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and measurement of flow rates, however for a liquid system, excessive pressure
drop across these items of equipment may result in cavitation. This article
describes methods of predicting cavitation across restriction orifices and valves
and proposes designs which may be used to avoid cavitation.
1. DEFINITIONS
Ci
P1
P2
Pv
2. INTRODUCTION
Cavitation occurs in liquid systems and is the result of rapid formation and
collapse of vapour bubbles in the liquid. Cavitation must be avoided or controlled
as the collapse of vapour bubbles releases significant energy at the location of the
bubble collapse. The consequences of this energy release are typically loud noise
and pitting damage to contact surfaces, which over time may result in significant
damage to or failure of equipment such as pumps or valves.
Cavitation occurs at a region where the pressure is lower than the fluid vapour
pressure, such as the pump suction, or where a large pressure reduction takes
place. In this article we consider control valves and restriction orifices, which are
commonly used as pressure reduction steps in a liquid system.
Cavitation may occur in a pressure reduction system even if the final system
pressure is the above vapour pressure of the liquid. This is because the
intermediate pressures may fall below the final pressure.
comes at the expense of fluid pressure resulting in low pressures in the Vena
Contracta. Downstream of the Vena Contracta in the recovery zone, the fluid
decelerates converting excess kinetic energy into pressure energy as it slows.
Therefore the intermediate pressure in the Vena Contracta is lower than the final
system pressure and thus the highest chance of experiencing cavitation as
demonstrated in the figures below.
It is difficult or often impossible to measure the lowest pressure of the system, for
example in the Vena Contracta, particularly for complex designs of control valves.
Additionally, variability in flow stability, system vibration and other external
factors can all influence the whether cavitation occurs.
equipment may be placed in a test rig where the cavitation through the device
may be characterised in terms of a Cavitation Index.
equipment inlet pressure and the fluid vapour pressure to the pressure differential
pressure across the equipment. The equation for calculating the cavitation index
is shown below:
Ci =
P1 Pv
P1 P2
The above equation allows the cavitation index for a particular device and
The cavitation index is a heuristic method for analysis of restriction orifice plates
and valves, and the acceptable Ci will depend on the several factors including,
flow stability, piping geometry near the orifice and the particulars of the orifice
design. Some typical Ci values for restriction orifice and valves are presented in
the table below:
Ci
Ci
Typical
Range
Square-edged Concentric
1.8 - 6
1.2 - 4
Globe Valve
1.7 - 2.0
1.2 - 1.7
1 - 1.3
Butterfly Valve
>2.5
Ball Valve
3.5
Restriction Type
4. AVOIDING CAVITATION
Avoiding cavitation for pressure reduction in liquid is achieved in one of three
valves. Each method has pros and cons, such as turn-down, costs, minimum Ci
achievable and physical size of equipment.
Multiple step reductions may involve multiple restriction orifices, control valves
restriction orifice downstream. The restriction orifice then provides the back
pressure on the control valve to prevent cavitation through the valve. However
the restriction orifice itself must also be correctly sized to prevent cavitation.
are a larger physical size and poor turn-down performance, particularly for orifice
only arrangements.
occur and controlling the location of the cavitation. This may be achieved via a
control valve which directs jets of fluid at each other, allowing them to combine
and cavitate away from the metal surfaces of the valves.
The disadvantages of this design are that narrow pathways are normally used and
they will be susceptible to plugging. Additionally these valves are not suitable for
use in systems with very low Ci values.
reduce the likely hood of cavitation. The long path allows the pressure loss and
recovery steps to be essentially simultaneous, removing the pressure dip of the
vena contracta.
Tortuous path arrangements can achieve very low Ci values, with some
manufacturers advertising values as low as 1.001. This allows for a single
compact valve to perform large pressure reductions steps.
The disadvantages of this technology are plugging and cost. The small pathways
of the valve are susceptible to plugging unless the fluid is clean. Complicated
manufacture and proprietary design mean these valves will also have a relatively
high cost.
resulting from cavitation. This may be suitable for situations where cavitation is
infrequent or very mild. It is not usually suitable for sustained or violent
cavitation as even hardened trim valves will be rapidly damaged in these
situations. Furthermore the use of these control valves will not mitigate any other
symptoms of cavitation such as noise and vibration.
Using this type of valve may be appropriate where fluid is fouling (preventing the
use of tortuous path designs) and turn-down or space considerations prevent the
use of a multiple stage pressure reduction.
5. FURTHER READING
1. Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook
2. Instrument Engineers' Handbook, Vol. 1: Process Measurement and Analysis
3. Valve Handbook 3rd Edition
Article Created: August 17, 2012
ARTICLE TAGS
Cavitation Control Valve Flow Orifice Fluid Flow Pressure Drop
Pressure Loss Restriction Orifice Vapour Pressure Vena Contracta