, she, he, it):

meet you outside the coffee shop)

Suggestion
Shall I help you?
Shall we begin dinner?
Shall we move into the living room?

Promise and volunteer

I shall never forget where I came from.
I shall take care of everything for you.
I shall make the travel arrangements. Ther
I shall never forget you.
I shall never give up the fight for freedom.
Predestination
He shall become our next king.

Inevitability
I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new
Man shall explore the distant regions of th
We shall overcome oppression.
Man shall never give up the exploration of
He shall not be held back.
Future action

I shall be replaced by someone from the N

I shall be there by 8:00.
I shall not be replaced after all.
I shall not be there. I have a previous oblig

ill and shall to make predictions and to state facts about the future:
willbestrongwindstomorrowinthesouthofthecountry.
ear 2025 willbethefour-hundredthanniversaryofthefoundingoftheuniversity.
hallneedanextrabedroomwhenthenewbabyarrives.

s and offers
hall (usually in the short form ll) are used to announce decisions and to make offers:
esperson in a clothes shop is talking to a customer]
ich size do you want? Medium or large?
have large. (decision)
llopenthedoorforyou. (offer)
contactyouagainwhenIhavefurtherinformation.

se shall instead of will with I and we in statements. Its use is more formal:
hallneverforgettheholidaywehadinVietnam.

use shallI and shallwe in questions it is usually to make suggestions rather than to refer to future time:
tting late. Shall wegohome?
inviteLouisaandJilltotheparty?

we begin dinner?
we move into the living room?

and volunteer
never forget where I came from.
take care of everything for you.
make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry.
never forget you.
never give up the fight for freedom.

all become our next king.

aid Mr. Smith shall become our new director.

hall explore the distant regions of the universe.
all overcome oppression.
hall never give up the exploration of the universe.
all not be held back.

be replaced by someone from the New York office.

be there by 8:00.
not be replaced after all.
not be there. I have a previous obligation.

Should

Should + infinitive

I
We
They
You
He
She
It

should
should
should
should
should
should
should

go
go
go
go
go
go
go

You should do something = it is a good

(Should do / Should watch; etc).

I
We
They
You
He
She
It

shouldn't
shouldn't
shouldn't
shouldn't
shouldn't
shouldn't
shouldn't

Ought to = Should (debera / tendra que )

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