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GNRAL
LCTRICAL
MCHANICAL
FLUID
Naviertoke quaon (/mulphic/naviertokeequaon)
ouineq Approximaon (/mulphic/ouineqapproximaon)
Noniothermal Flow (/mulphic/noniothermal�ow)
Fluidtructure Interacon (/mulphic/�uidtructureinteracon)
Poroelacit (/mulphic/poroelacit)
queezed and liding Film (/mulphic/queezedandliding�lm)
The Marangoni ect (/mulphic/marangonie ect)
CHMICAL
Naviertoke quaon
(/mulphic) Fluid Naviertoke quaon
What Are the Naviertoke quaon?
The Navier-toke equation govern the motion of fluid and can e een a
Newton' econd law of motion for fluid. In the cae of a compreile
Newtonian fluid, thi ield
where u i the fluid velocit, p i the fluid preure, ρ i the fluid denit, and
μ i the fluid dnamic vicoit. The different term correpond to the inertial
force (1), preure force (2), vicou force (3), and the external force
applied to the fluid (4). The Navier-toke equation were derived Navier,
Poion, aint-Venant, and toke etween 1827 and 1845.
Thee equation are alwa olved together with the continuit equation:
The Navier-toke equation repreent the conervation of momentum, while
the continuit equation repreent the conervation of ma.
How Do The Appl to imulaon and Modeling?
Thee equation are at the heart of fluid flow modeling. olving them, for a
particular et of oundar condition (uch a inlet, outlet, and wall),
predict the fluid velocit and it preure in a given geometr. ecaue of
their complexit, thee equation onl admit a limited numer of analtical
olution. It i relativel ea, for intance, to olve thee equation for a flow
etween two parallel plate or for the flow in a circular pipe. For more
complex geometrie, however, the equation need to e olved numericall.
xample: Laminar Flow Pat a acktep
In the following example, we numericall olve the Navier-toke equation
(hereon alo referred to a "N equation") and the ma conervation
equation in a computational domain. Thee equation need to e olved with
a et of oundar condition:
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/computaonal_domain.png)
The fluid velocit i pecified at the inlet and preure precried at the
outlet. A no-lip oundar condition (i.e., the velocit i et to zero) i
pecified at the wall. The numerical olution of the tead-tate N (the time-
dependent derivative in (1) i et to zero) and continuit equation in the
laminar regime and for contant oundar condition i a follow:
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/treamline.png)
Velocit magnitude pro�le and treamline.
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/preure_�eld.png)
Preure �eld.
Di erent Flavor of the Naviertoke quaon
Depending on the flow regime of interet, it i often poile to implif thee
equation. In other cae, additional equation ma e required. In the field
of fluid dnamic, the different flow regime are categorized uing a non-
dimenional numer, uch a the Renold numer and the Mach numer.
Aout the Renold and Mach Numer
The Renold numer, Re=ρUL/μ, correpond to the ratio of inertial force (1)
to vicou force (3). It meaure how turulent the flow i. Low Renold
numer flow are laminar, while higher Renold numer flow are
turulent.
The Mach numer, M=U/c, correpond to the ratio of the fluid velocit, U, to
the peed of ound in that fluid, c. The Mach numer meaure the flow
compreiilit.
In the flow pat a acktep example, Re = 100 and M = 0.001, which mean
that the flow i laminar and nearl incompreile. For incompreile flow
the continuit equation ield:
ecaue the divergence of the velocit i equal to zero, we can remove the
term:
from the vicou force term in the N equation in the cae of incompreile
flow.
In the following ection, we examine ome particular flow regime.
Low Renold Numer/Creeping Flow
When the Renold numer i ver mall (Re≪1) , the inertial force (1) are
ver mall compared to the vicou force (3) and the can e neglected when
olving the N equation. To illutrate thi flow regime, we will look at pore-
cale flow experiment conducted Arturo Keller, Maria Auet, and ana
irivithaapakorn of the Univerit of California, anta arara.
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/oundar_condion.png)
Aout the xperiment
The domain of interet cover 640 μm 320 μm. Water move from right to
left acro the geometr. The flow in the pore doe not penetrate the olid
part (gra area in the figure aove). The inlet and outlet fluid preure are
known. ince the channel are at mot 0.1 millimeter in width and the
maximum velocit i lower than 10-4 m/, the maximum Renold numer i
le than 0.01. ecaue there are no external force (gravit i neglected), the
force term (4) i alo equal to zero.
Therefore, the N equation reduce to:
Modeling the xperiment
The elow plot how the reulting velocit contour and preure field
(height).
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/velocit_contour.jpg)
The flow i driven a higher preure at the inlet than at the outlet. Thee
reult how the alance etween the preure force (2) and the vicou
force (3) in the N equation. Along the thinner channel, the impact of
vicou diffuion i larger, which lead to higher preure drop.
High Renold Numer/Turulent Flow
In engineering application where the Renold numer i ver high, the
inertial force (1) are much larger than the vicou force (3). uch turulent
flow prolem are tranient in nature; a meh that i fine enough to reolve
the ize of the mallet eddie in the flow need to e ued.
Running uch imulation uing the N equation i often eond the
computational power of mot of toda' computer and upercomputer.
Intead, we can ue a Renold-Averaged Navier-toke (RAN) formulation of
the Navier-toke equation, which average the velocit and preure field
in time.
Thee time-averaged equation can then e computed in a tationar wa on
a relativel coare meh, thu draticall reducing the computing power and
time required for uch imulation (tpicall a few minute for two-
dimenional flow and a few minute to a few da for three-dimenional
flow).
