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Thermodynamics
Yang, Yanhui
Content
Reversibility
Irreversible and reversible processes
Entropy
Joules experiment, ideal Carnot cycle, analysis of Carnot cycle,
efficiency, concept of entropy, entropy calculation
2nd law of thermodynamics
2nd law, entropy balance for open system, ideal work and lost
work.
3rd law of thermodynamics
Reversibility
Reversibility
Solving for
we get
Reversibility
and
. We conclude
The work required to bring the system and the surroundings back to
their initial state is
.
When m is moved onto the platform, the gas expands irreversibility
against . Both the system and surroundings cannot be brought
back to their original state without expenditure of work. An external
agent must lift m to .
Reversibility
Reversibility
is greater than
gas in path 2 than in path 1.
Note also that in each case, the difference between the external
force and gas pressure is finite during the expansion, e.g., during 1st
step, it starts out at
and expands.
for 2nd
expansion.
Reversibility
Reversibility
, work for isothermal reversible
expansion.
Work to reverse:
. As
. Both system and the surroundings can be brought
back to their initial state without expenditure of work
. As
Entropy
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Entropy
Ideal Carnot cycle: idealized reversible engine cycle operating in a
completely reversible manner in a 4-step cycle
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Entropy
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Entropy
Step 3-4: isothermal and reversible heat rejection at T3 (T3=T4=TC)
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Entropy
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Entropy
Carnot efficiency:
Entropy
, F is the property of
,
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Entropy
=0
But all these quantities are state functions, so this equality holds
even for non-adiabatic processes as well. it should be always zero.
Substituting definition of T,
we get:
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Entropy
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Entropy calculation
Isobaric heating:
Isothermal process:
Isometric heating:
Entropy changes involving phase change:
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Entropy calculation
Example: calculate the changes in entropy when 100 kg of liquid
water is heated from 50 C and 1 bar to 230 C and 28 bar.
System: 100 kg of liquid water originally at 50 C and 1 bar
Process: heating from 50 C and 1 bar to 230 C and 28 bar
Solution:
Assumption:
230 C, 28 bar
50 C, 1 bar
230 C, 1 bar
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Carnot cycle:
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A change in state of the air from 500 K and 2 bar to 350 K and 1 bar
The production of 2,000 kJ of work
The transfer of an undisclosed amount of heat to a reservoir at 300 K
Determine whether the claimed performance of the process is consistent
with the 2nd law. Assume that air is an ideal gas for which CP=7R/2 and
CV=5R/2.
Solutions:
System: 1 kmol of air initially at 500 K and 2 bar
Process: gas expands to produce work
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2nd law:
When entropy generation is zero (
), process is internally
reversible within the CV
Heat transfer between the CV and its surroundings must also be
reversible.
Steady state entropy balance:
Rate of entropy accumulation:
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With one entering and one leaving streams and one Q term:
From steady state energy balance (1st law, neglecting kinetic energy
and potential energy):
Thermodynamics efficiency:
fs
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Lost work: wasted work due to irreversibility in a process (steadystate flow process, expressed in terms of rates):
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