The Renold-Averaged Navier-toke (RAN) formulation i a follow:
Here, U and P are the time-averaged velocit and preure, repectivel. The
term μT repreent the turulent vicoit, i.e., the effect of the mall-cale
time-dependent velocit fluctuation that are not olved for the RAN
equation.
The turulent vicoit, μT, i evaluated uing turulence model. The mot
common one i the k-ε turulence model (one of man RAN turulence
model). Thi model i often ued in indutrial application ecaue it i oth
rout and computationall inexpenive. It conit of olving two additional
equation for the tranport of turulent kinetic energ k and turulent
diipation ϵ.
To illutrate thi flow regime, let u look at the flow in a much larger
geometr than the pore cale flow: a tpical ozone purification reactor. The
reactor i aout 40 meter long and look like a maze with partial wall or
affle that divide the pace into room-ized compartment. aed on the
inlet velocit and diameter, which in thi cae correpond to 0.1 m/ and 0.4
meter repectivel, the Renold numer i 400,000. Thi model i olved for
the time-averaged velocit, U; preure, P; turulent kinetic energ, k; and
turulent diipation, ϵ:
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/�ow_velocit.png)
The reult how the �ow pa�ern, �ow velocit, and turulent vicoit μT.
Flow Compreiilit
The flow compreiilit i meaured the Mach numer. All the previou
example are weakl compreile, meaning that the Mach numer i lower
than 0.3.
Incompreile Flow
When the Mach numer i ver low, it i OK to aume that the flow i
incompreile. Thi i often a good approximation for liquid, which are
much le compreile than gae. In that cae, the denit i aumed to e
contant and the continuit equation reduce to ∇⋅u=0. The creeping flow
example howing water flowing at a low peed through the porou media i a
good example of incompreile flow.
Compreile Flow
In ome cae, the flow velocit i large enough to introduce ignificant
change in the denit and temperature of the fluid. Thee change can e
neglected for M<0.3. For M>0.3, however, the coupling etween the velocit,
preure, and temperature field ecome o trong that the N and continuit
equation need to e olved together with the energ equation (the equation
for heat tranfer in fluid). The energ equation predict the temperature in
the fluid, which i needed to compute it temperature-dependent material
propertie.
Compreile flow can e laminar or turulent. In the next example, we look
at a high-peed turulent ga flow in a diffuer (a converging and diverging
nozzle).
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/di uer.png)
The diffuer i tranonic in the ene that the flow at the inlet i uonic, ut
due to the contraction and the low outlet preure, the flow accelerate and
ecome onic (M = 1) in the throat of the nozzle.
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/mach_numer.png)
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/temperature_pro�le.png)
(h�p://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/preure_pro�le.png)
The reult in thee three plot how trong imilaritie, which confirm the
trong coupling etween the velocit, preure, and temperature field. After
a hort region of uperonic flow (M > 1), a normal hock wave ring the
flow ack to uonic flow. Thi et-up ha een tudied in a numer of
experiment and numerical imulation M. ajen et. al. [1-6].
What Flow Regime Cannot e olved the Naviertoke
quaon?
The Navier-toke equation are onl valid a long a the repreentative
phical length cale of the tem i much larger than the mean free path of
the molecule that make up the fluid. In that cae, the fluid i referred to a a
continuum. The ratio of the mean free path, λ, and the repreentative length
cale, L, i called the Knuden numer, Kn=λ/L
The N equation are valid for Kn<0.01. For 0.01<Kn<0.1, thee equation can
till e ued, ut the require pecial oundar condition. For Kn>0.1, the
are not valid. At the amient preure of 1 atm – for intance, the mean free
path of air molecule – i 68 nanometer. The characteritic length of our
model hould therefore e larger than 6.8 μm for the N equation to e valid.
Reference
1. M. ajen, J.C. Kroutil, and C.P. Chen, “A High-peed chlieren Invetigation of Diffuer Flow
with Dnamic Ditortion”, AIAA Paper 77-875, 1977.
2. T.J. ogar, M. ajen, and J.C. Kroutil, “Characteritic Frequencie of Tranonic Diffuer Flow
Ocillation,” AIAA Journal, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1232–1240, 1983.
3. J.T. almon, T.J. ogar, and M. ajen, “Laer Doppler Velocimetr in Untead, eparated,
Tranonic Flow”, AIAA Journal, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1690–1697, 1983.
4. T. Hieh, A.. Wardlaw Jr., T.J. ogar, P. Collin, and T. Coakle, “Numerical Invetigation of
Untead Inlet Flowfield,” AIAA Journal, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 75–81, 1987.
5. http://www.grc.naa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/trandif/trandif01/trandif01.html
(http://www.grc.naa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/trandif/trandif01/trandif01.html)
6. http://www.grc.naa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/trandif/trandif02/trandif02.html
(http://www.grc.naa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/trandif/trandif01/trandif01.html)
RLATD
Material Fa gue
(materialfague) (ouineqapproximaon)
RLATD
ouineq Approxima on
APPAR IN FLUID
Naviertoke quaon (/mulphic/naviertokeequaon)
ouineq Approximaon (/mulphic/ouineqapproximaon)
Noniothermal Flow (/mulphic/noniothermal�ow)
Fluidtructure Interacon (/mulphic/�uidtructureinteracon)
Poroelacit (/mulphic/poroelacit)
queezed and liding Film (/mulphic/queezedandliding�lm)